Rotary Endodontic Instruments Research Articles

The extended finite element method in endodontics: A scoping review and future directions for cyclic fatigue testing of nickel-titanium instruments.

The present study reviews the current literature regarding the utilization of the extended finite element method (XFEM) in clinical and experimental endodontic studies and the suitability of XFEM in the assessment of cyclic fatigue in rotary endodontic nickel-titanium (NiTi) instruments. An electronic literature search was conducted using the appropriate search terms, and the titles and abstracts were screened for relevance. The search yielded 13 hits after duplicates were removed, and four studies met the inclusion criteria for review. No studies to date have utilized XFEM to study cyclic fatigue or crack propagation in rotary endodontic NiTi instruments. Challenges such as modelling material inputs and fatigue criteria could explain the lack of utilization of XFEM in the analysis of mechanical behavior in NiTi instruments. The review showed that XFEM was seldom employed in endodontic literature. Recent work suggests potential promise in using XFEM for modelling NiTi structures.

The effect of canal curvature on cyclic fatigue resistance of rotary instruments using different irrigation materials ( in vitro study).

The mechanical qualities of Ni-Ti is crucial because they give the files their flexibility and enable us to prepare curved and double-curved canals with more ease. It happens frequently for instruments to separate during canal preparation, and cyclic fatigue (metal fatigue) is a frequent cause.This study aimed to assess how irrigation affected the two rotary endodontic instruments' cyclic fatigue resistance. The Edge File and Fanta File rotary endodontic instrument groups were chosen. Each group (n = 42) was split into 3 subgroups (n = 14 each), one receiving NaOH, one Glycine, and one EDTA treatment. The number of cycles to failure (NCF) was determined after each subgroup underwent testing for cyclic fatigue resistance. The result appeared different significant between the two group and sub-group with the different materials that used with it with the length of fractures and time that recorded in each group. NaOCl, glycine, and EDTA as chemical materials appeared to have considerably varied cycle fatigue resistance for various lengths of fractures and durations, according to the comparison between the two evaluated instruments.

Optimization of difficult endodontic treatment with nickel-titanium files in martensitic and austenitic phase

INTRODUCTION. Nickel-titanium alloys and cutting-edge design of endodontic files continue to revolutionize. In addition to variations in the design of nickel-titanium files, manufacturers have implemented several proprietary manufacturing processing procedures to improve their mechanical properties.AIM. The aim of the study was to improve the quality of mechanical instrumentation of highly curved root canals based on the data of laboratory and experimental analysis of rotary endodontic instruments made of nickel-titanium alloys of various modifications.MATERIAL AND METHODS. As part of the research, the following endodontic rotary files systems were studied during instrumentation of curved root canals: group 1 – Mtwo (VDW); group 2 – Race Evo (FKG), group 3 – Ultrataper next (Eurofile). A metallographic analysis of the instruments was performed, a morphological structure of the root dentin after instrumental was examined by scanning electron microscopy, as well as the amount of extruded debris was studied.RESULTS. Groups 2 and 3 showed significant deterioration after three applications. Mtwo files showed a statistically higher amount of surface damage after five uses (p < 0.05). The smallest amount of extruded debris was found in the group 2, while the largest number of root dentin irregulations was found in the groups 1 and 3 (p < 0.001).CONCLUSIONS. A different degree of the surface damage of the instruments was revealed, depending on the number of treated root canals. The safest and most effective endodontic system for the mechanical preparation of curved root canals is the Race EVO.

The flaring efficiency of the Profile and Protaper on resin simulated root canals

Forty resin simulated root canals with standardized curvature prepared for thisstudy, divided into four groups ten canals for each group. Thirty canals were preparedwith rotary endodontic instruments, profile 04, profile 04, 06 and protaper, ten canalsfor each type, with slow speed contra angle hand piece (300 rpm) using crown — downtechnique the other l0 canals were prepared with stainless steel k-flexo handinstrument using step — back technique. The total time required for preparation wascalculated. The resin blocks were scanned; the pre-instrumented and post -instrumented images were stored in the computer and superimposed for twodimensional evaluation of canals preparation using Adobe photoshope 8.0 and Coreldraw 9. For the coronal portion the amount of canal substance removed wascalculated at 7mm, 9mm, llmm levels from the working length. For the apicalcurvature the centering ratio was calculated at 2mm and 4mm level from the workinglength. The results showed that the amount of canal substance removed from thecoronal portion by protaper was statistically higher than other groups with statisticallyless ability to stay center in the canal than profile rotary instruments but more abilityto preserve apical curvature than k-flexo hand instruments with less time required forpreparation. K-flexo files showed statistically less amount of canal substance removalat coronal portion and statistically higher centering ratio than other groups, andrequire more time for canals preparation .

