Rosemary Plants Research Articles

EFFECTS OF PLANT EXTRACTS ON IN-VITRO GAS PRODUCTION KINETICS AND RUMINAL FERMENTATION OF FOUR FIBROUS FEEDS: TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE ANIMAL DIETS

This study was conducted to determine the effects of increasing doses of plant extracts of moringa, thyme, and rosemary on in-vitro gas production (IVGP) of four fibrous feeds (kikuyu grass, alfalfa hay, oat hay, and corn stover). The extracts were applied at doses of: 0 (control), 6 (low), 12 (medium), and 18 (high) ml/g dry matter (DM). IVGP was assessed using three fistulated goats and different incubation periods. At the end of incubation, dry matter degradability (DMd), gas yield (GY24), metabolizable energy (ME), short chain fatty acids (SCFA), and microbial crude protein (MCP) production were determined. The results showed that the increasing doses of the evaluated extracts had neither linear nor quadratic effect on gas production (GP) of all fibrous feeds (P 0.05). The addition of plant extracts increased GP at all incubation periods (P 0.05), being higher for thyme. Moringa, thyme, and rosemary extracts altered ruminal fermentation parameters, including ME, MCP, SCFA, the partitioning factor at 72 h of incubation (PF72), and DMd, being higher for thyme followed by rosemary and moringa. In conclusion, the addition of thyme extract increased GP, ME, MCP, SCFA, PF72, and DMd compared with rosemary and moringa plant extracts. However, additional in-vivo studies should be conducted to confirm these effects.

Stable C and N isotope variation during anaerobic digestate composting and in the compost-amended soil-plant system

Although the use of composts derived from anaerobic digestates as soil amendments is likely to increase in the future, there is little information concerning the fate of their C and N compounds after their incorporation into soil. This work assesses C and N concentrations and the associated changes in δ15N and δ13C during the composting processes of cattle and pig slurry anaerobic digestates. In addition, the compost effect on C and N fractions and plant uptake were studied during a six-month pot experiment with rosemary plants. The results did not show δ13C and δ15N isotopic discrimination during composting, indicating a previous stabilization of cattle manure and pig slurry during the anaerobic digestion. This fact was also confirmed by the low C losses during the composting processes (1.2-fold and 1.05-fold for the composting piles with cattle and pig slurry anaerobic digestates, respectively). After soil addition, the composts augmented N values (from 0.41 g kg−1 to around 0.56 g kg−1 in low dose and 0.68 g kg−1 in high dose compost amended soils) and δ15N soil values (increases in the range of 50%–156%), but showed only slight differences in C and δ13C values compared to unfertilised control and inorganic fertilized soils. Moreover, the rosemary leaves of the plants grown on the compost amended soils presented higher N and δ15N abundance than control and inorganic fertilized plants. We conclude that δ15N abundance of anaerobic digestate composts is useful to discern its N uptake and could thus be a useful tool to detect whether organic or mineral fertiliser types were used for agricultural production.

Efecto de los hongos formadores de micorriza arbuscular (HFMA) en la producción de aceites esenciales en romero (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on essential oil production in rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.).

An experimental greenhouse campaign was conducted to evaluate the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on the production of essential oils in rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.). For effect, a completely randomized experimental design was implemented, with three treatments composed of soil plus multisporic inoculum (Glomus spp, Acaulospora spp, Entrophosfora spp, Scutellospora spp.), soil plus monosporic inoculum (Entrophosfora colombiana), and the control treatment without inoculation, all of these with ten replicates per treatment. The soil used for all experimental units was sterilized and adjusted to 0.02 mg L-1 of P (phosphorus), the optimum concentration for the mycorrhizal condition. The response variables were: foliar P content, aerial dry mass, mycorrhizal colonization, and essential oil yield. The results of aerial dry mass indicate significant increases in the inoculated treatments compared to the control treatment. Leaf P showed no differences between treatments. The average mycorrhizal colonization of the inoculated treatments was 73%. As for the essential oils produced by the rosemary plants, the results were the inverse of those of the mass, where a higher yield was found in the control treatment. According to the data, the use of HFMA in the production of rosemary favors the development of the plant; on the other hand, the yield of essential oils could be compensated by the higher biomass produced, which would allow producers to increase the amount of oil extracted. Keywords: essential oils, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, Rosmarinus officinalis.

