Rosewood Oil Research Articles

Efficacy of clove oil and rosewood oil as anesthetics on goldfish (Carassius auratus)

Anesthetics have an essential role in aquaculture operations because they minimize physical injury during various handling practices such as sampling, weighing, length measurement and tagging, which decreases stress on fish. Many fish farmers are involved in using alternative fish anesthetic agents with minimal side effects to life such as herbal essential oils. This study aims at investigating the efficacy of clove oil and rosewood oil as anesthetics on goldfish Carassius auratus. Anesthesia effect of both oils was tested in six different concentrations (i.e., 100, 150, 200, 250, 300 and 350 mg/l of water) on ten fish between 6–25 g weight and 9–14 cm length. The efficacy of both oils was assessed on the basis of the fish behavior. The induction time (min) was assessed by loss of swimming (LS), partial loss of equilibrium (PLE), final loss of equilibrium (FLE), and medullar collapse (Mc). The fish were observed for balance and response to a tactile stimulus in each treatment. Both clove oil and rosewood oil contributed well as anesthetics as they caused loss of equilibrium and swimming ability in the goldfish. In contrast, clove oil generated more rapid induction, prolonged recovery, and a narrow margin of safety. Fish farmers should use natural and environment friendly anesthetic agents instead of chemical ones, as they may alter negatively the growth and health of fish.

A green and direct method for authentication of rosewood essential oil by handheld near infrared spectrometer and one-class classification modeling

Rosewood essential oil is a high value-added forest product obtained from the Aniba rosiodora Ducke species, native to the Amazon. The chemical constitution is rich in linalool, an important compound with fixative properties, but is the whole chemical profile that grants rosewood oil its unique aroma highly valued by the perfumery and cosmetic industries. However, due to intense exploitation for decades, A rosiodora is currently an endangered species and is part of Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), being that the trade and export of its essential oil are allowed only from managements authorized areas. Despite its efficiency for chemical characterization, GC–MS analysis is not available for most cooperatives and small producers and does not allow in situ measurements. On the other hand, near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) can perform a fast, direct, low-cost, nondestructive analysis using handheld equipments. In this work, a new method for the direct and rapid analysis of this essential oil using near-infrared spectroscopy and data-driven soft independent modeling of class analogy (SIMCA) was developed for rosewood essential oil authentication. The sampling was conducted in different Brazillian states, covering industries, small cooperatives, local producers, and commercial products. All samples were characterized by GC–MS analysis to certify their purity and authenticity. NIRS measurements were performed without any sample treatment and data modeling was accomplished to ensure a representative validation. The representative sampling revealed that there is a significant variation among the samples declared as rosewood oil in the Brazilian market. The method has shown 98% efficiency in the analysis of authentic and commercial samples from different origins, indicating that it can be a green alternative for authentication purposes for export and quality control.

Fumigant toxicity of eleven Chinese herbal essential oils against an ectoparasitic mite (Varroa destructor) of the honey bee (Apis mellifera)

The health status of the honey bee Apis mellifera has been challenged globally by the ubiquitous ectoparasitic mite Varroa destructor over the past several decades. The resistance of the mite to and residue accumulation of the traditional acaricidal treatment call for more natural and safer alternatives to control this parasite in colonies. Essential oils originating from plant foliage are considered to be a potential substitute. In this study, we evaluated the fumigant activities of eleven essential oils derived from Chinese crude medicines. Appropriate dosages that did not severely harm honey bees were applied in a toxicity screening test of V. destructor mites. Six essential oils had significant acaricidal activities against the mites, and Odoriferous Rosewood oil and Fennel oil caused more than 65% V. destructor mortality. Meanwhile, the fumigant toxicity of all of the essential oils on adult honey bee workers was not significantly different from that of controls. We then measured the selectivity indexes of the six essential oils mentioned above by determining the LD50 values for honey bees and for V. destructor mites. Considering both the toxicity to the bees and to the mites, Odoriferous Rosewood oil and Fennel oil showed great potential for varroacidal application as a fumigant agent. This study identified new essential oils with acaricidal properties that might contribute to mitigating the poor health status of A. mellifera colonies due to V. destructor infestation.

