Rot Of Peach Research Articles

Global Transcriptome Analysis of the Peach (Prunus persica) in the Interaction System of Fruit-Chitosan-Monilinia fructicola.

The peach (Prunus persica L.) is one of the most important stone-fruit crops worldwide. Nevertheless, successful peach fruit production is seriously reduced by losses due to Monilinia fructicola the causal agent of brown rot. Chitosan has a broad spectrum of antimicrobial properties and may also act as an elicitor that activate defense responses in plants. As little is known about the elicitation potential of chitosan in peach fruits and its impact at their transcriptional-level profiles, the aim of this study was to uncover using RNA-seq the induced responses regulated by the action of chitosan in fruit-chitosan-M. fructicola interaction. Samples were obtained from fruits treated with chitosan or inoculated with M. fructicola, as well from fruits pre-treated with chitosan and thereafter inoculated with the fungus. Chitosan was found to delay the postharvest decay of fruits, and expression profiles showed that its defense-priming effects were mainly evident after the pathogen challenge, driven particularly by modulations of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to cell-wall modifications, pathogen perception, and signal transduction, preventing the spread of fungus. In contrast, as the compatible interaction of fruits with M. fructicola was challenged, a shift towards defense responses was triggered with a delay, which was insufficient to limit fungal expansion, whereas DEGs involved in particular processes have facilitated early pathogen colonization. Physiological indicators of peach fruits were also measured. Additionally, expression profiles of particular M. fructicola genes highlight the direct antimicrobial activity of chitosan against the fungus. Overall, the results clarify the possible mechanisms of chitosan-mediated tolerance to M. fructicola and set new foundations for the potential employment of chitosan in the control of brown rot in peaches.

Resistance to the DMI fungicide mefentrifluconazole in Monilinia fructicola: risk assessment and resistance basis analysis.

Brown rot disease, caused by Monilinia fructicola, poses a significant challenge to peach production in China. The efficacy of mefentrifluconazole, a new triazole fungicide, in controlling brown rot in peaches has been remarkable. However, the resistance risk and mechanism associated with this fungicide remain unclear. This study was designed to assess the resistance risk of M. fructicola to mefentrifluconazole and reveal the potential resistance mechanism. The mean median effective concentration (EC50 ) of 101 M. fructicola isolates to mefentrifluconazole was 0.003 μg mL-1 , and the sensitivity exhibited a unimodal distribution. Seven mefentrifluconazole-resistant mutants were generated from three parental isolates in the laboratory through fungicide adaption. The biological characteristics of the resistant mutants revealed that three of them exhibited enhanced survival fitness compared to the parental isolates, whereas the remaining four mutants displayed reduced survival fitness. Mefentrifluconazole showed strong positive cross-resistance with fenbuconazole, whereas no cross-resistance was observed with pyrimethanil, procymidone or pydiflumetofen. No overexpression of MfCYP51 gene was detected in the resistant mutants. Multiple sequence alignment revealed that three resistant mutants (MXSB2-2, Mf12-1 and Mf12-2) had a point mutation (G461S) in MfCYP51 protein. Molecular docking techniques confirmed the contribution of this point mutation to mefentrifluconazole resistance. The risk of M. fructicola developing resistance to mefentrifluconazole is relatively low-to-medium and point mutation G461S in MfCYP51 could confer mefentrifluconazole resistance in M. fructicola. This study provided essential data for monitoring the emergence of resistance and developing resistance management strategies for mefentrifluconazole. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

Sodium alginate coating of Ginkgo biloba leaves extract containing phenylpropanoids as an ecofriendly preserving agent to maintain the quality of peach fruit.

