Rossel Island Research Articles

A Taxonomic Revision of Timonius Subgen. Pseudobobea (Valeton) S. P. Darwin (Rubiaceae)

DARWIN, S. P. (2010). A taxonomic revision of Timonius subgen. Pseudobobea (Valeton) S. P. Darwin (Rubiaceae). Candollea 65: 217–240. In English, English and French abstracts.Twenty-one species, distributed from Sulawesi (Indonesia) to Rossel Island (Louisiade Archipelago) through the Moluccas (Indonesia) and Papua New Guinea, are assigned to Timonius subgen. Pseudobobea (Valeton) S. P. Darwin, a new taxon based on Timonius sect. Pseudobobea Valeton (Rubiaceae, Guettardeae). Nine new species are described: Timonius akunensis S. P. Darwin, Timonius bracteoides S. P. Darwin, Timonius carrii S. P. Darwin, Timonius clathratus S. P. Darwin, Timonius leptocalyx S. P. Darwin, Timonius moluccanus S. P. Darwin, Timonius reflexus S. P. Darwin, Timonius repertus S. P. Darwin, and Timonius rosselensis S. P. Darwin. Species of the new subgenus are distinctive in having usually vertically oriented fruit pyrenes, reflexed calyx lobes, and leaf blades with corivate venation. Lectotypes are designed for the names Timonius argenteus Valeton, Timonius merokensisWernham, Timonius minahassae Koord., Timonius papuanus Merr., Timonius schefferi Valeton, Timonius schumannii Koord., and Timonius versteegii Valeton. Neotypes are designated for the names Timonius branderhorstii Valeton, and Timonius grandifolius Valeton. A taxonomic key to all species is provided as well as information on their ecology and distribution.

A Papuan plutocracy: ranked exchange on Rossel Island

This book of classic scope is a monograph of a Melanesian society, an exploration of ranked exchange and a bold critique of anthropological exchange theory. John Liep unravels the complex society and exchange system on Rossel Island east of New Guinea. At centre stage is the famous 'Rossel Island money', a hierarchy of more than twenty classes of sea shells displayed in payment rituals such as bridewealth and pig feasts. High-ranking shells are monopolised by big men who control exchange and dominate social life on the island. Theories of reciprocity and gift exchange with their built in utopian assumption of social equality, Liep finds, cannot account for a system of ranked exchange. Instead, exchange is unequal and money an instrument of distinction and power. Liep argues that ranked exchange has remained undiscovered as a general phenomenon. Still found in some Pacific societies it was formerly widespread in Oceania and beyond. The book will be essential to students of indigenous currencies and exchange theory and of interest to economic anthropologists and Oceanists.

Conflicting Values: Reciprocity and its defiance in Melanesia—John Liep responds to discussion of his book A Papuan Plutocracy: Ranked Exchange on Rossel Island in Suomen Antropologi 34 (4)

In this paper I propose to show that in a Melanesian society reciprocity may be held as a value and practiced in important forms of ceremonial exchange institutions. Nevertheless, there is at the same time a dominance of senior big men through their control of the exchange of high-ranking wealth and through their manipulation of a complex finance system. Reciprocity and inequality may be intertwined in social life. My argument is in direct response to a critique from Robbins. In a Forum in this journal on my book, A Papuan Plutocracy: Ranked Exchange on Rossel Island (2009), he raised an important point (Robbins 2009). The main theme of my book is the complex system of ranked exchange on Rossel Island, Milne Bay Province, Papua New Guinea. My analysis, however, has also led me towards a critique of the principle of reciprocity and of theories of gift exchange, especially the obligatory return of the gift. Further, I argue that a stratum of big men through their ownership of high-ranking shell money and superior control of ceremonial exchanges take a dominant position in the social life of the island. I sketch a class-like social stratification on Rossel and even suggest that the dominance of the big men may be called a plutocracy. I believe that the exchange system can not be understood by an assumption that actors in exchange interact on terms of equality and I find that in exchange processes reciprocity is often compromised.

