Levels Of Rosmarinic Acid Research Articles

Improved skeletal muscle mass and strength through Protamex-mediated hydrolysis of perilla seed cake: Elevated rosmarinic acid levels as a contributing factor

Perilla seed cake (PSC) is a byproduct of oil extraction from perilla seeds. It is rich in proteins and bioactive compounds. PSC was enzymatically hydrolyzed to form PSC hydrolysate (PSCH) to enhance the absorption of PSC, and their effects on muscle health in mice were compared. High performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis revealed that PSC contains several polyphenols, including rosmarinic acid (RA), caffeic acid, apigenin, and luteolin. The hydrolysate showed 1.44- and 7.04-fold increases in RA and caffeic acid contents, respectively, compared to those of PSC. The intake of PSC, PSCH, and RA significantly improved muscle mass and exercise performance in mice by upregulating protein synthesis, myogenic differentiation, oxidative muscle fiber formation, fatty acid oxidation, and mitochondrial biogenesis; however, PSCH had better promoting effects than PSC. In conclusion, PSCH improves muscle health through its bioactive compounds (particularly RA), indicating the potential of PSCH and RA in functional foods.

Aromatic Herbs of the Lamiaceae Family as Functional Ingredients in Wheat Tortilla

The rationale for this research is the investigation of the potential health benefits as well as the antibacterial and antifungal properties of selected aromatic plants from the Lamiaceae family, which may lead to the development of improved functional foods. The present study investigated the effects of incorporating dried aromatic plants Thymus vulgaris, Thymus serpyllum, Thymus × citriodorus, Origanum vulgare and Rosmarinus officinalis at a concentration of 1% in refined wheat flour and wholemeal flour on the production of functional tortillas. Sensory analysis was employed to identify the optimal 1% addition, with the objective of achieving a favorable flavor and aroma profile. It was hypothesized that this addition would affect water activity, moisture, texture, color, antioxidant content and phenolic content, thereby enhancing the tortillas as a source of bioactive compounds. The results indicated that the type of flour used had a significant impact on the water activity of the tortillas, with wholemeal flour resulting in higher water activity than refined flour. The water activity ranged between 0.735 and 0.821, while the water content remained relatively stable. The water activity in whole-grain tortillas was significantly higher than that of refined flour tortillas, with a value exceeding 0.8, which makes them susceptible to mold growth and the production of mycotoxins. The sensory evaluations indicated that the enriched refined flour tortillas with common thyme (Thymus vulgaris), lemon thyme (Thymus × citriodorus) and rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) were rated highly; a similar result was observed for the whole-grain tortillas enriched with wild thyme (Thymus serpyllum) and lemon thyme. The whole-grain tortillas with rosemary were rated the highest of all the tortillas. The addition of aromatic plants increased the phenolic content and the antioxidant potential, depending on the flour type and the plant used. The addition of wild thyme and rosemary resulted in a significant increase in the phenolic content of wheat tortillas, while all enriched whole-grain tortillas exhibited a higher phenolic content than the control samples. The highest phenolic content in whole-grain tortillas was found in those fortified with rosemary, oregano and wild thyme. The highest antioxidant content was recorded in tortillas prepared with rosemary, irrespective of whether the flour used was refined or wholemeal. Fourteen phenolic compounds were tentatively identified in aromatic plants tested. The main phenolic compounds in Origanum vulgare were flavonoids. Rosmarinic acid was the dominant phenolic compound in rosemary and all thyme species, reaching the highest level in rosemary. Such high levels of rosmarinic acid may be responsible for the high antioxidant and total phenolic contents observed in rosemary extracts and also in tortillas when this plant is included in the recipe. The results of this study indicate that selected aromatic plants, particularly rosemary, have the potential to be utilized as functional ingredients in bakery products. By incorporating dried aromatic plants from the Lamiaceae family into wheat flour tortillas, food manufacturers can create products that not only taste better but also provide added health benefits. The use of selected herbs can improve the nutritional profile of tortillas by increasing antioxidant properties and, due to the properties of herbs, extend the shelf life of the product.