Plant constituents are of great interest in the food processing industry as potential natural preservative agents for controlling foodborne pathogens. In this study, the 95% EtOH/H2 O extract of Ginkgo biloba leaves was separated using polarity extraction solvents with petroleum ether (PE), ethyl acetate (EA), n-butanol (nB), and water (W) by the principle of similarity and compatibility. Through TLC and NMR analysis of these extracts, it can be concluded that the main component of PE extract were organic acids, for EA extract were flavonoids, for nB extract were phenylpropanoids, and water extract were oligosaccharides. Twelve monomer compounds were separated from the extracts to verify the composition of each extraction stage. Results of morphological and molecular identification revealed that Monilinia fructicola and Rhizopus stolonifer were the main fungi causing peach rot. After evaluating the antifungal activity and peach quality of the four extract/sodium alginate coatings, it was found that the n-butanol extract/sodium alginate coating containing phenylpropanoids had the lowest decay index and the best preservation effect, providing a sustainable alternative to reduce the harm to the environment of synthetic preservatives. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The abuse of synthetic preservatives poses a threat to the ecological environment and physical health. Therefore, this study developed sodium alginate coating of Ginkgo biloba leaves extract containing phenylpropanoids, which has good effects on the preservation of peaches. The agent is a promising environmentally friendly alternative for synthetic preservatives.

Physicochemical properties of peach fruit assessed by non-destructive methodology related to the development of Monilinia fructicola during postharvest

ABSTRACT The concomitant evaluation of physicochemical properties and development of important diseases, such as brown rot in peaches postharvest, is hampered by the use of destructive methods for physicochemical analysis. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the physicochemical characteristics in wounded and unwounded ‘Chimarrita’ and ‘Maciel’ peaches inoculated with M. fructicola assessed by non-destructive methods. The fruits were stored at room temperature (25 ºC) for 10 days after harvest. Colorimeter, near-infrared spectroscopy and portable spectrophotometer DA-meter® (single index of absorbance difference, IAD index) were used to evaluate the physicochemical changes that naturally occurred in peaches during postharvest and due to pathogen development on the same fruit simultaneously. Incidence and severity of brown rot were evaluated by counting the number of lesions resulting from inoculation at 24, 48 and 60 h post inoculation. Also, the sporulation of M. fructicola on fruit surface was evaluated. The results indicated that differences between wounded and unwounded fruits related soluble solids content, pulp firmness, titratable acidity, dry matter and IAD did not affect the incidence of M. fructicola in both cultivars. However, the interaction between dry matter and colour at the time of inoculation influenced colonisation and consequent lesion size in inoculated wounded ‘Chimarrita’ fruits.

Antifungal activity of the volatile organic compounds produced by Ceratocystis fimbriata strains WSJK-1 and Mby.

Microorganism-produced volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are considered promising environmental-safety fumigants in food preservation. In this study, the VOCs from fungal Ceratocystis fimbriata strains (WSJK-1, Mby) were tested against postharvest fungi Monilinia laxa, Fusarium oxysporum, Monilinia fructicola, Botrytis cinerea, Alternaria solani, and Aspergillus flavus in vitro. The mycelial growth was significantly inhibited, in particular M. fructicola and B. cinerea (76.95, 76.00%), respectively. VOCs were identified by headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS); 40 compounds were identified. The antifungal activity of 21 compounds was tested by the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) value. Benzaldehyde, 2-Phenylethanol, and 1-Octen-3-ol showed strong antifungal activity with the MIC in vitro ranging from 0.094 to 0.284 ml L-1 depending on the pathogen tested. The optical microscope showed serious morphological damage, including cell deformation, curling, collapse, and deficiency in mycelial or conidia cell structures treated with C. fimbriata VOCs and pure compounds. In vivo tests, C. fimbriata VOCs decreased brown rot severity in peaches, and compounds Benzaldehyde and 2-Phenylethanol could reduce peach brown rot in peaches at 60 μl L-1. The VOCs produced by C. fimbriata strain have good antifungal effects; low concentration fumigation could control peach brown rot. Its fragrance is fresh, safe, and harmless, and it is possible to replace chemical fumigants. It could be used as a potential biofumigant to control fruit postharvest transportation, storage, and food preservation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the antifungal activity and biocontrol mechanism of VOCs produced by C. fimbriata.