Notes concerning the genus Metataenia Théry, 1923 (Coleoptera, Buprestidae, Chrysochroina) from Papua New Guinea, with description of a new species and designation of a lectotype

Metataenia hauseri Obenberger, 1928 is redescribed from specimens from Popondetta in eastern Papua New Guinea and compared with M. loriae Kerremans, 1895. Metataenia hudsoni sp. nov. is described from Misima Island in the Louisiade Archipelago of southeastern Papua New Guinea and compared with M. capitata Kerremans, 1903 from Rossel Island. Metataenia rothschildi Théry, 1923 is redescribed from the second known specimen. A lectotype is designated for M. capitata.

Questions and responses in Yélî Dnye, the Papuan language of Rossel Island

A corpus of 350 naturally-occurring questions in videotaped interaction shows that questions and their responses in Yélî Dnye (the Papuan language of Rossel Island) both conform to clear universal expectations but also have a number of language-specific peculiarities. They conform in that polar and wh-questions are unrelated in form, wh-questions have the usual sort of special forms, and responses show the same priorities as in other languages (for fast cooperative, adequate answers). But, less expected perhaps, Yélî Dnye polar questions (excepting tags) are unmarked in both morphosyntax and prosody, and the responses include conventional facial expressions, conforming to the propositional response system type (so that assent to ‘He didn’t come?’ means ‘no, he didn’t’). These visual signals are facilitated by high levels of mutual gaze making rapid early responses possible. Tags can occur with non-interrogative illocutionary forces, and could be held to perform speech acts of their own. Wh-questions utilize about a dozen wh-forms, which are only optionally fronted, and there are some interesting specializations of forms (e.g. ‘who’ for any named entities other than places). Most questions of all types are genuinely information seeking, with 27% (mostly tags) seeking confirmation, 19% requesting repair.

An introduction to the flora of the Milne Bay Archipelago

The term Milne Bay Archipelago is used to include Goodenough, Fergusson and Normanby Islands – collectively the d’Entrecasteau Islands, the islands of the Louisiade Archipelago, Missima, Rossel and Sudest Islands and the two northern islands, the Trobriands and Woodlark. All are very complex with many small islands, often unnamed. Due to their geographic isolation the islands have many endemic species. So far 139 have been described. Of particular interest is the genus Rosselia, collected only twice from Rossel Island. This monotypic genus was placed, with many questions, in the Burseraceae and its current position is uncertain. Another neoendemic genus in Milne Bay is Lamiodendendron. It is a coastal tree scattered on several islands and also coastally on the mainland of the Milne Bay Province. A single collection has been made from the Northern Province. The islands are very poorly known and with continuing collections more endemic species can be expected.

An Overview of Rossel Island Exchange

FORUM: A DISCUSSION OF JOHN LIEP’S RECENT BOOK, A PAPUAN PLUTOCRACY: RANKED EXCHANGE ON ROSSEL ISLAND (2009)
 
 In September 2009 a group of scholars met at Aarhus University, Copenhagen, for the defence of Mag. Scient. John Liep’s doctoral thesis, published by Aarhus University Press under the title, A Papuan Plutocracy: Ranked Exchange on Rossel Island (2009). The book is the first full-scale modern ethnography of the well-known shell money system on Rossel Island—one of the most complex such systems on record. Liep’s ethnography is very powerful, but more than that, the book is built around an ambitious and unusual critique of notions of reciprocity and the gift economy that are of great general importance. Liep’s three examiners were Joel Robbins, Chris Gregory and Ton Otto. In light of the depth of debate that marked the occasion of the defence, there was a eneral feeling that the discussion deserved a wider forum. The result is the texts that are published together here.

Equality, Inequality, and Exchange

Comments on: JOHN LIEP. A Papuan Plutocracy: Ranked Exchange on Rossel Island. Aarhus: Aarhus University Press, 2009. Pp. 376. ISBN: 978-87-7934-446-4 I mention that good ethnographies appear after the fact to be based on good fortune because John Liep looks for all the world like one of those lucky types for whom this generalization holds true. Interested in economy and exchange, he found his way to Rossel Island, where people happen to operate what from some angles has to be seen as the most complex currency system in the world, one that turns on 34 different, ranked kinds of currency tokens, not counting state money, and that features a welter of more or less unusual ways of moving those currencies around between people in transactions that shape marriages, funerals, and almost all of the other most important social institutions of Rossel Island life. As Liep (p. xviii)1 puts matters, the complexity of the Rossel Island currency system makes it “an anthropological freak”—the kind of one-off limit case in the range of global variation that so often provides the materials for ethnographic success stories. What better basis than fieldwork among the Rossel Islanders could there be, then, for making pointed interventions into disciplinary debates about the nature of exchange?