Unravelling the impact of drought and salt stresses on Thymus pannonicus: Morpho-physiological and biochemical insights

This research assesses the effects of drought and salt stresses applied individually or in combination on Thymus pannonicus, a resilient perennial herb native to the Pannonian vegetation region. Our experiment aimed to comprehensively evaluate morphological, physiological, and biochemical parameters of the thyme subjected to two levels of soil water capacity (SWC) - 70 % (control and salt stress) and 40 % (drought stress and combined stresses) - along with two salinity levels, 0 mM NaCl (control and drought stress) and 60 mM NaCl (salt stress and combined stresses). The plants exhibited significant responses to all the studied parameters under 40 % SWC in both treatments, demonstrating notable reductions in shoot and root parameters. In contrast, salt treatment at 60 mM had a minimal impact on growth. A stability in photosynthetic pigment composition was observed in all treatment, whereas a notable decrease (p < 0.05) in relative water content was seen in drought-stressed treatments compared to the to the control. Essential oil contents were higher in the control (0.91 ml/100g DW) but significantly declined (p < 0.05) under drought stress and combined stresses conditions (0.49 ml/100g DW and 0.53 ml/100g DW respectively). Particularly, the GC-MS analysis revealed a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in thymol and carvacrol content for the drought-stressed treatments. Substantial reductions were evident for the total polyphenol concentration and antioxidant capacity under the combined stress treatment, measuring 101.49 mg GAE/g DW and 106.57 AAE/g DW, respectively. Interestingly, the HPLC analysis indicated the highest levels of rosmarinic acid and caffeic acid in the drought-stressed treatment, while the lowest ones were recorded in the combined stress treatment. These findings indicated the responses of Thymus pannonicus to environmental stressors, emphasizing the need for further investigations for a comprehensive understanding of salinity effects.

Conyza canadensis from Jordan: Phytochemical Profiling, Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial Activity Evaluation

In this investigation, the chemical composition of the hydro-distilled essential oil (HD-EO), obtained from the fresh aerial parts (inflorescence heads (Inf), leaves (L), and stems (St)) of Conyza canadensis growing wild in Jordan was determined by GC/MS. Additionally, the methanolic extract obtained from the whole aerial parts of C. canadensis (CCM) was examined for its total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoids content (TFC), DPPH radical scavenging activity, iron chelating activity and was then analyzed with LC-MS/MS for the presence of certain selected phenolic compounds and flavonoids. The GC/MS analysis of CCHD-EOs obtained from the different aerial parts revealed the presence of (2E, 8Z)-matricaria ester as the main component, amounting to 15.4% (Inf), 60.7% (L), and 31.6% (St) of the total content. Oxygenated monoterpenes were the main class of volatile compounds detected in the Inf-CCHD-EO. However, oils obtained from the leaves and stems were rich in polyacetylene derivatives. The evaluation of the CCM extract showed a richness in phenolic content (95.59 ± 0.40 mg GAE/g extract), flavonoids contents (467.0 ± 10.5 mg QE/ g extract), moderate DPPH radical scavenging power (IC50 of 23.75 ± 0.86 µg/mL) and low iron chelating activity (IC50 = 5396.07 ± 15.05 µg/mL). The LC-MS/MS profiling of the CCM extract allowed for the detection of twenty-five phenolic compounds and flavonoids. Results revealed that the CCM extract contained high concentration levels of rosmarinic acid (1441.1 mg/kg plant), in addition to caffeic acid phenethyl ester (231.8 mg/kg plant). An antimicrobial activity assessment of the CCM extract against a set of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, in addition to two other fungal species including Candida and Cryptococcus, showed significant antibacterial activity of the extract against S. aureus with MIC value of 3.125 µg/mL. The current study is the first phytochemical screening for the essential oil and methanolic extract composition of C. canadensis growing in Jordan, its antioxidant and antimicrobial activity.