Factors Affecting the Cyclic Fatigue of Heat-Treated NiTi Rotary File: A Review

Clinicians face a major problem when a Nickel-Titanium (NiTi) rotary endodontic instruments fracture occurs inside the canal during treatment. It is time consuming for removal of these separated instruments, in addition to its technical difficulty. So for these reasons it is important to reduce the risk of file fracture. As a sequel, several attempts have been made to improve the mechanical features of NiTi rotary files, like changes in speed of operation, changing the geometric and dimensional characteristics, and several different metal treatments. The revolution of new heat-treated NiTi instruments opens a new era for basic, clinical and scientific research. This article concerns mostly with environmental and heat-treated factors, irrigation and type of rotation and their effects on heat-treated NiTi instruments found in most studies.

Phase transformation and mechanical properties of heat-treated nickel-titanium rotary endodontic instruments at room and body temperatures

BackgroundThe aim of this study was to evaluate the phase composition, phase transformation temperatures, bending property, and cyclic fatigue resistance of different heat-treated nickel-titanium (NiTi) rotary instruments with the same tip diameter and taper at room (RT; 25 ± 1 °C) and body (BT; 37 ± 1 °C) temperatures.MethodsFive heat-treated NiTi rotary instruments, HyFlex EDM (EDM), HyFlex CM (CM), Vortex Blue (VB), RE file CT (RE) and JIZAI, and a non-heat-treated NiTi rotary instrument (Mtwo) with a size 40, 0.04 taper were investigated. Temperature-dependent phase transformation was examined with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The bending loads of the instruments at RT and BT were evaluated using a cantilever-bending test. Cyclic fatigue resistance at RT and BT was measured using a dynamic test, during which the instruments were rotated in combination with a 2-mm back-and-forth motion in an artificial curved canal, and the number of cycles to failure (NCF) was determined. The results were analyzed using two-way repeated measures analysis of variance, a simple main effect test, and the Bonferroni test (α = 0.05).ResultsDSC results indicated that EDM and Mtwo were primarily composed of martensite/R-phase and austenite, respectively, while the other heat-treated instruments were composed of a mix of martensite/R-phase and austenite at the tested temperatures. Regardless of the temperature setting, the bending loads of heat-treated instruments were significantly lower than those of Mtwo (p < 0.05). EDM showed the lowest bending loads and highest NCF at both temperatures (p < 0.05). CM, VB, and JIZAI showed significantly higher bending loads at BT than at RT (p < 0.05). The NCF of all the heat-treated instruments, except VB, was lower at BT than at RT (p < 0.05). At BT, the NCF of CM, VB, RE, and JIZAI were not significantly higher than that of Mtwo (p > 0.05).ConclusionsHeat-treated NiTi instruments exhibited lower bending loads and higher NCF values than Mtwo. However, this tendency was less pronounced at BT than at RT, especially in the NCF values of instruments with a mixture of martensite/R-phase and austenite phases at the tested temperatures.

Comparing the EdgeFile X3, GenEndo, HeroGold, and ProTaper Gold Rotary Instruments Regarding the Effect of Different Concentrations and Temperature of NaOCl on Cyclic Fatigue Resistance.