EFFECT OF SPRAYING WITH NANO-PROLINE AND SEAWEED EXTRACT ON THE GROWTH OF ROSEMARY PLANT ROSMARINUS OFFICINALIS L.

A lath tria was carried out at lathhouse belonging to the Department of Horticulture and Landscaping, College of Agriculture, University of Anbar for the year 2020-2021. For the purpose to test the effect of spraying with nano-proline and marine algae extract on rosemary plant, three levels of nano-proline were used viz., 0, 200 and 400 mg L-1. And three levels of seaweed extract 0, 100 and 200 mg L -1 a significant and clear effect of spraying nano-proline was recorded on the studied traits compared to plants that were not sprayed, a significant increase was also recorded in the studied traits. It was found that treatment with Proline at the highest concentration 400 led to a significant increase in all these studied traits (1.7956%), (12.6733) mg/100g, and (13.7800%), respectively. The results showed that treatment with nanorolene led to a significant increase in the leaves content of nutrients (N.P.K) significantly at concentration 400. which were sprayed with marine algae extract, which is distinguished by the interaction between the two factors of the study, where the highest rates of the studied traits were recorded in the combination 400 Proline + 200 Seaweed extract. A significant increase was also recorded in the studied traits, which were sprayed with marine algae extract, the treatment with marine algae extract positively affected the chemical characteristics, as the concentration 200 mg. plant-1 gave the highest values ​​for these traits. (2.1433% for carbohydrates), (14.33 for chlorophyll), (14.022% for the percentage of dry matter) and also had a significant effect on the percentage of nutrients in the plant and the values ​​of the elements were (1.0137N: %) (0.03556P=%) (1.4033K=%) The interaction between the two factors of the study had a positive effect in all the studied traits, as the highest rates were recorded for the studied traits when the combination 400 P and 200A. Where the highest values ​​were recorded compared to the rest of the treatments, including the measurement treatments, where the percentage of carbohydrates was 3.3967%, the content of leaves was chlorophyll 15.7567 and the percentage of dry matter 15.0733%. The results also show the clear superiority in the percentage of nutrients in the leaves, the value of which was N 1.1697%, P 1.427% and K 1.4933%.

Protective Effects of Carnosol on Renal Interstitial Fibrosis in a Murine Model of Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction.

Renal fibrosis is a common feature of chronic kidney disease and is a promising therapeutic target. However, there is still limited treatment for renal fibrosis, so the development of new anti-fibrotic agents is urgently needed. Accumulating evidence suggest that oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress play a critical role in renal fibrosis. Carnosol (CS) is a bioactive diterpene compound present in rosemary plants and has potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. In this study, we investigated the potential effects of CS on renal injury and fibrosis in a murine model of unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO). Male C57BL/6J mice underwent sham or UUO surgery and received intraperitoneal injections of CS (50 mg/kg) daily for 8 consecutive days. CS improved renal function and ameliorated renal tubular injury and interstitial fibrosis in UUO mice. It suppressed oxidative injury by inhibiting pro-oxidant enzymes and activating antioxidant enzymes. Activation of ER stress was also attenuated by CS. In addition, CS inhibited apoptotic and necroptotic cell death in kidneys of UUO mice. Furthermore, cytokine production and immune cell infiltration were alleviated by CS. Taken together, these findings indicate that CS can attenuate renal injury and fibrosis in the UUO model.

Biological Potential of Alternative Kombucha Beverages Fermented on Essential Oil Distillation By-Products

The complete waste streams (solid waste residue, wastewater, and hydrolate) from the essential oil production of basil, chamomile, lavender, rosemary, and hyssop plants were used as a cultivation media for fermentations of a health-beneficial beverage called kombucha. Considering that these waste streams have not been used as a medium for obtaining kombucha, the main focus of this study was on the biological profiling and sensory analysis of newly-obtained kombucha beverages. According to fermentation parameters and advanced mathematical modelling, it can be concluded that kombucha made from chamomile essential oil by-products achieved the fastest successful kombucha fermentation, with a maximal titratable acidity of 7.2 g/L and a minimal pH value of 2.8. The results of other kombucha fermentations varied between the chosen plant and the waste stream used for beverage production. The obtained phenol and flavonoid contents were in the range of 12.4–56.46 mg GA/100 mL and 0.25–5.07 mg RU/100 mL, respectively. Higher antioxidant capacity as well as anti-inflammatory and antihyperglycemic activities of all kombucha beverages were observed compared to controls. Briefly, achieved DPPH, ABTS, and reducing power values were in the range 30.28–73.70, 192.25–683.29, and 19.37–82.76 mmol TE/100 mL, respectively. According to sensory analysis, the best performance or complete acceptability was noted for kombucha beverages made from lavender and hyssops (in the case of solid waste stream mixed with hydrolate) as well as basil (in the case of concentrated wastewater and hydrolate).