EXTRACTION TIME EFFECT ON ACTIVE COMPOUNDS LEVELS IN CAT WHISKERS (ORTHOSIPHON ARISTATUS (BLUME) MIQ.)

Objective: Determine the best time to boil cat whiskers by observing the impact of boiling time on the quantities of rosmarinic acid in cat whiskers.&#x0D; Methods: For the extraction process, water is boiled for 10, 20, and 30 min at 90 degrees Celsius. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) was used to measure the quantities of rosmarinic acid and validate the analytical procedures in terms of accuracy, precision, linearity, and specificity. The one-way ANOVA test and Duncan's test were used to analyse the data; a p-value of 0.05 was used to indicate a statistically significant difference.&#x0D; Results: The lowest quantities of rosmarinic acid were found in the study's results during a shorter boiling duration of 10 min, or 2.07% w/w. The highest concentrations of rosmarinic acid were found after a prolonged boiling period of 20 min, at 2.32 % w/w. Meanwhile, rosmarinic acid levels dropped to 2.15 % w/w after a 30 min overboiling period. Rosmarinic acid levels from the three boiling durations differed significantly, according to statistical analysis (p=0.000; p&lt;0.05).&#x0D; Conclusion: It was determined that 20 min was the ideal boiling duration for extracting rosmarinic acid from purple cat whiskers.

Metabolic modulation of Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.): an insight into growth, metabolomics and antioxidant activity under varying temperature and light conditions

BackgroundTemperature and light are two critical environmental stimuli that greatly impact our agricultural industry. We explored the effects of varying temperature and light conditions on the metabolomics of basil, a plant widely used in cuisine and for medicinal purposes worldwide. Basil plants were subjected to elevated temperatures of 30 °C, 35 °C, and 40 °C, along with two light intensities (D11 and D23).ResultsOur results showed that the maximum shoot length (42.98 cm) was achieved at T30 and D23, the maximum leaf area (6.92 cm) at T30/D11, and the highest number of leaves (472) at T40/D11. However, at the higher temperature of T40, the number of leaves increased, but shoot length and leaf size significantly decreased (p < 0.05). Maxim shoot biomass (81 gm) and root biomass (91.2 gm) was recorded at T35/D23 treatments. Metabolomic studies of basil revealed that rosmarinic acid (RA), and linalool and eugenol were the major phenolic and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) under different growth conditions. RA levels were higher at 30 °C, correlated with elevated shikimate levels, indicating a carbon supply through the TCA cycle. In contrast, the growth conditions of 35 °C/D11 (μmol/m2/d) up-regulated the glyoxylate cycle (fumaric acid and malic acid) as part of stomatal closure, preventing ROS accumulation and resulting in increased VOC emission. Exposure to the higher temperature of 40 °C induced higher amino acid accumulation, improving temperature stresstolerance.ConclusionsThis study suggests that elevated temperature and light intensity affected the overall health of basil plants by modulating underlying growth mechanisms. Furthermore, elevated temperature plays a vital role in plant defense mechanisms by mediating the production of secondary metabolites associated with plant defense responses.Graphical

Production of Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Activity in Hairy Root Cultures of Salvia plebeia.