This research was carried out with the objective of comparison between GenEndo, Protaper Gold, Hero Gold and EdgeFile X3 regarding the effect of different concentrations of NaOCl. About 720 study specimens were included in the study. They were divided into four groups. Each group consisted of 180 files. Group A: GenEndo, Group B: Protaper Gold, Group C: Hero Gold, Group D: EdgeFile X3. Each group of instruments were further subdivided into nine subgroups (n = 20 for each subgroup). Testing of the cyclic fatigue was carried out in artificial canals which were prepared inside the blocks of stainless steel. The stainless steel blocks with artificial canals were established in a receiver that was packed with experimental solutions like distilled water, 5.25% NaOCl and 2.5% NaOCl. The adjustment of temperature was done at 25, 37, and 60°C. The rotation of the instrument was carried out inside the artificial canal as per the instructions of the manufacturer. The instrument was rotated until it got fractured. The time taken by the instrument to fracture was recorded in seconds. The number of cycles to fracture (NCF) was analyzed with the help of the equation (NCF = time to fracture × rpm/60). Surfaces at the site of fracture were examined with the help of a scanning electron microscope (EVOLS10, ZEISS) at magnification (300x and 2000x). It was noticed that there was a statistically significant increase in cyclic fatigue when sodium chloride was used as an endodontic irrigant instead of distilled water. The increase in cyclic fatigue was also observed when 5.25% sodium chloride was used instead of 2.5% sodium hypochlorite. Cyclic fatigue increased on change in temperature from 25 to 37°C and from 37 to 60°C. The difference was statistically significant (p < 0.05). It was observed that resistance against cyclic fatigue on treatment with different irrigation solutions at different temperatures was in the order of GenEndo > Protaper Gold > Hero Gold > EdgeFile X3. The resistance against cyclic fatigue in new NiTi rotary files can be affected significantly by different concentrations of sodium hypochlorite irrigant solution and the GenEndo rotary endodontic instrument has the maximum resistance against cyclic fatigue. Irrigation of the root canal with irrigants, such as sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) has been recommended strongly. NaOCl is used in the range of 0.5 and 6.5% concentration owing to its antimicrobial activity and tissue dissolution activities, particularly at higher temperatures. It has been postulated that fatigue of rotary endodontic instruments can be influenced by adjoining medium and their concentration.

Impact of endodontic irrigants on surface roughness of various nickel-titanium rotary endodontic instruments

BackgroundThe aim of the current study is to assess the surface roughness of several recent nickel-titanium (Ni-Ti) rotary endodontic instruments, namely: Protaper next (PTN); Hyflex CM (CM); Hyflex EDM (EDM); WaveOne gold (WOG); and trunatomy (TN), before and after application of 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) irrigant solution.MethodsIn this in vitro study, five recently introduced rotary endodontic instruments of different metallurgical properties and designs were subjected to Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) analysis, and then each file was rotated in 5.25% NaOCl for 15 min., with speed and torque according to manufacturer’s instructions. The instruments were then subjected to AFM analysis again. The surface roughness average (Sa) parameter was calculated. Data were analyzed by Paired T test, One-way ANOVA and Tukey tests.ResultsThere was a statistically significant decrease in the surface roughness of all rotary endodontic instruments after immersion in irrigants (P ≤ 0.05).ConclusionThe new TN and PTN instruments showed the least surface roughness. All tested Ni-Ti rotary endodontic instruments after irrigants exposure showed a varying increase in surface roughness.

The effect of canal curvature on cyclic fatigue resistance of rotary instruments using different irrigation materials (in vitro study)

Background: The mechanical qualities of Ni-Ti is crucial because they give the files their flexibility and enable us to prepare curved and double-curved canals with more ease. It happens frequently for instruments to separate during canal preparation, and cyclic fatigue (metal fatigue) is a frequent cause. This study aimed to assess how irrigation affected the two rotary endodontic instruments' cyclic fatigue resistance. Methods: The Edge File and Fanta File rotary endodontic instrument groups were chosen. Each group (n = 42) was split into 3 subgroups (n = 14 each), one receiving NaOH, one Glycine, and one EDTA treatment. The number of cycles to failure (NCF) was determined after each subgroup underwent testing for cyclic fatigue resistance. Results: The result appeared different significant between the two group and sub-group with the different materials that used with it with the length of fractures and time that recorded in each group. Conclusion: NaOCl, glycine, and EDTA as chemical materials appeared to have considerably varied cycle fatigue resistance for various lengths of fractures and durations, according to the comparison between the two evaluated instruments.

Effects of Autoclave Sterilization on Cyclic Fatigue Resistance in 5 Types of Rotary Endodontic Instruments: An In Vitro Study.