Effect of Gibberellic, Salicylic Acids, and NPK Fertilizers on growth and chemical constituents of Rosemary plants (Rosmarinus officinalis L.).

This experiment conducted on rosemary plant (Rosmarinus officinalis L.), aimed to investigate the effect of gibberellic acid (GA3), salicylic acid (SA), and NPK fertilizer on growth and chemical constituents as well as determining the best concentration. After two weeks from planting the rooted cuttings in plastic pots were sprayed with the SA at three concentrations (0, 150 and 300 mg l-1), GA3 Sprayed with two concentrations (0, 400 mg l-1), and NPK sprayed as Nano NPK at concentrations (3 and 6 g l-1), the control plants were fertilized with regular fertilizer recommendation of NPK (200-N, 100-P, 50-K mg l-1). The results showed: The triple interaction among the three factors studied indicated that the plants which sprayed with 400 mg l-1 GA3, 300 mg l-1 SA, and 6 g l-1 nano NPK fertilizers gave the highest value number of branches 19.97 branch plant-1, volatile oil percent 1.626 %, and total chlorophyll content 32.70 mg g-1 f.w, whereas plant height increased to highest value at 400 mg l-1 GA3, 300 mg l-1 SA and 3 g l-1 nano NPK which reached to 38.30 cm, also production of volatile oil per plant increased at 400 mg l-1 GA3, 150 mg l-1 SA, and 6 g l-1 nano NPK fertilizers 0.947 ml plant-1. It appears that using those levels gave the best growth and development results on rosemary plant. Further research is needed to investigate whether the higher concentrations than used in this research will give the better parameters.

Nature-based nanocomposites for adsorption and visible light photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue dye

Demands for sustainable and eco-friendly materials for environmental remediation have increased the interest in bio-reinforced nanocomposites. Herein, novel plant extracts modified polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) nanocomposite films were fabricated using Hemp seeds, St. John's Wort, Rosemary, and Cherry Laurel plants, and their photocatalytic activities were investigated for the photodegradation of Methylene Blue (MB) dye. Besides, bio-reinforced nanocomposites were characterized by various techniques to investigate the influence of plant extracts on the chemical structure, morphology, hardness, and swelling ratio of nanocomposite films. The morphological inspections revealed that as a result of the plant-extract modification, the PVA matrix was reinforced with equiaxed nanoparticles in a size range from 20 to 250 nm. The Shore-D hardness and the water absorption capacities of fabricated bio-reinforced nanocomposites were found to be 1.86 and 1.24 times higher than their neat counterparts, respectively. Both the bio-reinforced nanocomposites films showed considerably enhanced photocatalytic activity for MB dye degradation relative to neat PVA film. With a synergetic effect of adsorption and photocatalytic degradation, 61.3% of MB dye could be removed under light irradiation by Rosemary and Cherry Laurel modified PVA nanocomposite film. Therefore, the present bio-reinforced nanocomposites with photocatalytic activity shed light on the unknown potential of plant extracts.

Variation in Essential Oil Content and Chemical Composition of Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) at Various Growth Stages in the Mediterranean Region

Rosemary is an aromatic shrub native to the coasts of the Mediterranean region. Understanding the changes of chemical composition of essential oil is critical for more targeted rosemary harvesting, which can lead to higher-quality essential oils for agro-food, medicinal, and cosmetics uses. Therefore, rosemary plants were harvested at pre-flowering, full-flowering, and post-flowering stage grown in the experimental area of the Department of Field Crops at Çukurova University in order to determine the most suitable harvest time for the highest amount of essential oils and their important compounds. Essential oil content decreased slightly from the pre-flowering to post-flowering. The highest essential oil content (1.68%) was determined at the pre-flowering stage. Twenty-eight compounds were found representing 95.74%-96.74% of the total essential oil. The major compounds for rosemary were camphor (28.43%-32.74%), 1,8-cineol (20.80%-22.61%), isoborneol (6.05%-7.28%), verbenol (5.17%-6.98%), and limonene (5.71%-6.23%), respectively. Consequently, the optimal harvest time in terms of essential oil content, as well as camphor, 1,8-cineole and limonene content, may be considered as pre-flowering stage.