Aerobiological Study of APMC Fruit Market Kalyan, District- Thane, Maharashtra

The present study was aimed to investigate aeromycofloraof APMC fruit market of Kalyan, Dist- Thane was conducted during two consecutive seasons from August to October, 2020 and August to October, 2021. During this period Peach(PrunuspersicaL.)are abundant in the fruit market of Kalyan. The aerobiological study was carried out by using gravity slide as well as petriplate exposure method with a view to correlating the decay of peach fruits in the market. Twenty five aeromycoflorawere catch out from the air over the fruit market and the Alternariaalternata, Botrytis cinerea and Rhizopusstoloniferare the three most common causative factors of peach rot and loss.

Metabolomics profiling of Prunus persica cv. diamante showing symptoms of Rhizopus rot: A new hydrotalcite/shilovite composite to improve fruit quality

Rhizopus rot is a common postharvest disease that causes devastating economic losses for peach producers around the world. Thus, new alternatives for the control of this disease are required. Herein we report on the obtainment of a new hydrotalcite/shilovite (HT/Sh) composite with in situ fungistatic properties on Rhizopus stolonifer. The protective effect of this composite was studied at the metabolic level by non-targeted 1H NMR metabolomics (coupled to PCA and OPLS-DA models) and RP-HPLC to determine possible changes in the primary and secondary metabolism of peaches. Our results demonstrated that the HT/Sh composite exerted a protective effect on the levels of specific sugars (glucose, ribose, and xylose) amino acids (glutamic acid, glutamine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine threonine, and valine), phenols (chlorogenic and neochlorogenic acids) and carotenoids (neoxanthin, violaxanthin, lutein, zeaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin, and β-carotene). Our findings demonstrated that the new HT/Sh composite reported in this work was able to retard the emergence of Rhizopus rot in peaches for ten days and promoted the conservation of their nutraceutical content.

Effects of Bacillus velezensis zk1 on the physiology and metabolism of peaches

SummaryBacillus velezensis zk1 is the dominant bacterium that causing rot in peaches. However, the mechanisms through that this bacterium causes rot have not been elucidated. Here, we explored the mechanisms of peach decay caused by B. velezensis zk1. The invasion of B. velezensis zk1 in peaches resulted in an increase in glucose and arabinose contents in fruit tissues. Moreover, the relative conductivity of the fruit reached 84% after 4 days of culture with bacterial invasion. With the destruction of cells, the malondialdehyde content increased, whereas the vitamin C, dialdehyde, flavonoid and total phenol contents decreased. Polyphenol oxidase, superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase and ammonia lyase activities also decreased. Overall, these findings demonstrated that B. velezensis zk1 infection damaged peach chloroplasts, mitochondria, respiratory chain activity and related free radical scavenging enzyme systems, thereby disrupting the normal physiological metabolism of peaches and causing rot.

Evaluation of chemical, genetic and biological control strategies for Armillaria root rot of peach

Evaluation of chemical, genetic and biological control strategies for Armillaria root rot of peach

Tea tree oil controls brown rot in peaches by damaging the cell membrane of Monilinia fructicola

This study tested the efficacy of plant essential oils (EOs) for controlling rot in post-harvest peaches. Three fungal pathogens from naturally infected peaches were isolated and identified, and their pathogenicity was confirmed on peach fruit. Monilinia fructicola was the most pathogenic of the three isolates (M. fructicola, Penicillium expansum and P. spinulosum). The antifungal effects of four EOs (tea tree oil (TTO), thyme oil, rosemary oil, and lemon oil) were then evaluated against M. fructicola. TTO had the strongest antifungal activity against M. fructicola in vitro and in inoculated peach fruit. Experiments designed to probe the antifungal mechanisms of TTO revealed that the EO affects the composition of the M. fructicola cell membrane, leading to changes in mycelial morphology, membrane permeability, and levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species. Based on these results, we conclude that TTO is effective against infection by M. fructicola in post-harvest peaches. TTO should be considered as a viable substitute for conventional fungicides that are currently used to control rot in peach.

