Rosemary Plants Research Articles

Intercropping grapevine with rosemary: A promising alternative to conventional agriculture in the current frame of global change

The Mediterranean region is well known for its long history of viticulture and the use of herbs and spices in its cuisine. Given the increasing focus on intercropping as a sustainable agricultural approach to maximize land use efficiency or improve soil fertility amid global change, we conducted a study to assess the feasibility of intercropping grapevine (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Merlot) with rosemary (Salvia rosmarinus Spenn.) in a Mediterranean vineyard. The trial was established in a 22-year-old vineyard, where rows of rosemary plants were cultivated between grapevine rows one year prior to the evaluation. To test intercropping feasibility and the abiotic stress effects on the harvest of rosemary, two sampling dates were set to monitor grape maturation (veraison and harvest) and rosemary quality in terms of antioxidant contents and composition, so that both crops were simultaneously analyzed under typical Mediterranean conditions, using both physiological and quality parameters. Results showed that intercropping with young rosemary plants did not affect grapevine physiology state, and observed differences in the two samplings were due to environmental stress only, indicating a positive coexistence between these crops in the context of global change. Regarding grape quality, variations in total soluble sugars, titratable acidity, and phenolic compounds were influenced by ripening during the summer, but not by intercropping, thus maintaining fruit quality. Rosemary contained high levels of antioxidants and exhibited strong antioxidant activity, particularly during mid-August (coinciding with vintage), indicating its potential as a valuable source of natural antioxidants for dietary intake, including phenolic diterpenes, vitamin C, and vitamin E. In conclusion, intercropping grapevines with rosemary did not negatively impact plant physiological performance or grape quality, promoting the production of two high-quality products with significant added value in the food sector under current stressful Mediterranean climatic conditions.

Common Home Remedies Do Not Deter Argentine Ants, Linepithema humile (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), from a Preferred Harborage.

In two laboratory trials, natural products, including freshly picked leaves from spearmint, rosemary, and tansy plants, a water extract from soybean plants, peels from a common cucumber, and 1% peppermint oil in hexane, were placed in a moist harborage preferred by Argentine ants, Linepithema humile (Mayr), and the number of ants entering the harborage after two and four hours was counted. None of the recommended home remedies (tansy, cucumber, or soybean extract) deterred ants from an attractive, moist harborage in either trial, even when the quantity of these treatments was increased 4- to 10-fold. Freshly picked leaves from rosemary and spearmint plants deterred ants from harboring, and the 1% peppermint oil was the most deterrent of all treatments.

Comparison of the content of active compounds in cell suspensions and aqueous extracts of Rosmarinus officinalis L. with those in the Endophytic fungus Alternaria alternata

The current study was carried out to detect the active compounds in both the aqueous extract of a Rosmarinus officinalis L. plant and the extract of cell suspensions and compare with the extract of the endophytic fungus Alternaria alternata isolated from the leaves of a R. officinalis plant. Callus was induced from the leaves of rosemary plants, and the highest induction of callus formed reached 100% when treated with a concentration of 1-Naphthaleneacetic Acid (NAA)2.0 mg. L-1, compared to the control treatment, which had an induction rate of 0%. the highest fresh weight of callus was 1.628 gm in the presence of NAA. The callus induced in the presence of NAA was charactrized by its fragile texture. cell suspensions were also obtained from it. fungus extract was superior in its content of active compounds to the aqueous extract and cell suspension cultures at 21 days. The total alkaloid content which were 6.65%, phenolic content were 117.25 mg.gm, flavonoid content were 104.35 mg.gm, total terpenoid content was 6.65%, total steroid content was 6.05% and the concentration of rosmaric acid was 154.7%. The results of the current study confirm the single receptor of endophytic fungi isolated from medicinal plants as one of the important sources of effective compounds.

Homogenate-ultrasonic pretreatment followed by microwave hydrodistillation of essential oil from rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) leaves: Kinetic, chemical composition, and biological activity

Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) is an important cash crop, and its essential oil (EO) has been widely used in food, chemical, pharmaceutical and other industries. The efficient and green separation of rosemary essential oil (RO) can provide technical support for its application and realize the high-value utilization of rosemary resources. In this work, RO was separated by a modified homogenate-ultrasonic pretreatment followed by microwave hydrodistillation (HUP-MHD) technique. The influencing parameters involved in the homogenate, ultrasonic pretreatment and microwave hydrodistillation processes were screened and optimized by single factor experiment and further response surface experiment (BBD), which derived the RO yield and eucalyptol percentage of 1.35 ± 0.05% and 36.73 ± 1.18%, respectively. After comparison with other techniques in terms of RO yield, separation efficiency, and chemical composition, the HUP-MHD method showed obvious advantages in the separation of RO and oxygenated components (eucalyptol, borneol etc.). In addition, the antioxidant activity (DPPH and ABTS) and antifungal activity of RO from different techniques were measured, the results pointed out that the HUP-MHD method could separate RO with higher biological activity. Therefore, the HUP-MHD has the advantages of short time consumption, high efficiency, and safety in the separation of EO, which provides a theoretical basis for sufficiently separating EO from rosemary and other natural plant and crop materials.

Biofertilizer and biostimulant potentials of phosphate-solubilizing Bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis M1 strain and silicon in improving low phosphorus availability tolerance in rosemary.