Salvia plebeia (Lamiaceae) is a medicinal plant containing diverse bioactive constituents that have biological properties. In this study, we determined the optimal conditions (media and auxin) for the hairy root culture of S. plebeia for the growth and accumulation of phenolic compounds and evaluated its antioxidant activities. Rosmarinic acid and five phenylpropanoids were detected using high-performance liquid chromatography. The hairy roots grown in 1/2 SH medium with 1 mg/L NAA had a high level of rosmarinic acid content. Hairy roots cultured in 1 mg/L NAA had the highest total content of five phenylpropanoids. Compared to wild-type roots grown in the field, hairy roots (NAA 1) expressed similar levels of rosmarinic acid but significantly enhanced phenylpropanoid accumulation. Furthermore, the total phenolic content and total flavonoid content of hairy roots (NAA 1) were 2.22 and 1.73 times higher than those of wild-type roots. In the results of DPPH, ABTS, and reducing power assays, the hairy roots (NAA 1) showed higher free radical scavenging effects and reduction potential than the wild-type roots. These results suggest that S. plebeia hairy roots cultured under optimal conditions, which exhibit enhanced phenolic compound accumulation and antioxidant activity, can potentially be used as sources of antioxidants.

The Effect of Far-Red Light and Nutrient Level on the Growth and Secondary Metabolites of the In Vitro Culture of Prunella vulgaris

Prunella vulgaris, a medicinal plant with antioxidant capacity, was investigated for its response to varying intensities of far-red light and nutrient levels. Plantlets were cultured for 30 d under low far-red light (LFR) or high far-red light (HFR) conditions and different nutrient levels (full, half, and quarter). HFR reduced leaf and branch number, dry weight, and accumulation of chlorophylls (Chl) and carotenoids (Car), while increasing plant height. Lower nutrient levels increased plant height and leaf number, but decreased branch number, Chl, and Car. HFR significantly increased total phenolic content (TPC), rutin, and rosmarinic acid levels, while total flavonoid content decreased. As nutrient levels decreased, TPC and rosmarinic acid declined. HFR induced significant DPPH scavenging activity, while reducing power increased with higher far-red light and nutrient levels. The ferrous ion chelating effect under LFR reduced with lower nutrient levels. There were strong correlations among TPC, rosmarinic acid, DPPH scavenging activity, and reducing power. In conclusion, HFR inhibited plantlet growth but enhanced secondary metabolite accumulation and antioxidant capacity. Different nutrient levels stimulated diverse growth responses, while elevated nutrient levels promoted secondary metabolite production. This study demonstrated the responses of growth, secondary metabolite accumulation, and antioxidant activity in the in vitro cultured P. vulgaris to supplemental far-red light and various nutrient levels.

Effect of Light Conditions on Polyphenol Production in Transformed Shoot Culture of Salvia bulleyana Diels.

Various strategies have been used to increase the efficiency of secondary metabolite production in Salvia plants. This report is the first to examine the spontaneous development of Salvia bulleyana shoots transformed by Agrobacterium rhizogenes on hairy roots and the influence of light conditions on the phytochemical profile of this shoot culture. The transformed shoots were cultivated on solid MS medium with 0.1 mg/L of IAA (indole-3-acetic acid) and 1 mg/L of m-Top (meta-topolin), and their transgenic characteristic was confirmed by PCR-based detection of the rolB and rolC genes in the target plant genome. This study assessed the phytochemical, morphological, and physiological responses of the shoot culture under stimulation by light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with different wavelengths (white, WL; blue, B; red, RL; and red/blue, ML) and under fluorescent lamps (FL, control). Eleven polyphenols identified as phenolic acids and their derivatives were detected via ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection coupled to electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-DAD/ESI-MS) in the plant material, and their content was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Rosmarinic acid was the predominant compound in the analyzed extracts. The mixed red and blue LEDs gave the highest levels of polyphenol and rosmarinic acid accumulation (respectively, 24.3 mg/g of DW and 20.0 mg/g of DW), reaching two times greater concentrations of polyphenols and three times greater rosmarinic acid levels compared to the aerial parts of two-year-old intact plants. Similar to WL, ML also stimulated regeneration ability and biomass accumulation effectively. However, the highest total photosynthetic pigment production (1.13 mg/g of DW for total chlorophyll and 0.231 mg/g of DW for carotenoids) was found in the shoots cultivated under RL followed by BL, while the culture exposed to BL was characterized as having the highest antioxidant enzyme activities.