PpWRKY45 is involved in methyl jasmonate primed disease resistance by enhancing the expression of jasmonate acid biosynthetic and pathogenesis-related genes of peach fruit

• 10 μM of MeJA effectively inhibited soft rot caused by R. stolonifer. • MeJA elevated the expression of JA biosynthetic and PR genes. • MeJA induced disease resistance against R. stolonifer by priming of defense responses. • PpWRKY45 activated defense-related gene expression by bind to their promoters. • PpWRKY45 is involved in MeJA-primed defense by enhancing defense-related gene expression. Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and WRKY transcription factors (TFs) are documented to exert vital defensive functions. Research concerning WRKY TFs together with MeJA-primed defense against Rhizopus stolonifer in peach fruit is still in its infancy. In the present study, the mode of MeJA on inducing resistance against soft rot caused by Rhizopus stolonifer in peaches during the postharvest storage and the involvement of WRKY TFs were investigated, and the results manifested that MeJA at 10 μM significantly reduced disease occurrence and lesion diameter after R. stolonifer infection during 60 h of storage at 20 °C. Moreover, the MeJA treatment promoted the activity of CHI and GLU and elevated the expression levels of PpLOX , PpAOS and PpOPR3 . More importantly, the expression of PpCHI , PpGLU , PpPR-like , PpLOX , PpAOS and PpOPR3 were substantially and rapidly elevated in the peach fruit that pretreated with MeJA and inoculated with R.stolonifer , indicating that MeJA stimulated a specific priming defense against Rhizopus rot in peaches. Furthermore, a MeJA-related transcription factor PpWRKY45 was identified and characterized as a nucleus-localized protein that could activate the expression of PpCHI, PpGLU, PpPR-like, PpLOX, PpAOS and PpOPR3 by binding to W-box elements in their promoters. These results indicate that PpWRKY45 is involved in MeJA-primed defense against R . stolonifer by activating JA biosynthetic and PR genes of peach fruit.

Translocation of PpNPR1 is required for β-aminobutyric acid-triggered resistance against Rhizopus stolonifer in peach fruit

This study attempted to determine the transcriptomic responses of peach fruit to β-aminobutyric acid (BABA) elicitation and Rhizopus stolonifer inoculation and to identify the key differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and significantly enriched pathways between BABA + inoculation-versus-control and inoculation-versus-control pairwise comparisons. Furthermore, the regulatory linkage between the critical DEGs and their interacting proteins was investigated based on the expression of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes in the BABA-treated samples. The results showed that the transcription factor PpTGA1 possessed the highest degree in the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network and was identified as a critical DEG. PpTGA1 could directly interact with the significantly expressed PpNPR1 gene in the nucleus through the salicylic acid (SA)-dependent signalling pathway, eventually leading to high transcript levels of PpPR1 and PpPR1-like. In addition, an increased generation of redox signalling molecules (nitric oxide (NO) and SA) was accompanied by an obvious effect on the suppression of Rhizopus rot in peaches pretreated with BABA and subsequent R. stolonifer challenge. Thus, BABA elicitation and subsequent R. stolonifer inoculation positively modulated the intercellular redox state and consequently induced the translocation of the product of the highly expressed PpNPR1 gene to the nucleus, where it interacts with PpTGA1 and eventually strengthens defence-related gene expression and disease resistance.

Peach Rot Disease Prevalence in the Markets of Federal Capital Territory, Pakistan

Peach Rot Disease Prevalence in the Markets of Federal Capital Territory, Pakistan

The role of iturin A from B. amyloliquefaciens BUZ-14 in the inhibition of the most common postharvest fruit rots