First Report of Leaf Black Spot Caused by Alternaria alternata on Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) in China.

Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) is an aromatic, evergreen, medicinally important shrub and widely used for cooking, tea, cosmetics as well as medicinal materials. It is grown in many countries including China that had more than 9300 hm2 of commercial cultivation area in 2021. In March 2020, a leaf spot disease sporadic occurred in field rosemarry plants in Nanyang City (32º51´ N, 111º36´ E), Henan Province, China. The disease outbreaked in September with a disease incidence of 57-83%. Symptoms initially appeared as small brown leaf spots that gradually expanded into dark blackbrown irregular lesions. Most of the spots started from the leaf tip or leaf margin, and gradually spread to the leaf base, resulting in heavy defoliation especially on rainy days. Diseased leaf segments (1×3 mm) were surface-sterilized by dipping in 1% sodium hypochlorite for 1 min, rinsed three times with sterile distilled water, and plated on potato dextrose agar, then incubated at 28°C in the dark for 5 days. Twelve fungal isolates with the same morphological characteristics were obtained from nine affected leaves. The fungal colonies were initially white and turned gray brown with flocculent aerial mycelia and a whorled back. Conidia were frequently born in a long chain, with a short beak, brown or light-brown, 13.2 to 48. 7 (average 26.1) × 4.0 to 13.1 (average 8.0) μm in size (n=148) with 0 to 8 transverse and 0 to 3 longitudinal/oblique septa. Phenotypic features of the isolates agreed with those of Alternaria alternata (Simmons et al. 2007). Two isolates Aa1 and Aa2 were randomly selected for molecular and pathogenicity tests. DNA was extracted from mycelia. Partial sequences of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF1-α) were amplified using the primer pairs ITS1/ITS4 and EFI-728F/EFI-986R (Wei et al. 2022), respectively. The GenBank accession nos. were OK036714 and OK036715 for ITS, and ON951980 and ON951981 for TEF1-α of Aa1 and Aa2, respectively, with a maximal identity of greater than 99% to multiple A. alternata strains. In the neighbour joining phylogenetic tree of the amplified ITS and TEF1-α sequences both Aa1 and Aa2 clustered with A. alternata strains, clearly separating them from other Alternaria spp. For pathogenicity test, conidial suspensions (1×106 spores /mL) of Aa1 and Aa2 were separately sprayed on healthy one-year-old rosemary plants (n=3) with their leaves slightly wounded with a sterilized needle. Control plants (n=3) were sprayed with sterile water. Both inoculated and control plants were incubated at 90% RH, 28 °C. After 14 days, all the inoculated leaves showed black brown lesions similar to those on naturally affected field plants, whereas controls remained symptomless. Fungal cultures with the same phenotypic features as the inocula were constantly re-isolated from the infected leaves. A. alternata was reported as pathogen causing foliar necrosis on rosemary in Italy (Perello et al.1995) and leaf spot (or leaf blight) on multiple plant species such as Actaea dahurica (Hai et al. 2022), and Ligustrum japonicum (Wei et al. 2022) in China. This is the first report of A. alternata causing leaf black spot on rosemary in China.