Bioefficacy of Nga-Mon (Perilla frutescens) Fresh and Dry Leaf: Assessment of Antioxidant, Antimutagenicity, and Anti-Inflammatory Potential.

Perilla leaves are known to be a rich source of polyphenols, which have been shown to exhibit various biological effects. This study aimed to compare the bioefficacies and bioactivities of fresh (PLEf) and dry (PLEd) Thai perilla (Nga-mon) leaf extracts. Phytochemical analysis indicated that both PLEf and PLEd were abundant in rosmarinic acid and bioactive phenolic compounds. PLEd, which had higher levels of rosmarinic acid but lower levels of ferulic acid and luteolin than PLEf, exhibited greater effectiveness in a free radical scavenging assay. Furthermore, both extracts were found to suppress intracellular ROS generation and exhibit antimutagenic activity against food-borne carcinogens in S. typhimurium. They also attenuated lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in RAW 264.7 cells by inhibiting the expression of nitric oxide, iNOS, COX-2, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 through the suppression of NF-κB activation and translocation. However, PLEf exhibited a higher ability to suppress cellular ROS production and higher antimutagenic and anti-inflammatory activities than PLEd, which can be attributed to its combination of phytochemical components. Overall, PLEf and PLEd have the potential to serve as natural bioactive antioxidant, antimutagenic, and anti-inflammatory agents to achieve potential health benefits.

Analysis of the components of commercially traditional herbal tea (Platostoma palustre) in Taiwan

Platostoma palustre jelly is a traditional food. It has been used as folk medicine and is effective against heat-shock, hypertension and diabetes. Therefore, the aim of this study was want to analyze the components of commercially traditional herbal tea (P. palustre) in Taiwan. The commercial herbal tea (P. palustre) was kindly provided by Yueta Agricultural Biotechnology Inc. The detection methods of the components of commercially traditional herbal tea (P. palustre) were followed the analysis protocols in Taiwan Herbal Pharmacopeia (IV). The levels of chlorogenic acid, rosmarinic acid, caffeic acid, and rutin were detected via using high-performance liquid chromatography / photodiode array detector (HPLC-PDA). The level of astragaloside was detected by using high-performance liquid chromatography / evaporative light scattering detectors (HPLC-ELSD). In this analysis, the levels of chlorogenic acid, astragaloside, and rutin were not detected. The levels of rosmarinic acid and caffeic acid were 46.96 μg/mL and 29.29 μg/mL, respectively. Taken all results together, the components of commercially traditional herbal tea (P. palustre) were detected via HPLC-PDA and HPLC-ELSD. The major components of commercially traditional herbal tea (P. palustre) were rosmarinic acid and caffeic acid. Based on the results of this assay, it is speculated that the herbal tea has the functional properties that are considerable potential for physiological function regulations.

Temporary immersion bioreactors as a useful tool for obtaining high productivity of phenolic compounds with strong antioxidant properties from Pontechium maculatum

Pontechium maculatum (Russian bugloss) is a medical plant belonging to the family Boraginaceae. Although this species is known as a medical plant rich in biologically active secondary metabolites, biotechnological studies about this valuable plant is still missing. The scientific objectives of this study were to investigate the biomass production, synthesis, and productivity of various phenolic acids, flavonoids, and shikonin in P. maculatum cultivated in various breeding systems. Additionally, the antioxidant activity of plant-derived extracts was evaluated. Plants were cultivated in a traditional agar-solidified medium, a liquid medium with rotary shaking, and a temporary immersion bioreactors Plantform™ (TIB), as well as cultivated in soil (ex vitro conditions). Analyses of the growth index and dry weight accumulation were performed on the collected material. In the extracts obtained from examined plants, total phenolic content was estimated, and qualitative and quantitative analysis of phenolic derivatives using DAD-HPLC was conducted, simultaneously with an analysis of antioxidant capacity. TIB stimulated the highest synthesis of all examined phenolic acids and shikonin. In TIB-cultivated shoots level of rosmarinic acid obtained a concentration of 3160.76 mg × 100 g− 1 dry weight (DW), and shikonin obtained a concentration of 77.26 mg × 100 g− 1 DW. Furthermore, plants from TIB were characterized by the highest productivity of all studied phenolic derivatives, what makes it very effective platform for the synthesis of biologically active secondary metabolites in Russian bugloss. Moreover, this article shows that P. maculatum is a rich source of various phenolic derivatives with high antioxidant potential.