The aim of this work was to elucidate the role of the secondary metabolites produced by B. amyloliquefaciens BUZ-14 against B. cinerea, M. fructicola, M. laxa, P. digitatum, P. italicum and P. expansum both in vitro and in planta. The entire cell free supernatant (CFS) and the lipopeptide fraction (LPF) showed similar antifungal activities, completely inhibiting all the fungi at dilutions of 1:24 or even lower, whereas the non-butanolic fraction (NBF) barely inhibited the fungi. However, when the LPF and CFS were applied on fruit, only brown rot in peaches and blue rot in apples was totally inhibited. The main families of metabolites in the LPF were iturin A, fengycin and surfactin with maximum concentrations of 407, 853 and 658 μg mL−1, respectively. Subsequently, a TLC-bioautography revealed iturin A as the key metabolite in the inhibitions and allowed us to establish in vivo MICs of 16.9 and 33.9 μg mL−1 for Monilinia species and P. expansum, respectively. The application of 24 h-old BUZ-14 cultures suppressed brown rot in peaches and also blue rot in apples but failed to inhibit the other diseases. However, BUZ-14 was only able to grow and produce iturin A in peaches so we can deduce that the amount of iturin A brought with the cultures (36 ± 14 μg mL−1) could be enough to control both diseases. The strong antifungal activity of the iturin A present in the BUZ-14 CFS suggests that it could be successfully used for postharvest disease control. However, future research is necessary to maximize the iturin A production by B. amyloliquefaciens BUZ-14 in order to optimize a commercial application.

Potential of a new strain of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens BUZ-14 as a biocontrol agent of postharvest fruit diseases

The biocontrol potential of the Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain BUZ-14 was tested against the main postharvest diseases of orange, apple, grape and stone fruit. After characterizing the temperature and pH growth curves of strain BUZ-14, its in vitro antifungal activity was determined against Botrytis cinerea, Monilinia fructicola, M. laxa, Penicillium digitatum, P. expansum and P. italicum. Subsequently, in vivo activity was tested against these pathogens by treating fruit with cells, endospores and cell-free supernatants. The in vitro results showed that BUZ-14 inhibited the growth of all the pathogens tested corresponding to the least susceptible species, P. italicum, and the most susceptible, M. laxa. In vivo tests corroborated these results as most of the treatments decreased the incidence of brown rot in stone fruit from 100% to 0%, establishing 107 CFU mL−1 as the minimum inhibitory concentration. For the Penicillium species a preventive treatment inhibited P. digitatum and P. italicum growth in oranges and reduced P. expansum incidence in apples from 100% to 20%. Finally, it has been demonstrated that BUZ-14 was able to survive and to control brown rot in peaches stored at cool temperatures, making it a very suitable biocontrol agent for application during the post-harvest storage and marketing of horticultural products.

Control of blue mould and bitter rot of apples, and brown rot of peaches by Citrus aurantium extract-based product BIOLASTING®

Control of blue mould and bitter rot of apples, and brown rot of peaches by <i>Citrus aurantium</i> extract-based product BIOLASTING^®

The use of brassica extracts and thermotherapy for the postharvest control of brown rot in peach

Brown rot (Monilinia fructicola), one of the most important diseases of stone fruits, can lead to significant fruit losses in the field and postharvest. Canola and Indian mustard extracts acquired through different extraction methods, alone and in combination with thermotherapy, were tested against postharvest brown rot in peaches. Initially, canola and Indian mustard extracts collected through the methods of simple extraction (Sp), infusion (In) and maceration (Mc) were assessed for their capacity to control M. fructicola in vitro and in vivo. The Sp extracts of each species were selected to be tested under different treatment sequences, alone and in combination with thermotherapy (50°C for 30s) on peaches inoculated with M. fructicola. The most effective canola and Indian mustard treatment sequences were selected and compared with the chemical treatment (azoxystrobin®, 2gL−1) and a control (sterile distilled water). The Sp extractions of canola and Indian mustard were effective at postharvest control of brown rot in peaches. When these extracts were combined with thermotherapy in the sequence Sp extract+thermotherapy+Sp extract, the efficacy of postharvest brown rot control in peaches was improved. The canola Sp extract was more effective than the Sp of Indian mustard when combined with thermotherapy and it achieved a M. fructicola sporulation reduction level equal to that given by the fungicide solution when applied to “Eldorado” peaches.