Nanoparticles Based-Plant Protein Containing Rosmarinus officinalis Essential Oil; Fabrication, Characterization, and Evaluation

The toxicity risks, instability of essential oil, and complex composition are principal obstacles to using essential plant oil for clinical applications. Solving stability-related problems, providing targeted drug delivery, and decreasing plant essential oil toxicity, encapsulation can be used successfully. Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) is a perennial plant of the Lamiaceae family with various healing properties. However, the rosemary essential oil, as volatile oil, is fast evaporated, which limits its applications. This study’s goal is to boost the prevent evaporation and bioactivity of rosemary essential oil by developing zein-NPs as a promising NDS (nano-drug-delivery system) and assessing the effect of NPs on the rosemary essential oil efficacy. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed NPs sizes between 70–200 nm. With dynamic light scattering analysis (DLS), the average size of zein nanoparticle-containing rosemary essential oil (NPZLA) was obtained at ca. 154.5 nm. The entrapment efficiency (EE) on rosemary essential oil was ca. 71% inside the zein NPs. The in vitro release suggests that the polymeric barrier can control the rosemary essential oil release. Zein-NPs can be potentially used as NC (nanocarrier) for enhancing the evaporation inhibitor of ether oil of rosemary essential oil to enhance its bioavailability and performance further. It can be concluded that rosemary plant can be used as the core inside the nanoparticle by biological production method due to its medicinal properties and other properties. Based on the stated content, it is clear that in the future, by conducting more extensive research, the necessary platform can be provided for the use of this medicinal plant as much as possible in the pharmaceutical industry.

Chemical composition phenolic, antioxidant, and bio-herbicidal properties of the essential oil of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.)

The essential oil yield was obtained from the rosemary plant at the rate of 0.93 mL/100 g, and 1,8-cineol, camphor, isoborneol, α-pinene were identified as the highest component. While the total phenolic content in the essential oil of the rosemary plant was 13.87 mg GAE/g (DW) and the IC50 value was 15.02 μg extract mL–1, the DPPH antioxidant activity value was obtained as 38.43%. For the investigation of herbicidal effect of the essential oils on seed germination , different doses (0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 8.0 and 16.0 μL Petri–1) were used on 2 crop plants (pepper and wheat) and 4 weeds: (Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats.), (Amaranthus albus L.), (Avena fatua L.) and (Sinapis arvensis L.). It was determined that as the applied amount of essential oil increased, the germination of the seeds was more suppressed. The highest effect of essential oil was detected in 16 μl Petri–1 dose application in all treated seeds.

Seasonal changes in rosemary species: A chemotaxonomic assessment of two varieties based on essential oil compounds, antioxidant and antibacterial activities.

Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) is a popular herb in cooking, traditional healing, and aromatherapy. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of meteorological conditions plant growth stage and genetic factors on the yield, quantitative and qualitative composition, on the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of rosemary essential oil from two Tunisian locations (El Fahs and Matmata) during two successive years. The composition of the essential oils obtained by hydrodistilation from rosemary plants were carried out annually using GC and GC/MS. Results showed the the main constituents were camphor (18.2–28.1%), 1,8-cineole (6.4–18.0%), α-pinene (9.7–13.5%), borneol (4.4–9.5%), and camphene (5.1–8.7%). The principal component and heatmapper analyses showed group segregation of the two studied varities based on major essential oil compounds. Additionally, in vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant activities showed that rosemary essential oils had an important ability in scavenging DPPH, as well as a higher bactericidal effect. The seasonal variation, growth stage and genetic pools seemed to be a factors of significant variation of the composition, antimicrobial and the antioxidant activities of the rosemary essential oils. These finding would be taken to use the chemotaxonomy tools to develop a program for Rosmary protection conservation and identification based on essential oil composition.

The involvement of gut microbiota in the anti-tumor effect of carnosic acid via IL-17 suppression in colorectal cancer

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a malignant tumor that threatens human health worldwide. Disturbance of the gut microbiota caused by various external factors is one of the leading causes. Carnosic acid (CA) is a phenolic diterpene compound, mainly isolated from rosemary plants, with anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor properties. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of CA in CRC development and its underlying mechanisms in B6/JGpt-Apcem1Cin(min)/Gpt (ApcMin/+) mice based on the analysis of gut microbiota, serum metabolomics, and tumor proteomics. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blot were performed to confirm the changes in cytokine and protein levels related to inflammation after CA administration. CA regulated the abundance of the gut microbiota, which further caused changes in the production of dl-lactic acid. CA suppressed the inflammatory response by reducing the levels of IL-1β, −6, and −17A. Overall, CA showed anti-CRC properties via modulation of gut microbiota and serum metabolites through NF-κB/STAT3 signaling to inhibit IL-17 expression in ApcMin/+ mice. These results provide experimental evidence for the future treatment of CRC with CA.

Using Rosemary Essential Oil as a Potential Natural Preservative during Stirred-like Yogurt Making.