Synergistic Combinations of Antibiotics with Cumin, Oregano and Rosewood Oils as a Strategy to Preserve the Antibiotic Repertoire

Background: Formulations employing synergistic combinations of antibiotics with Essential Oils (EOs) could help preserve the antibiotic repertoire by improving their activity against resistant bacteria. Objective: Antimicrobial interactions between double and triple combinations of EOs, EO components and antibiotics were determined using the checkerboard method. The most active triple combinations were then assessed by a time-kill assay. Methods: Two synergistic EO-antibiotic combinations and eight additive EO-antibiotic combinations reduced the antibiotic minimum inhibitory concentration below clinical sensitivity breakpoints according to the checkerboard method. However, all the tested combinations were additive according to the time-kill assay; while the combinations completely killed S. aureus, E. coli and P. aeruginosa cells in 2 h. At least one EO compound from the combination alone completely killed the cells of test species. Results: Two synergistic EO-antibiotic combinations and eight additive EO-antibiotic combinations reduced the antibiotic minimum inhibitory concentration below clinical sensitivity breakpoints according to the checkerboard method. However, all the tested combinations were additive according to the time-kill assay; while the combinations completely killed S. aureus, E. coli and P. aeruginosa cells in 2 h. At least one EO compound from the combination alone completely killed the cells of test species. Conclusion: Positive interactions support the use of EOs or EO components to enhance antibiotic efficacy against antibiotic resistant bacteria. The EO-antibiotic combinations tested by the time kill assay were indifferent; therefore, the observed antimicrobial activity did not arise from synergistic mechanisms as indicated by the checkerboard method. Investigation of other synergistic combinations identified by the checkerboard method could reveal more promising candidates.

Evaluation of anesthetic potential of rosewood (Aniba rosaeodora) oil as a new anesthetic agent for goldfish (Carassius auratus)

The aim of this research was to investigate the efficacy of rosewood (Aniba rosaeodora) essential oil (EO) as a new herbal anesthetic compared with camphor (Cinnamomum camphora) EO and commonly used chemical agent 2-phenoxyethanol (2-PE) on goldfish (Carassius auratus). The anesthetic efficacies of these herbal EOs and 2-PE were evaluated in goldfish with mean body weight of 7.36 ± 0.77 g. Fish were exposed to each anesthetic concentrations and the lowest effective concentrations (LECs) were established according to deep anesthesia (AD < 3 min) and full recovery (RF < 5 min) times. RD and CP showed anesthetic characteristics and induced AD. The LECs for each anesthetic were established at 250 μl L−1 for RD (AD; RF → 171 ± 2.28 s; 297 ± 7.69 s), 250 μl L−1 for CP (AD; RF → 129 ± 4.18 s; 291 ± 2.81 s) and 700 μl L−1 for 2-PE (AD; RF → 177 ± 2.35 s; 214 ± 4.93 s). At concentrations of 50, 100, 150, 200 μl L−1 for RD, 50, 100, 150 μl L−1 for CP and 400, 500 μl L−1 for 2-PE failed to induce AD in goldfish. There were significantly differences found among RD, CP and 2-PE concentrations in terms of induction and recovery times (p < 0.05). The fastest AD and RF were obtained by 300 μl L−1 CP (120 ± 1.94 s) and 600 μl L−1 2-PE (190 ± 4.34 s), respectively. Fish exposed to 300 μl L−1 RD and 800 μl L−1 2-PE took slightly longer to achieve AD than 300 μl L−1 CP. Induction and recovery times for EOs and 2-PE were significantly dependent on concentrations. Negative relationships was recorded between AD and RF for all anesthetics. No mortality or adverse effects occurred and fish stayed calm during trials. Results showed that RD was found to be an effective anesthetic as well as CP for goldfish and can be used at least 3-fold lower concentrations than 2-PE. In conclusion, rosewood (Aniba rosaeodora) EO, as a new potential anesthetic for fish, proved to be an effective natural agent resulting in rapid induction and recovery.

EVALUATION OF THREE ESSENTIAL OILS ACTIVITIES AS ANTIMICROBIAL AND INSECTICIDAL AGENTS

The present work aimed to study the physicochemical properties, chemical composition antimicrobial and insecticied of three essential oils, namely cedar wood (Guniperus virginiana) belonging to famly (Pinaceae), rose wood (Aniba rosaeaodora) belonging to family (Rosaceae) and sandal wood (Santalum album) belonging to family (Santalaceae). These plants are considered to be medicinal and aromatic plants which are well grown in the Egyptian newly reclaimed lands. Evaluation of the oils activity as antimicrobial was done against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, fungi, yeast and larval fourth cotton leaf worm (Spodoptera littoralis). Our results showed that Cedar wood oil was distinguished by highest dextro rotation mean (+43o) while the specific gravity of sandal wood oil was higher than cedar wood oil and rose wood oil. The highest acid value recorded was cedar wood essential oil (2.45). The identified components in cedar wood essential oil were 20. The major compound was Thugopsene (27.5%), also the identified components in rose wood essential oil were 14. The major component was (Linalol 68.174%). As for the identified components in sandal wood essential oil, they were 13. The major component was α-Santalol (50.3%). Increasing the concentration of essential oils to 100% at least doubled the inhibition zone for most studied bacteria, except Escherichia coli. Also increasing the concentration of essential oils from (10:50%) increases the mortality of larvae , the death of the virgin and the proportion of altezr.