BACKGROUND Rotary endodontic instruments are increasingly used in root canal treatment and have replaced stainless steel manual files. Cyclic fatigue is the cyclic loading of stress to produce deformation or fracture. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the effects of autoclave sterilization on cyclic fatigue in 5 types of rotary endodontic instruments. MATERIAL AND METHODS ProTaper Universal, BioRace, ProTaper Next, Twisted File, and HyFlex CM instruments were included in this study. Each type included 96 instruments, divided into 4 groups according to the number of sterilization cycles (0, 1, 3, 5). After sterilization, each group of instruments was divided into 2 subgroups and tested for cyclic fatigue in 2 simulated canals (45 degrees both and 2 radii, 2 mm and 5 mm). The number of cycles to failure (NCF) was calculated, and statistical analyses were carried out using the t test, Mann-Whitney U test, and ANOVA, followed by the Tukey post hoc test (p<0.05). Fracture surfaces were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). RESULTS Within the group of non-sterilized instruments, ProTaper Universal showed significantly lower resistance to cyclic fatigue compared to the other types of instruments (p<0.001). After repeated sterilization, a significantly higher mean of NCF was observed for BioRace (p<0.001), ProTaper Next (p<0.001), Twisted File (p<0.001), and HyFlex CM (p<0.001) compared to ProTaper Universal. The resistance of HyFlex CM was significantly higher compared to the other types of instruments (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS The findings from this study showed that autoclave sterilization of newer rotary endodontic instruments could increase resistance to cyclic fatigue.

Experimental and 2-Step Finite Element Analysis of Cyclic Fatigue Resistance of Conventional and Heat-Treated Rotary Endodontic Nickel-Titanium Instruments

Background: To evaluate the cyclic fatigue resistance of rotary endodontic nickel-titanium instruments using both experimental and finite element methods. Methodology: Four different proprietary rotary endodontic instruments (PTG, PTU, VB, and TRN) were subjected to cyclic fatigue tests through a custom-built fixture (n = 30 for each group) and tested until failure according to the manufacturer’s recommended settings, and the number of cycles to failure (NCF) was measured. Separated fragments were measured to determine the location of the fracture event. Finite element modeling replicated this experiment in silico via a two-step method, modeling the dynamic motion via an initial insertion step, then followed by rotation. Results: TRN showed the highest NCF (2027.94 ± 452.50) with the lowest values for strain (4.49% ± 0.23%) and fragment lengths (3.26 mm ± 0.47 mm), whereas PTU showed the lowest NCF (600.90 ± 80.86) and highest values for strain (6.29% ± 0.47%) and fragment lengths (5.36 mm ± 0.79 mm). All instruments showed an increase in von Mises and maximum principal stress during the insertion step but showed no changes to the maximum stress values during the rotational step. Conclusions: The finite element analysis approach used provided useful insights into the stress evolution and stress distribution of instruments during cyclic fatigue but lacked the ability with existing inputs to predict failure from cyclic fatigue.

FEM analysis of NiTi rotary endodontic instruments to fatigue stress conditions: influence of geometrical parameters and design optimization

FEM analysis of NiTi rotary endodontic instruments to fatigue stress conditions: influence of geometrical parameters and design optimization

Comparison of single and multiple file rotary endodontic instruments for debris and irrigant extrusion: An in vitro study.

The aim of this study was to assess and compare the quantity of apically debris which was extruded apically by TruNatomy (TN), ProTaper Next (PTN), HyFlex electric discharge machining (EDM), and HyFlex controlled memory (CM), following root canal preparation. Sixty extracted single-canal mandibular premolars were used. The root canal preparation was done with TN, HyFlex EDM, PTN, or HyFlex CM files. The preweight debris, which was extruded apically, was collected in the Eppendorf tube and later on incubated at 670°C for 3 days and weighed again to record the extruded debris. The result showed that there was a significant reduction in debris extrusion by TN system, followed by PTN system, HyFlex EDM, and maximum extrusion in HyFlex CM (P < 0.05). Between the PTN and TN groups as well as between the HyFlex EDM and HyFlex CM groups, statistically significant difference was not observed (P > 0.05). Apical debris extrusion is the inherent nature of the all file systems. Nevertheless, the TN file system produced substantially minimum debris extrusion among other systems compared in the study.