Modeling and Optimization of Phenolic Compounds from Sage (Salvia fruticosa L.) Post-Distillation Residues: Ultrasound- versus Microwave-Assisted Extraction

The essential oil production of Salvia fruticosa L. generates considerable amounts of post-distillation solid residues (PRES) which are rich in phenolic compounds. In the present work, the recovery of phenolic antioxidants from PRES by using Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE) and Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE) were separately optimized, according to the Box-Behnken experimental design. The optimization was based on extraction yield, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), rosmarinic acid (RMA), carnosol (CARO), carnosic acid (CARA), and antioxidant activity. The optimal processing parameters were 72% and 68% ethanol, a 15- and 10-min extraction time, a 40 °C and 47 °C extraction temperature, and a 1:30 and 1:10 solid-to-solvent ratio, for MAE and UAE, respectively. Results showed that the levels of RMA, CARO, and CARA in UAE extracts were influenced mainly by ethanol concentration, extraction time, and extraction temperature, while MAE extracts were only influenced by the first two factors. Experimenting with the optimal conditions revealed MAE as more effective than UAE in the recovery of RMA and CARA. The experimental values were in good agreement with the predicted ones, indicating model efficacy in MAE and UAE optimization to effectively extract phenolic compounds from PRES for their further application in food and pharmaceutical industries.

Effect of the different infrared levels on some properties of sage leaves

This study aims to investigate the effect of different infrared powers (IP) (38 W, 50 W, 62 W, 74 W, and 88 W) on drying kinetics, total phenolic content (TPC) and individual phenolics, antioxidant activity (AA) and antibacterial activity, and color quality of sage leaves. IP level significantly affected (p&lt;0.05) drying kinetics, bioactive contents, and color quality of sage leaves. Higher TPC and AA were obtained from the sample dried at 88 W. Rosmarinic acid, caffeic acid, gallic acid, and luteolin were found as major phenolic compounds, and their higher levels were obtained from the samples dried at an IP level of 88 W. All samples showed antibacterial activity on test pathogens. A higher correlation was observed between TPC, rosmarinic acid level, and antibacterial activity (P&gt;0.80). This study suggested that sage leaves should be dried at 88 W regarding lower drying times and color changes, lower phenolic degradation, and higher antibacterial activity.

STANDARDIZATION OF ORTHOSIPHON ARISTATUS, BLUME MIQ

Objective: The main compounds in O. aristatus are rosmarinic acid, sinensetin, and eupatorin. Sinensetin and rosmarinic acid compounds have the potential as antiviral agents. The focus of this research is O. aristatus purple and white-purple varieties. This study aimed to determine the levels of three main secondary metabolites of O. aristatus, one of the specific standardizations.&#x0D; Methods: The standardization parameters to be tested were to determine the main compound levels by using thin-layer chromatography densitometry on two varieties of O. aristatus.&#x0D; Results: The highest value levels of sinensetin and rosmarinic acid in purple variety O. aristatus were 0.53 and 1.32% w/w, respectively. The highest level of eupatorin was 0.88% w/w in the ethanol extract of white-purple varieties of O. aristatus. The main secondary metabolites in the two varieties of O. aristatus were more significant in the leaves than in the stems. Meanwhile, the sinensetin and rosmarinic acid levels in the ethanol extract of leaves and stems of the purple variety O. aristatus were higher and significantly different than in the white-purple ones. However, the levels of eupatorin were higher and significantly (p&lt;0.05) different in the white-purple variety compared to the purple variety.&#x0D; Conclusion: The purple variety is due to greater sinensetin and rosmarinic acid levels in the purple variety than in the white-purple ones.