On the Ranking of Shells and People

Comments on: JOHN LIEP. A Papuan Plutocracy: Ranked Exchange on Rossel Island. Aarhus: Aarhus University Press, 2009. Pp. 376. ISBN: 978-87-7934-446-4 This is a magnificent piece of scholarship. It has been a lifetime in the making and it shows on every page, in every paragraph and every sentence of this meticulously argued and beautifully produced ethnography. If the ethnographic studies of the Massim can be likened to ndap shells of different rank, then this book will find its way into the very high division where it will circulate alongside the classics such as Malinowksi’s Argonauts and Young’s Fighting with Food. Liep not so much resolves the theoretical controversies about exchange theory that Armstrong’s 1922 book on Rossel Island shell money generated, but dissolves them and raises a whole new set of more interesting questions. Rossel Island has been defined as exceptional in Melanesian studies because of its extraordinarily complicated shell-money system and its exceptionally difficult language that bears no family resemblances with the Austronesian languages found on the neighbouring islands. Insofar as the exchange-system is concerned, Liep convincingly demonstrates that it is a variation on a familiar Oceanic theme. He does this by presenting original data on the rules and practice of Rossel shell-exchange and situating it expertly in a broader comparative perspective. What makes this book especially valuable is that Liep is well aware of its limitations and makes no attempt to hide this. Of course, every ethnographic report is limited to some extent but what sets Liep’s book apart is that he does his best to define precisely the boundaries of his knowledge and understanding. He is careful to distinguish what he knows well from what he is unsure about and what he does not know. What he gives us then are, respectively, persuasive arguments about which there can be little debate, speculative propositions about which reasonable people may disagree, and questions that require more research. I am primarily concerned with the latter two issues here.

Evolution and Culture. Stephen C. Levinson and Pierre Jaisson (Eds.). (2006, MIT Press.) $75 (cloth), $35 (paper), xvii + 296 pages

Evolution and Culture. Stephen C. Levinson and Pierre Jaisson (Eds.). (2006, MIT Press.) $75 (cloth), $35 (paper), xvii + 296 pages. This book contains a collection of 13 articles and one rather philosophical preface that were written as the result of the symposium ‘‘Evolution and Culture,’’ organized by the Fyssen Foundation in 1999. The Fyssen foundation is a privately funded French charity that has as its goal the promotion of research into cognitive mechanisms underlying behavior. The evolution of culture is still a hot topic in the study of cognition, as it was then, and this book contains contributions from a number of wellknown researchers in the field. Although the book does not contain any articles on computer models, it is nevertheless relevant for researchers working in artificial life, because it contains a lot of ideas, data, and references, and because many of the topics that are addressed lend themselves to computer modeling. Some of the book’s content is speculative and does not necessarily reflect the consensus in the field, however, and it should therefore also be approached with the necessary caution by readers who are new to the field. The book contains articles that all address some aspect of the evolution of culture, written from the different perspectives of the authors. It consists of two parts, ‘‘Emergence of Culture in Evolution’’ and ‘‘Brain, Cognition and Evolution,’’ each consisting of six chapters. The book also has a preface and an introduction, written by Pierre Jaisson and Stephen Levinson (the editors), respectively, that each count as scientific articles in their own right. Although the book is divided into two parts, the thematic difference between them is not great. The articles in the first part address the question of the evolution of culture from a more historical point of view, while those in the second part perhaps choose a more neurological or behavioral point of view. The preface and the introduction are both more general chapters spending some effort on explaining why the evolution of culture is worthy of investigation. Jaisson then goes on to argue for the importance of family structure as a precursor of society and culture. Levinson presents a number of factors—such as the ability to read others’ intentions, cultural variation, cultural conservatism, and group selection—that lead to a culture in which knowledge gets accumulated, so that the culture can become increasingly complex. He illustrates this with examples from the Rossel Island culture, a Melanesian culture he has studied. The next six contributions, forming the ‘‘Emergence of Culture in Evolution’’ part, are by Claude Combes, Robert Foley, Christopher Boehm, Robert Boyd and Peter Richerson, Daniel Dennett, and Dan Sperber. These contributions range from relatively straightforward presentations of data (e.g., the chapter by Foley) to speculative and philosophical (e.g., the chapters by Combes and Dennett). Combes’ chapter is about the importance of symbiosis in what he calls ‘‘quantum leaps in evolution.’’ The implication is that culture is such a quantum leap caused by symbiosis, but this is not elaborated. Dennett discusses whether cultural change can be considered evolution, if in fact the cultural changes (mutations) are not purely arbitrary, but filtered by the interpretation of the people making up the culture. He argues that this is the same as biological evolution, just on a different level. Dennett refers to Sperber, who has published different views on this matter. Sperber’s contribution to the book is on other matters, however. He makes a proposal, based on what he calls ‘‘cultural cognitive causal chains,’’ of a mechanism that would provide the social sciences with a basis that is more comparable to that of