Physicochemical characterization and antimicrobial activity of food-grade emulsions and nanoemulsions incorporating essential oils

Coarse emulsions containing essential oils (lemongrass, clove, tea tree, thyme, geranium, marjoram, palmarosa, rosewood, sage or mint) and stabilized with tween 80 and sodium alginate were prepared by high shear homogenization. Nanoemulsions were obtained by microfluidization of coarse emulsions. In general, the average droplet size of coarse emulsions was dramatically reduced after microfluidization down to a few nanometers, with the exception of palmarosa and rosewood oil emulsions, which were already in the nano-range before being treated. The ζ-potential of nanoemulsions exhibited values more negative than −30 mV, indicating a strong electrostatic repulsion of the dispersed oil droplets in the aqueous phase. The viscosity of nanoemulsions significantly decreased after microfluidization, with at least a 30% drop in their initial values. The whiteness index of nanoemulsions diminished after being treated. In fact, nanoemulsions containing tea tree, geranium or marjoram essential oils became completely transparent after microfluidization. Lemongrass, clove, thyme or palmarosa-loaded nanoemulsions were those with a higher in vitro bactericidal action against Escherichia coli, as they achieved 4.1, 3.6, 2.8 or 3.9 log-reductions after 30 min of contact time. In addition, a faster and enhanced inactivation kinetic was observed in the case of nanoemulsions containing lemongrass or clove essential oils in comparison with their respective coarse emulsions. Thus, the present work evidences the promising advantages of using nanoemulsions as delivery systems of flavoring and preservative agents in the food industry.

Rosewood (Aniba rosaeodora Ducke) oil in broiler chickens diet

A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of Rosewood oil (RO) on performance, carcass and commercial cut yields and microbiology of the gastrointestinal tract of broiler chickens. Five hundred and forty one-day-old male broiler chicks were arranged in a completely randomized design with six treatments and six repetitions consisting of 15 broiler chicks each. The treatments were: inclusion levels of 0.00mL (0.00EO); 0.15mL (0.15 EO); 0.30mL (0.30 EO); 0.45mL (0.45 EO) and 0.60mL (0.60 EO) of RO/kg diet and control (commercial promoter virginiamycin). At 21 and 40 days old, no significant differences in body weight, feed intake, feed conversion and viability of birds were observed when comparing the controls with the different levels of inclusion of RO. The carcass yields of commercial cuts were not affected by treatments. The increased level of RO reduced the relative weight of the intestines. The broilers consuming growth promoter had the highest concentration of Escherichia coli in the intestinal contents, compared to 0.00 EO and 0.30 EO. It was concluded that, Rosewood oil does affect the performance and yield slaughter, but it does reduce the relative weight of the intestines. RO does not show a consistent antimicrobial activity in vivo against Escherichia coli.

Linalool-rich rosewood oil evoked a vago-vagal bradycardic and depressor effect in normotensive rats

Cardiovascular effects of the linalool-rich essential oil of Aniba rosaeodora (EOAR or rosewood) in normotensive rats were investigated. Male Wistar rats were anesthetized and two catheters were implanted for blood pressure recording and drug injection. In anesthetized rats, intravenous (i.v.) EOAR elicited dose-dependent hypotensive and bradycardiac effects which were characterized in two periods (phases 1 and 2). The first rapid component (phase 1) evoked by EOAR was abolished by bilateral vagotomy, perineural treatment of both cervical vagus nerves with capsaicin and was absent after left ventricle injection. However, i.v. pretreatment with capsazepine, ondansetron or HC030031 did not alter phase 1 of the cardiovascular responses to EOAR. In conscious rats, EOAR evoked rapid hypotensive and bradycardiac (phase 1) effects that were abolished by i.v. methylatropine. EOAR induces a vago-vagal bradycardiac and depressor reflex (phase 1) that apparently results from the stimulation of vagal pulmonary rather than cardiac C-fiber afferents and does appear to involve activation of neither the 5HT3 receptors nor the two chemosensory ion channels TRPV1 and TRPA1 receptors. The phase 2 hypotensive response to EOAR seems to result from a direct vasodilatory effect since EOAR relaxed phenylephrine-induced contractions in rat isolated aortic rings.