Evaluation of Rosmarinic Acid on Broiler Growth Performance, Serum Biochemistry, Liver Antioxidant Activity, and Muscle Tissue Composition

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with different doses of rosmarinic acid (RA) on the growth performance, serum biochemical indices, liver antioxidant activity, and muscle nutritional component of broiler chickens during 1-20 days of age. A total of 1000 1-day-old Cobb 500 white-feathered broilers were divided into five groups. Each group included four replicates and 50 birds per replicate. The control group was the basic fodder group fed with a basal diet. The experimental groups included four levels of RA (100, 200, 300, and 400 mg/kg RA added to the basal diet, respectively). The results showed that a quadratic increase in final body weight (BW) and average daily gain (ADG) and a quadratic decrease in the feed/gain (F/G) ratio were observed with increasing dietary RA levels. At 200 mg/kg RA supplementation, growth performance was significantly improved. Moreover, under this RA treatment, the highest levels of total protein and globulin were detected in the serum, the activities of total superoxide dismutase and catalase in the liver of broilers were significantly increased, and the malondialdehyde content was significantly decreased, indicating a higher antioxidant capacity of the liver when 200 mg/kg RA was added to the basal diet. The flavor of the muscle meat was improved by dietary supplementation with 200 mg/kg RA. Therefore, adding 200 mg/kg of RA to the diet could significantly improve the growth performance of broilers, improve liver antioxidant capacity, and improve muscle quality, etc. The addition of RA to broiler feed as a natural antioxidant has great prospects.

Effects of various Agrobacterium rhizogenes strains on hairy root induction and analyses of primary and secondary metabolites in Ocimum basilicum.

The hairy root (HR) culture system is an excellent alternative strategy to the whole plant system for producing valuable compounds. However, selection of suitable Agrobacterium strain for the successful induction of HR is an essential step for enhanced production of beneficial secondary metabolites. In this study, we examined the transformation efficiency of various A. rhizogenes strains (ATCC 13333, ATCC 15834, A4, R1000, R1200, and R1601) for transgenic HRs induction in Ocimum basilicum. Among the tested strains, the R1601 was found to be one of the most promising strain for mass production of HR in terms of transformation efficiency (94%) and the number and length of HR (8.4 ± 0.52 and 1.68 ± 0.14 cm). The HR induced by the same strain exhibited highest levels of rosmarinic acid level (62.05 ± 4.94 µg/g DW) and total phenolic content (62.3 ± 4.95 µg/g DW). A total of 55 metabolites were identified using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOFMS). The PCA and PLS-DA plot of the identified metabolites showed that HR induced by A4 and ATCC 15834 displayed variation in primary and secondary metabolite contents. Analysis of the metabolic pathway identified a total of 56 pathways, among which 35 were found to be impacted. A heat map and hierarchical clustering analysis indicated that HR induced by different Agrobacterium strains exhibited differential metabolites profiles. In conclusion, Agrobacterium strains R1601 is one of the best and most promising strains for inducing mass HR production and enhanced levels of secondary metabolites in O. basilicum.

Effect of Media Variation on the Induction and Phytochemical Profile of Callus in Two Varieties of Cat's Whiskers (Orthosiphon aristatus Blume Miq)

The levels of rosmarinic acid and sinensetin in purple and white-purple varieties of Orthosiphon aristatus, cat's whiskers, can be increased using modified in vitro culture. This work focused on callus induction of the purple and white-purple variety of cat's whiskers grown on Gamborg (B5) and CHU (N6) with the addition of growth regulators 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetis acid. Our observation suggested that the callus could grow within three weeks and produce rosmarinic acid and sinensetin. The level of sinensetin from various extraction methods is relatively low; in contrast, the rosmarinic acid from purple callus was detected at about 5% w/w, while the white-purple variety was around 2% w/w. The results of this study also provided new information on the basic media other than MS that can grow cat's whiskers callus while producing active compounds.