Management of separated rotary endodontic instruments: A case series

The improper separation of endodontic instruments within the root canal system can hinder the cleaning and shaping procedures, which can affect the outcome of endodontic treatment. One effective technique for managing broken instruments is the instrument bypass technique, which is a modification of ultrasonic retrieval. This technique offers the advantage of preserving the remaining dentin in the root canal and avoiding the need for surgical intervention. In this paper, we present a case series demonstrating the successful management of accidentally and apically broken instruments in the curved mesiobuccal canal of the left mandibular second molar and in the mesiobuccal canal of the left maxillary second molar, where accessibility is poor.

Are the Current Research Methods Reliable for Evaluating the Mechanical Performance of NiTi Endodontic Rotary Instruments?

Technological innovation and the modernization of manufacturing procedures have thoroughly redefined the field of nickel–titanium (NiTi) rotary and reciprocating endodontic instruments [...]

Influence of 17% EDTA and Sapindus mukorossi on the Surface Property of Protaper Gold Rotary Endodontic Instruments

The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and ethanolic extract of Sapindus mukorossi (S. mukorossi) in combination with canal shaping on surface properties of ProTaper Gold rotary endodontic file. Sixteen F1 ProTaper Gold rotary files underwent the standard protocol for root canal treatment using two irrigants (S. mukorossi and 17% EDTA) in single-rooted decoronated teeth. Eight unused files were used as a control. All files were examined under an atomic force microscope (AFM) to evaluate surface roughness (Ra) and root mean square (RMS). Data were analyzed using the t-test. RMS and Ra values of the control file were 1.37 and 0.607, respectively. The mean RMS (3.70 ± 1.41) and mean Ra (2.89 ± 1.41) in EDTA group were significantly higher than the control file (p &lt; 0.05). The mean RMS in the S. mukorossi group (1.77 ± 0.66) did not show any significant difference with the control (p &gt; 0.05). The Ra of S. mukorossi group (1.09 ± 0.05) was significantly higher than the control file (p &lt; 0.05). Moreover, the mean RMS and Ra were found to be significantly higher in the EDTA group compared to the S. mukorossi group (p &lt; 0.05). The mean Ra and RMS values of the ProTaper Gold files used to prepare canals using 17% EDTA and S. mukorossi irrigation were significantly higher than the control files. The EDTA-treated ProTaper Gold rotary files demonstrated higher surface Ra and RMS than the S. mukorossi files.

Research of the major clinical findings of the use of reciprocant files: a systematic review

Introduction: In the context of root canal treatments, nickel-titanium endodontic rotary instruments fracture due to torsional overload or cyclic fatigue. Channels with bends located closer to the channel orifice and channels with double bends (S-shaped channels) have been shown to increase the risk of fatigue failure of rotating instruments. Thus, Yared was the first to report the use and effectiveness of reciprocating motions for rotary files, as he demonstrated that a single reciprocating file was sufficient to replace several files used in continuous rotation. Objective: A concise systematic review was carried out on the main results of clinical studies on the use of reciprocating files, to externalize the scientific evidence of these files to files used in continuous rotations. Methods: The present study followed the model of systematic literature review (PRISMA). The research was carried out from January 2022 to March 2022 and was developed based on Google Scholar, Scopus, PubMed, Scielo, and the Cochrane Library. The quality of scientific evidence of the studies was based on the GRADE instrument. The risk of bias was analyzed according to the Cochrane instrument. Results and Conclusion: A total of 85 articles were found. After the process of analyzing the quality of scientific evidence, 32 articles were selected. After analyzing the risk of bias, 8 recent clinical studies, from 2019 to 2022, were selected to compose this systematic review. Based on the clinical studies presented in the present study, it was evidenced that there is a significant statistical difference in the number of cycles in and out movement and wear time to failure between reciprocating and continuous rotary files. Furthermore, an endodontic treatment combining a single reciprocating file with a single cone showed similar clinical efficacy to treatment with hand file instrumentation and lateral compaction obturation. However, randomized clinical studies have shown that reciprocating instruments have less resistance to cyclic fatigue when operated in canals with curvatures in the coronal and middle thirds when compared with curvatures in the apical thirds.