Landscape, seascape and the ontology of places on Rossel Island, Papua New Guinea

This paper describes the descriptive landscape and seascape terminology of an isolate language, Yélî Dnye, spoken on a remote island off Papua New Guinea. The terminology reveals an ontology of landscape terms fundamentally mismatching that in European languages, and in current GIS applications. These landscape terms, and a rich set of seascape terms, provide the ontological basis for toponyms across subdomains. Considering what motivates landscape categorization, three factors are considered: perceptual salience, human affordance and use, and cultural ideas. The data show that cultural ideas and practices are the major categorizing force: they directly impact the ecology with environmental artifacts, construct religious ideas which play a major role in the use of the environment and its naming, and provide abstract cultural templates which organize large portions of vocabulary across subdomains.

Cut and break verbs in Yélî Dnye, the Papuan language of Rossel Island

The paper explores verbs of cutting and breaking (C&B, hereafter) in Yeli Dnye, the Papuan language of Rossel Island. The Yeli Dnye verbs covering the C&B domain do not divide it in the expected way, with verbs focusing on special instruments and manners of action on the one hand, and verbs focusing on the resultant state on the other. Instead, just three transitive verbs and their intransitive counterparts cover most of the domain, and they are all based on ‘exotic’ distinctions in mode of severance—coherent severance with the grain vs. against the grain, and incoherent severance (regardless of grain).

Parts of the body in Yélî Dnye, the Papuan language of Rossel Island

This paper describes the terminology used to describe parts of the body in Yélî Dnye, the Papuan language of Rossel Island (Papua New Guinea). The terms are nouns, which display complex patterns of suppletion in possessive and locative uses. Many of the terms are compounds, many unanalysable. Semantically, visible body parts divide into three main types: (i) a partonomic subsystem dividing the body into nine major parts: head, neck, two upper limbs, trunk, two upper legs, two lower legs, (ii) designated surfaces (e.g. ‘lower belly’), (iii) collections of surface features (‘face’), (iv) taxonomic subsystems (e.g. ‘big toe’ being a kind of ‘toe’). With regards to (i), the lack of any designation for ‘foot’ or ‘hand’ is notable, as is the absence of a term for ‘leg’ as a whole (although this is a lexical not a conceptual gap, as shown by the alternate taboo vocabulary). Yélî Dnye body part terms do not have major extensions to other domains (e.g. spatial relators). Indeed, a number of the terms are clearly borrowed from outside human biology (e.g. ‘wing butt’ for shoulder).

New Species of Blindsnake from Rossel Island, Papua New Guinea

I describe a new species of blindsnake of the genus Typhlops from Rossel Island, off the southeastern tip of New Guinea. The new species is a member of the Typhlops ater species group and is characterized by having 18 scale rows, 343 middorsal scales, T-V supralabial-imbrication pattern, a distinct pupil, single subocular scale, and by lacking a presubocular scale. Its closest living relative is probably Typhlops inornatus, known from forested habitats on the nearby mainland of New Guinea. The new species is known from only two specimens from northeastern Rossel Island, and it remains uncertain whether it occurs on adjacent islands of the Louisiade Archipelago.