The popularity of rosemary has grown as a natural alternative over the synthetic supplements due to its potential health benefits. The rosemary plant has been utilized to preserve food due to its ability to prevent oxidation and microbial contamination. The reason for this study was to determine the phytochemical components and antimicrobial activity of rosemary essential oil (REO) and the effect of REO addition (0.5 and 0.7%) on the chemical, microbiological, and sensory properties of stirred-like yogurt (SLY) during 16 days of storage at 4 °C. The obtained data observed that REO exhibited antimicrobial action against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella marcescens, as well as fungi (Aspergillus flavus) and yeasts (Candida albicans). Increased REO to 0.7% accelerated (p < 0.05) the development of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in SLY (8.3 log cfu/g) and delayed yeast growth up to 12 days. Molds and coliforms were also not found in the SLY samples with REO. In comparison to control samples, sensory results showed that the addition of REO improves the overall acceptance of SLY (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the current study found that REO could be used as a natural preservative during the production of SLY to extend shelf-life and promote LAB development.

Molluscicidal and biochemical effects of green-synthesized F-doped ZnO nanoparticles against land snail Monacha cartusiana under laboratory and field conditions

The glass clover snail, Monacha cartusiana (M. cartusiana) is one of the most seriously impacting economic animal pests spreading across Egypt which inflicts severe damages to the agriculture. A green route is developed by deploying an abundant Rosemary plant leaves aqueous extract to synthesize ZnO and F-doped ZnO (F–ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) that display high molluscicidal activities against the M. cartusiana land snails via leaf dipping and contact techniques. The effect of lethal concentrations, that kills 50% of exposed snails (LC50) value of the treatments, is examined on the activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), enzymes, total protein (TP), total lipids (TL) and cholesterol level of snails, including the histopathological evaluation of the digestive gland and foot of M. Cartusiana. Their molluscicidal activity as poisonous baits under field conditions is also evaluated and compared to the recommended molluscicide, Neomyl. The results show that F− doping dramatically improves the snail control capability of ZnO NPs, and promotes a considerable increase in both ALT and AST enzymes with an enhancement of TL and Cholesterol levels, but a significant decrease in TP content and ALP activity in treated snails compared to the control group. The LC50 values are found to be 1381.55 and 2197.59 ppm using the leaf dipping for F–ZnO and ZnO, while 237.51 and 245.90 ppm can be achieved using the contact technique, respectively. The greenly synthesized F–ZnO and ZnO NPs induce severe histological alterations in the digestive gland and foot of M. cartusiana, including a complete destruction of the digestive tubules. The histological evaluation of the foot of M. cartusiana exposed to ZnO, shows a rupture of the epithelial layer of the foot sole, while F– ZnO NPs causes the folds of the foot becoming deeper and the rupture of epithelial layer. Our field experiments further demonstrate that F–ZnO achieves 60.08% reduction, while ZnO attains 56.39% diminution in snail population compared to the commercial, Neomyl (69.55%), exhibiting great potentials in controlling the harmful land snail populations.

Radioprotective Effect of Rosmarinus officinalis L (Rosemary) Essential Oil on Apoptosis, Necrosis and Mitotic Death of Human Peripheral Lymphocytes (PBMCs).

Background: Rosemary plant, with phenolic compounds, is known as an antioxidant herb and able to scavenge free radical agents in the biological environment; therefore, it is expected that the rosemary essential oil (R-EO) shows the radioprotective effect to protect individuals who are physically in contact with ionizing radiation.Objective: This study aimed to assess the radioprotective effect of R-EO on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs).Material and Methods: In this experimental study, the toxicity of the rosemary essential oil on PBMCs was assessed by the 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The cells were irradiated at 0. 25 and 200 cGy using a 6 MV X-ray linear accelerator. The survival, apoptosis, necrosis, and survival enhancement factors of cells were analyzed by MTT and flow cytometry analyses with a non-toxic concentration of the rosemary essential oil (IC10).Results: Irradiation of cells in the presence of R-EO caused a significant increase in cell survival compared with the control in both 25 and 200 cGy radiation doses. Also, the percentages of apoptosis and necrosis of cells showed a significant decrease compared with the control.Conclusion: Rosemary essential oil as a natural and non-toxic compound could show favorable radioprotective effects in such a way that significantly increases the survival rate and decreases the percentage of apoptosis and necrosis of PBMCs.