Impact of Growth Sites on the Phenolic Contents and Antioxidant Activities of Three Algerian Mentha Species (M. pulegium L., M. rotundifolia (L.) Huds., and M. spicata L.).

Research studies about the effect of environmental agents on the accumulation of phenolic compounds in medicinal plants are required to establish a set of optimal growth conditions. Hence, in this work, we considered the impact of habitat types, soil composition, climatic factors, and altitude on the content of phenolics in Mentha species [M. pulegium L. (MP), M. rotundifolia (L.) Huds. (MR), and M. spicata L. (MS)] grown in different regions of Algeria. The phenolic contents and antioxidant activities were analyzed using spectrophotometric and HPTLC methods. The harvesting localities differ by their altitudes and climates, but their soils are quite similar, characterized by slight alkalinity, moderate humidity, no-salinity, and high levels in organic matter. Both the contents in total phenolics (TPC), total flavonoids (TFC), and rosmarinic acid (RAC), and the antioxidant activities of Mentha samples collected from these Algerian localities are affected by the geographical regions of origin. The samples of MS and MP from the Khemis–Miliana region showed the highest concentration in TPC (MS, 7853 ± 265 mg GAE/100 g DW; MP, 5250 ± 191 mg GAE/100 g DW), while in Chemini, the MR samples were the richest in these compounds (MR, 3568 ± 195 mg GAE/100 g DW). Otherwise, the MP (from Tichy), MR (from Tajboudjth), and MS (from Khemis–Miliana) specimens exhibited the highest levels of TFC and RAC. The antioxidant levels in a total activity test (reduction of phosphomolybdate) appear correlated with the total phenolic contents, but this was not the case for most of the important ROS-scavenging and iron-chelating capacities for which the quality of polyphenols is probably more important than their amounts. A principal component analysis (PCA) score plot indicates that all of the Mentha samples can be divided into four groups. These discriminated groups appear comparatively similar in phenolic contents and antioxidant activities. As for the harvest localities, the Mentha samples were divided into four groups in which the phenolic contents and antioxidant activities were comparatively equivalent.

Natural diversity in phenolic components and antioxidant properties of oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) accessions, grown under the same conditions

Oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) is a rich source of biologically active components such as phenolic compounds. Here, seven pot grown O. vulgare accessions belonging to three subspecies (subsp. virens, subsp. vulgare and subsp. gracile) were investigated for their content in sixteen bioactive phenolic compounds as well as their antioxidant capacities (DPPH• and FRAP tests), total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) in order to identify the most suitable ones on an industrial level. HPLC analyses showed that rosmarinic acid (659.6–1646.9 mg/100 g DW) was by far the most abundant constituent, followed by luteolin (46.5–345.4 mg/100 g DW), chicoric acid (36.3–212.5 mg/100 g DW), coumarin (65.7–193.9 mg/100 g DW) and quercetin (10.6–106.1 mg/100 g DW), with variability in concentration depending on the accession and subspecies. The highest level of rosmarinic acid and TPC was obtained from Ardabil accession (subsp. virens). There was a significant and positive correlation between rosmarinic acid and antioxidant activity (r = 0.46). TFC significantly correlated to TPC (r = 0.57) as well as to chicoric acid (r = 0.73). Cluster (CA) and principal component (PCA) analyses classified the investigated accessions in three different groups. Such natural variabilities in phenolics provide the possibility of using elite plants for nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries and domestication of highly antioxidative accessions of oregano.