Living with Manny's dangerous idea

Daniel Dennett, in Darwin's Dangerous Idea, argues that natural selection is a universal acid that eats through other theories, because it can explain just about everything, even the structure of the mind. Emanuel (Manny) Schegloff (1987) in ‘Between Micro and Macro: Context and Other Connections’ opposes the importation of ‘macro’ (sociological/sociolinguistic) factors into the ‘micro’ (interaction analysis), suggesting that one might reverse the strategy instead. Like Darwin, he is coy about whether he just wants his own turf, but the idea opens up the possibility of interactional reductionism. I will argue against interactional reductionism on methodological grounds: Don't bite off more than you can chew! Instead I'll support the good old Durkheimian strategy of looking for intermediate variables between systems of different orders. I try and make the case with data from Rossel Island, Papua New Guinea.

Dronningens mønt; Om penge, rang og distinktioner

The article introduces the phenomenon of ranked money by a description of the ndap
 system of shell money on Rossel Island, Papua New Guinea. This money is divided in
 many classes from rare, named and sacred objects in the upper part of the system down
 to common low-value pieces towards the bottom. It is shown that high-ranking shells
 are more like decorations or tokens of authority while low-ranking ones are more
 similar to our money. Further, payment displays of shell money index the social
 precedence of participants in transactions. Similar cases of ranked money in the Pacific
 are presented. Relevant theory by Graeber, Hart, Kopytoff and Annette Weiner is
 reviewed to elucidate the phenomenon. I then turn to two public Danish value
 objectifications: state money and the royal system of regalia, orders and medals. I
 show how in our modern society a split has appeared between money as a commercial
 medium and royal distinctions as tokens of honour in an alternative hierarchical domain
 of value. There is, however, a “missing link”: at great occasions in the royal family
 special large commemorative coins of silver are issued. One of these is placed as a
 royal gift with each cover at the banquet celebrating the event.

H. P. Grice on Location on Rossel Island

Proceedings of the 25th Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society (2000)

ET VILDNIS AF TABUER: Jagten på en kulinarisk struktur

John Liep: A Wilderness of Taboos: The
 Quest for a Culinary Structure
 Recent anthropological research in
 Melanesia has focused on the construction of
 the person, theories of conception and
 procreation, and flows of substances through
 social relations and persons. There will often
 be a correspondence between substances
 such as sperm and biood, bodily parts such as
 bone and flesh, and contrasting foods that are
 gendered. An asymmetric constitution of the
 person and a clear structuration of food
 prestations between affinal sides may exist.
 A study of these themes on Rossel Island,
 Papua New Guinea yielded frustrating
 results. No clear idea of contrasting, gendered
 body aspects was found. Further, a large
 number of food taboos for menstruating,
 pregnant and lactating women was
 distributed in clusters that were amenable to
 various logics of interpretation without any
 total structural logic appearing. This
 negative result is explained by the absence of
 any sustained practice of asymmetric
 marriage and corresponding complementary
 prestations between affines, which would
 reproduce an ordering asymmetric structure
 of the person and of the universe of foods.

ADSKILT, FORBUNDET, FORENET: Totemistisk praksis på Rossel Island

John Liep: Separated, Linked, and
 United: Totemic Practice on Rossel Island
 Matrilineal clans on Rossel Island, Papua
 New Guinea have so-called “linked totems”
 of bird, plant and fish as well as a fourth
 totem which is an individual snake,
 crocodile or dugong. Further investigation
 disclosed that these emblems and sacred
 animals are both used to distinguish clans
 and subclans and to unite linked subclans of
 different clans. Further, individual geographical
 features of subclan territories mark
 out territorial as well as symbolic
 possessions that are likewise used to “think”
 separation as well as unification of social
 groups. A minor point of the discussion is
 that totems serve as vehicles of metaphor as
 Levi-Strauss emphasized, but also as
 metonyms which he underplayed. A second,
 and major, point is that territorial categories
 and relations which we tend to regard as
 “economic” may also be part of a totemic
 symbolic practice.