A Conventional VOC-PID Sensor for a Rapid Discrimination among Aromatic Plant Varieties: Classification Models Fitted to a Rosemary Case-Study

This study explores the use of a photoionization detector (PID) to distinguish varieties of rosemary plant, based on their volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions. The aim was to be able to distinguish plant varieties using a simple, quick, and inexpensive method. Two varieties were studied, Rosmarinus officinalis L. “Prostratus” and “Erectus”. First, the PID was used to detect VOCs emitted by leaves from each variety, and subsequently essential oil was extracted from the same leaves. Then, the well-established GC-MS method was used to characterize and differentiate the oil from each of the two varieties. The PID was able to capture different signals, and a ‘fingerprint’ for each of the two varieties was obtained. To validate the PID performance, the data set obtained was analyzed by means of advanced statistical models (principal component analysis, cluster and support vector machine and artificial neural network) which were able to discriminate the two varieties with high accuracy (over 80%). Therefore, the results confirm that the PID was able to detect differences in VOC emissions. In conclusion, PID proved be an interesting instrument for the classification of rosemary plants, and in this sense could be applied to other aromatic plants.

Multi-walled carbon nanotube-based dispersive solid phase extraction with following back-extraction for HPLC/UV determination of Rosmarinic acid in lemon balm and Rosemary plant samples

In this paper, dispersive solid phase extraction with following back-extraction and HPLC/UV determination of Rosmarinic acid have been investigated. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes were used as sorbent in the suggested method. The effectiveness of some parameters such as extraction time, sorbent dosage, pH and ionic strength of the aqueous solution on Rosmarinic acid adsorption were studied. The extraction time of 5.0 min, adsorbent weight of 5.0 mg, and pH of 2.5 were obtained as the optimum experimental parameters. Adsorption of Rosmarinic acid molecules was almost independent from ionic strength. For back-extraction purpose a basic solution containing methanol was brought into contact with sorbent to desorb Rosmarinic acid molecules from sorbent containing adsorbed Rosmarinic acid molecules. Linear range of HPLC method for Rosmarinic acid quantification was 1.80–21.62 mg/L (R2 = 0.998). The relative standard deviation, limit of detection, and limit of quantification for the suggested method were 0.81%, 0.68 mg/L, and 2.86 mg/L, respectively. The proposed method was applied for extraction and HPLC/UV determination of Rosmarinic acid in Lemon balm and Rosemary plant samples. Comparison between obtained chromatograms before adsorption and after desorption processes showed that suggested extraction/back-extraction process has good selectivity and efficiency for separation of Rosmarinic acid molecules from interfering molecules existing in the plant extracts. The proposed method is efficient, low cost, fast, and simple for separation, extraction, and determination of Rosmarinic acid.

Effect of Rosemary Essential Oil on BIM Apoptotic Gene Expression in MCF 7 Breast Cancer Cell Line

Introduction: Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women and its treatment is associated with many side effects. Herbal medicine has fewer side effects than chemical drugs, so they are especially important in the treatment of many diseases. Rosemary plant has anti-cancer effects due to its antioxidant properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Rosemary essential oil on BIM gene expression in MCF-7 cell line.&#x0D; Methods: In this experimental study, to evaluate the cellular toxicity of rosemary essential oil, MCF-7 cells were exposed to different concentrations of essential oil for 24, 48 and 72 hours, and their survival was investigated using MTT assay. Then, MCF-7 cells were exposed to essential oil for 24 hours to determine the BIM gene expression using the Real Time PCR technique. Statistical analysis of data was performed using T-Student test and SPSS version 16 software.&#x0D; Results: The results of the MTT assay show that cell death is dose- and time-dependent. The effect of different amounts of essential oil on the survival rate of cancer cells was statistically significant (p˂0.05) and the lowest survival rate was 19% in 72 hours and with increasing essential oil concentration, cell death also increased. Real Time PCR results show a significant increase in BIM gene expression after essential oil treatment.&#x0D; Conclusion: In conclusion, the results of this study demonstrate the cytotoxic effect of rosemary essential oil on breast cancer cells and it can increase the expression of BIM, an apoptotic gene and induce anticancer effects.