Linalool from Rosewood (Aniba rosaeodora Ducke) Oil Inhibits Adenylate Cyclase in the Retina, Contributing to Understanding its Biological Activity

Rosewood oil (RO) (Aniba rosaeodora Ducke) is rich in linalool, a monoterpene alcohol, which has well studied anxiolytic, sedative and anticonvulsant effects. The inhibition of the increases in cAMP protects against seizures in a diversity of models of epilepsy. In this paper, the principal aim was to investigate the effects of RO, (±)-linalool and (-)-linalool) on adenylate cyclase. They were tested in chick retinas and forskolin was used to stimulate the enzyme target. The phosphodiesterase inhibitor, 4-(3-butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-imidazolidin-2-one, and the non-selective adenosine receptor antagonist 3-isobutyl-methyl-xanthine (IBMX), were used to control the participation of phosphodiesterase and adenosine receptors in the resulting effects, respectively. The cAMP accumulation was measured by enzyme immune assay (EIA). Rosewood oil, (-)-linalool and (±)-linalool inhibited exclusively the cAMP accumulation stimulated by forskolin, even when adenosine receptors were blocked with IBMX. The IC(50) values (in μ m concentration range) calculated from their concentration response-curves were not statistically different, however, the compounds presented a different relative efficacy. These results extend the range of subcellular mechanisms underlying the relaxant action of linalool on the central nervous system.

Rosewood oil induces sedation and inhibits compound action potential in rodents

Aim of the study Aniba rosaeodora is an aromatic plant which has been used in Brazil folk medicine due to its sedative effect. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to evaluate the sedative effect of linalool-rich rosewood oil in mice. In addition we sought to investigate the linalool-rich oil effects on the isolated nerve using the single sucrose-gap technique. Materials and methods Sedative effect was determined by measuring the potentiation of the pentobarbital-induced sleeping time. The compound action potential amplitude was evaluated as a way to detect changes in excitability of the isolated nerve. Results The results showed that administration of rosewood oil at the doses of 200 and 300 mg/kg significantly decreased latency and increased the duration of sleeping time. On the other hand, the dose of 100 mg/kg potentiated significantly the pentobarbital action decreasing pentobarbital latency time and increasing pentobarbital sleeping time. In addition, the effect of linalool-rich rosewood oil on the isolated nerve of the rat was also investigated through the single sucrose-gap technique. The amplitude of the action potential decreased almost 100% when it was incubated for 30 min at 100 μg/ml. Conclusions From this study, it is suggested a sedative effect of linalool-rich rosewood oil that could, at least in part, be explained by the reduction in action potential amplitude that provokes a decrease in neuronal excitability.

Plant sources of amazon rosewood oil

The aim of this study is to reevaluate the plant sources of the Amazon rosewood oil which have been named Aniba rosaeodora Ducke and Aniba duckei Kosterm. There is some disagreement on the exact botanical status of these species. Some Lauraceae specialists analyzing available material from both species concluded that there is no basis for regarding them as different. Based on our results we are confirming that the chemical composition of both species is quite different from that previously reported. So we are suggesting to bring back the previous botanical rosewood status as proposed by Adolph Ducke.

Rosewood Exploitation in the Brazilian Amazon: Options for Sustainable Production

The authors report on ongoing work in the Brazilian Amazon to assess the current and prospective management of rosewood (Aniba rosaeodora Ducke) populations threatened by a half-century of predatory extraction for the valuable essential oil linalool used widely in perfumery. The report synthesizes prior research on rosewood exploitation and markets and recent research to develop new essential oil products derived from rosewood leaves and stems. The study suggests alternative rosewood production systems, to guide investment in management and certification of sustainable rosewood oil supplies.

Linalool-Rich Essential Oil from Leaves of Croton cajucara Benth.

The essential oil from the leaves of Croton cajucara Benth., locally known as sacaca, was analyzed by GC/MS. The major constituents were linalool (41.2%), (E)-nerolidol (12.6%) and β-caryophyllene (6.9%). A total of 49 compounds were identified, representing 89.6% of the oil. This oil may become a sustainable alternative to Rosewood oil.

Lippia alba Mill N.E. Br. (Verbenaceae) as a Source of Linalool

The essential oil from the leaves of Lippia alba was analyzed by GC (retention indices) and GC/MS. Linalool proved to be the major constituent (78.9%), besides 1,8-cineole (6.5%), germacrene D (35%), β-caryophyllene (2.7%) and α-terpineol (2.0%). This species is worthy of examination as a rosewood oil substitute.

Brazilian rosewood oil: The prospect for sustainable production and oil quality management

Brazilian rosewood oil: The prospect for sustainable production and oil quality management