Prehistoric Exchange Across the Vitiaz Strait, Papua New Guinea

Previous articleNext article No AccessReportsPrehistoric Exchange Across the Vitiaz Strait, Papua New GuineaIan LilleyIan Lilley Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Current Anthropology Volume 29, Number 3Jun., 1988 Sponsored by the Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/203669 Views: 7Total views on this site Citations: 17Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1988 The Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological ResearchPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Thomas P. Leppard, Ethan E. Cochrane, Dylan Gaffney, Corinne L. Hofman, Jason E. Laffoon, Magdalena M. E. Bunbury, Cyprian Broodbank Global Patterns in Island Colonization during the Holocene, Journal of World Prehistory 35, no.22 (Oct 2022): 163–232.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10963-022-09168-wJIM SPECHT, ROBIN TORRENCE, KEN MULVANEY Petroglyphs and place: complex histories at four sites in New Britain, Archaeology in Oceania 56, no.33 (Jul 2021): 196–228.https://doi.org/10.1002/arco.5243Dylan Gaffney, Karen Greig, Debbie Stoddart, Monica Tromp, Judith H. Field, Sindy Luu, Adelle C. F. Coster, Tristan Russell, Herman Mandui, Glenn R. Summerhayes Tropical Foodways and Exchange along the Coastal Margin of Northeastern New Guinea, Journal of Field Archaeology 11 (Jul 2020): 1–14.https://doi.org/10.1080/00934690.2020.1786285Ian Lilley Lapita: The Australian connection, (Dec 2019).https://doi.org/10.22459/TA52.2019.05Dylan Gaffney, Glenn R. Summerhayes, Mary Mennis A Lapita presence on Arop/Long Island, Vitiaz Strait, Papua New Guinea?, (Dec 2019).https://doi.org/10.22459/TA52.2019.06Dylan Gaffney, Glenn R. Summerhayes Coastal mobility and lithic supply lines in northeast New Guinea, Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 11, no.66 (Oct 2018): 2849–2878.https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-018-0713-8Dylan Gaffney, Glenn R. Summerhayes, Katherine Szabo, Brent Koppel The Emergence of Shell Valuable Exchange in the New Guinea Highlands, American Anthropologist 121, no.11 (Dec 2018): 30–47.https://doi.org/10.1111/aman.13154Dylan Gaffney, Glenn R. Summerhayes, Mary Mennis, Teppsy Beni, Affrica Cook, Judith Field, Geraldine Jacobsen, Fran Allen, Hallie Buckley, Herman Mandui Archaeological Investigations Into the Origins of Bel Trading Groups Around the Madang Coast, Northeast New Guinea, The Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology 13, no.44 (Apr 2017): 501–530.https://doi.org/10.1080/15564894.2017.1315349BEN SHAW The late prehistoric introduction of pottery to Rossel Island, Louisiade Archipelago, Papua New Guinea: Insights into local social organisation and regional exchange in the Massim, Archaeology in Oceania 51, no.S1S1 (Jul 2016): 61–72.https://doi.org/10.1002/arco.5104Patrick D. Nunn Climate, Environment and Society in the Pacific During the Last Millennium, (Jan 2007): v–302.https://doi.org/10.1016/S1571-9197(07)06001-6William R. Dickinson Temper Sands in Prehistoric Oceanian Pottery: Geotectonics, Sedimentology, Petrography, Provenance, (Jan 2006): 1–160.https://doi.org/10.1130/2006.2406Marshall I. Weisler, David A. Clague Characterization of Archaeological Volcanic Glass from Oceania, (Jan 1998): 103–128.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9276-8_5P. V. Kirch, M. I. Weisler Archaeology in the Pacific Islands: An appraisal of recent research, Journal of Archaeological Research 2, no.44 (Dec 1994): 285–328.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02231482CHRIS GOSDEN, CHRISTINA PAVLIDES Are islands insular? Landscape vs. seascape in the case of the Arawe Islands, Papua New Guinea, Archaeology in Oceania 29, no.33 (Nov 2014): 162–171.https://doi.org/10.1002/arco.1994.29.3.162C. Gosden, J. Allen, W. Ambrose, D. Anson, J. Golson, R. Green, P. Kirch, I. Lilley, J. Specht, M. Spriggs Lapita sites of the Bismarck Archipelago, Antiquity 63, no.240240 (Jan 2015): 561–586.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003598X00076559Chris Gosden Prehistoric social landscapes of the Arawe Islands, West New Britain Province, Papua New Guinea, Archaeology in Oceania 24, no.22 (Nov 2014): 45–58.https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1834-4453.1989.tb00211.x 3. Some current issues in Austronesian linguistics Malcolm Ross, ().https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110884012.1.45