Comparative morphometric characteristics of the working surface of endodontic rotary nickel-titanium instruments after maximum cyclic loading

Aim. Is the morphometric analysis of the working surfaces of endodontic rotating nickel-titanium instruments.Materials and methods. The chemical composition and physical properties of the three types of endodontic rotating nickel-titanium F2 instruments have been analyzed: proptaper Universal (PTu, Dentsply, Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzeland), Ultrataper (Eurofile, China) and Superfile (Eurofile, China) protapers. The evaluation of endodontic treatment of 75 endoblocks was also carried out.Results. The research work shows that endodontic rotary instruments have both different chemical composition and heterogeneity of the alloy. The average comparable percentage of titanium and nickel in the studied alloy samples has been revealed. The quality of endodontic treatment of the endoblocks’ channels with various rotating nickel-titanium instruments is also comparable and meets the specified criteria.Conclusion. The morphometric analysis has revealed a difference in the structure of the metal alloy of the F2 protapers, with a comparable content of nickel (46-52%) and titanium (38-41%). The content of pure nickel-titanium alloy along the periphery of the endodontic instrument in Universal protapers ensures high cutting ability of the faces. The obtained data on different resistance to cyclic loads should be taken into account in the endodontic treatment of multi-root teeth. The analysis of the structure of the nickel-titanium alloy indicates the predetermination of the development of the tool’s fracture with prolonged use and the need to take into account the cycles of the endodontic rotary tool.

Investigation of cyclic fatigue of rotary endodontic instruments

Aim. To study the properties and resistance to cyclic loading of nickel-titanium files with a martensitic phase. The use of nickel-titanium instruments is an integral part of the endodontic treatment of root canals. During endodontic treatment, nickel-titanium instruments experience a huge load, which is manifested by fatigue of nickel-titanium instruments, in the form of a fracture.Purpose. To determine the resistance of nickel-titanium files to mechanical, chemical and temperature stress.Materials and methods. A nickel-titanium file with a martensitic S-flexi phase from Geosoft was selected as a study. Cyclic fatigue was determined using a simulation endodontic unit. Photo and video fixation was carried out as a calculation of the revolutions and breakage time of the tool in the process of determining cyclic fatigue. To assess changes in the structure of nickel-titanium instruments with a martensitic phase, electron scanning microscopy and determination of the elemental composition of the alloy were carried out.Results. In the course of the study, tests were carried out to determine the cyclic load, close to the clinical reception. After a series of cyclic load detection tests, S-flexi files showed different resistance to cyclic load. The results of cyclic fatigue are summarized in Table 1.Conclusion. High-quality and safe mechanical treatment of root canals is possible when using nickel-titanium S-flexi files. Due to the high resistance to mechanical, chemical and thermal stress.

Mechanical properties and metallurgical features of two similar endodontic rotary instruments with different heat treatments (FireWire™ and Gold).

The aim of this study was to explain the mechanical differences between EdgeTaper Platinum (ETP) and ProTaper Gold (PTG) determining the transition temperatures and the composition of the alloy of ETP, since no data are present in literature. A total of 130 instruments were selected: 65 ETP F2 and 65 PTG F2. 20 instruments per type were submitted to each mechanical tests. The cyclic fatigue and torsional tests were performed at a pre-set temperature of 35 °C ± 1 °C. During the cyclic fatigue test, Time to fracture, number of cycles to fracture (NCF) and the fragment length (FL) were recorded. During the static torsional, Torque to Fracture (TtF) and FL were recorded. The fracture surface of 5 randomly selected fragments from each test was examined through a Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and an EDX analysis was performed. 20 instruments per type were submitted to a bending test The force generated (grams) to bend each was recorded. Recorded data of mechanical and metallurgical tests were statistically analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test with significance set to a 95% confidence level. ETP F2 showed a higher cyclic fatigue resistance and bending ability than PTG F2, with a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05). PTG showed a higher torsional resistance with a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05). DSC analysis of 5 samples for each instrument type pointed out that the austenite finish temperature of PTG was higher than the ETP, respectively of 49.99 ± 3.31 (°C) and 38.92 ± 1.75 (°C). EDX analysis confirmed the near-equiatomic composition of the Ni-Ti alloys, with a presence of a third component recognized as rubidium in the ETP samples. ETP showed higher flexibility in comparison with PTG, despite the latter is characterized by a more martensitic characterization. since its Af temperature is higher than the ETP.