Postharvest biological control of brown rot in peaches after cold storage preceded by preharvest chemical control 1

ABSTRACT Pathogenic fungi cause skin darkening and peach quality depreciation in post harvest. Therefore, alternative techniques to chemical treatment are necessary in order to reduce risks to human health. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the application of Trichoderma harzianum in association with different fungicides applied before harvest to 'Eldorado' peaches for brown rot control and other quality parameters during storage. The treatments consisted of five preharvest fungicide applications (control, captan, iprodione, iminoctadine and tebuconazole) associated with postharvest application of T. harzianum, after cold storage (with and without application), in three evaluation times (zero, two and four days at 20 °C), resulting in a 5x2x3 factorial design. The application of T. harzianum only brought benefits to the control of brown rot when combined with the fungicide captan, at zero day shelf life. After two days, there was a greater skin darkening in peaches treated with T. harzianum compared with peaches without the treatment, except for peaches treated with the fungicide iprodione and T. harzianum The application of T. harzianum during postharvest showed no benefits for the control of brown rot, however, the association with fungicides reduced the incidence of Rhizopus stolonifer during the shelf life.

Chitosan boehmite-alumina nanocomposite films and thyme oil vapour control brown rot in peaches (Prunus persica L.) during postharvest storage

Brown rot (Monilinia spp.) affects the shelf life, fruit quality and marketability of peaches (Prunus persica L.). Increasing consumer concern regarding food safety makes it necessary to search for natural environmentally friendly alternative products for postharvest disease control. In this investigation, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) punnets containing thyme oil (TO sachets) and sealed with chitosan/boehmite nanocomposite lidding films significantly reduced the incidence and severity of brown rot caused by Monilinia laxa in artificially inoculated peach fruits (cv. Kakawa) held at 25 °C for 5 days. Furthermore, PET punnets containing TO sachets and sealed with chitosan/boehmite nanocomposite lidding films significantly reduced the brown rot incidence to 10% in naturally infected fruits stored at 0.5 °C, 90% RH for 7 days and at the simulated market shelf conditions for 3 days at 15 °C, 75% RH. The chitosan/boehmite nanocomposite lidding films maintained the active components of thyme oil, thymol (56.43% RA), caryophyllen (9.47% RA) and β-linalool (37.6% RA) within the (head space volatiles) punnet. Panellists preferred fruits packed from commercial punnet containing thyme oil (sachets) and sealed with chitosan/boehmite nanocomposite lidding films due to overall appearance, taste, and natural peach flavour.

Vegetative compatibility groups and sexual reproduction among Spanish Monilinia fructicola isolates obtained from peach and nectarine orchards, but not Monilinia laxa

The frequency of occurrence of Monilinia fructicola in the Ebro Valley, Spain has increased since its first appearance in 2006, and M. fructicola has displaced Monilinia laxa, the native species which is the main cause of brown rot in peaches in this valley. In order to determine the characteristics that may be related to the displacement, we studied the capacity to generate new genotypic combinations of M. fructicola under laboratory conditions. The morphology and parasitic ability from ten field isolates of M. fructicola and M. laxa collected from three different orchards in the valley, and sampling from five different lesions were studied. Nitrate-non-utilising (nit) mutants were generated in order to test the isolates for vegetative compatibility which was done by assessing their colony growth when cultured singly or in pairs on media that contained different nitrogen sources. For the M. fructicola isolates, five vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs) were identified using the nit mutants and six VCGs were identified when they were grown on potato dextrose agar dishes. In all instances, the vegetatively compatible M. fructicola isolates came mainly from the same orchard. Only one VCG displays the same morphological and competition characteristics. No VCGs were identified among the M. laxa isolates. We did not find any apothecia of M. laxa and M. fructicola isolates in the soil of the three orchards, but we were able to produce apothecia of M. fructicola in the laboratory. Our finding of sexual reproduction and VCGs in the M. fructicola isolates suggests that the genetic variability of M. fructicola could be maintained by sexual and/or parasexual recombination.