The present study aimed to evaluate the single and combined effects of Si exogenous treatment and Bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis M1 strain inoculation on rosemary tolerance to low phosphorus (P) availability. Hence, rosemary plants were fertilized with 250µmol Ca3HPO4 (stressed plants) or 250µmol KH2PO4 (control plants) under Si treatment and B. subtilis M1 strain inoculation. P starvation negatively affected rosemary growth and its P nutrition. However, exogenous Si supply or B. subtilis M1 strain inoculation significantly (P<0.001) alleviated the deficiency-induced effects and significantly improved rhizogenesis, acid phosphatase activity, P uptake, and eventually dry weight of shoot and root. Moreover, Si-treatment and/or B. subtilis M1 strain inoculation significantly (P<0.001) reduced the oxidative damage, in terms of malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide accumulation. This was found positively correlated with the higher superoxide dismutase activity, and the elevated non-enzymatic antioxidant molecules accumulation, including total polyphenols in Si-treated and inoculated P-deficient plants. Taken together, Si supplementation and/or B. subtilis M1 strain inoculation could be a good strategy to sustain rosemary plant growth under P starvation conditions.

Root foraging strategies and niche segregation of three mediterranean shrub species

Shrubs are usually adapted to stressful environments in which soil resources are limited, and thus, roots are fundamental for their biological success. However, root measures are challenging to collect, especially in field conditions and at the individual level. For this study, we collected data on the three‐dimensional distribution of fine root biomass of twenty‐three individuals belonging to three shrub species in a mediterranean shrubland in central Spain: gum rockrose Cistus ladanifer, rosemary Salvia rosmarinus, and hairy‐fruited broom Cytisus striatus. Our goal was to determine the soil‐foraging strategies adopted by the plants. We hypothesized that plants would show stabilizing niche differences explaining the high plant biodiversity characteristic of mediterranean shrublands and that they would follow the game theory model's prediction of exploitative segregation of roots behaving territorially but also over‐proliferating roots close to their stem and engaging in a root tragedy of the commons. We found that two‐thirds to three‐fourths of the biomass was belowground, and the system's productivity was roughly 500–600 g C m−2 year−1. Only rosemary plants competed with neighbors following the exploitative segregation predictions. Broom plants had the shallowest and most widespread root systems but significantly reduced their root range toward competing neighbors. Gum rockrose presented deep, narrow root systems avoiding extensive overlap with neighbors but did not appear to respond to competitive pressure levels. Shrubs appeared to stratify their roots at different soil depths, supporting the niche segregation hypothesis.

Biopesticide effect on crops for the bioactive components extracted from Tagetes erecta and Tagetes patula

Botanicals from Marigold, Chrysanthemum, Basil, Rosemary and other medicinal plants have been analysed as potential replacements of chemical pesticides as they are effective and non-hazardous to the environment. The bioactive components thiophene is present in large amount in Tagetes sp. which have a wide range of biocidal properties. In this study the crude extracts of different parts of Tagetes erecta and Tagetes patula were obtained by Soxhlet extraction method. The leaf extracts were subjected to GC–MS to identify their components and to confirm the presence of thiophenes. Two major disastrous crop pests namely, Spodoptera litura and Corcyra cephalonica belongs to Order Lepidoptera, Family Noctuidae and Pyralidae were used for the experimental study. The effect of bioactive extract was tested by direct and indirect methods for their larvicidal effect. The S. litura larvae was allowed to feed on castor leaves coated with spraying different concentrations of methanolic sample extracts as indirect method. In the direct spraying method, the S. litura and C. cephalonica larvae were sprayed with low and high concentrations of crude sample extracts of both T. patula and T. erecta. Significant decrease in larval activity and survival rate within 24 h to 48 h were recorded for both the methods. The trials were performed using variousvolumes from 10 to 1000 µl to check larvicidal activity. The roots and stem extracts of T. erecta for 25 µl kill 100% larvae within 24 h whereas 50 µl of T. patula flowers, roots and stem extract effectively kill only 50% of the larvae in 48 h. A mini nursery evaluation were conducted by direct spraying method on larvae growing on jowar saplings, which displayed 100% mortality of larvae within 24 h for 25 µl of T. erecta leaf and flower extracts and T. patula flower extract. From these trials, it can be inferred that the extracts of T. patula and T. erecta provided effective outcomes as larvicides of S. litura and C. cephalonica.

Antibacterial efficacy of green-synthesized silver nanoparticles from rosemary, pennyroyal, and eucalyptus extracts against E. coli and S. aureus bacteria

Bacteria, including those causing hospital-acquired infections, have become a significant concern for human health due to their resistance to common antibiotics. Silver nanoparticles possess highly antimicrobial properties and can be applied in various medical and healthcare contexts. The purpose of this research is to produce silver nanoparticles through a bio-based (green synthesis) method using extracts from the leaves of rosemary, pennyroyal, and eucalyptus plants and to investigate their antibacterial activity. Extracts from the leaves of rosemary, pennyroyal, and eucalyptus plants were prepared and added to a silver nitrate solution in the process of synthesizing silver nanoparticles. The production of silver nanoparticles in the solution was investigated by recording the color changes during the experiment and measuring the absorption levels across different wavelengths using a spectrophotometer. The antimicrobial effects exhibited by the silver nanoparticle solution were investigated and confirmed targeting both Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli (E. coli) strains using the agar well diffusion method. Nanoparticles with diameters approximately ranging from 18 to 80 nanometers were successfully synthesized, exhibiting a varied assortment of spherical geometries and a notable purity level of 88% silver. Furthermore, nanoparticles synthesized from rosemary plant extract exhibited superior antibacterial properties compared to those from other plant extracts.

Transcriptome sequencing of medical herb Salvia Rosmarinus (Rosemary) revealed the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway genes and their phylogenetic relationships.

The Salvia rosmarinus spenn. (rosemary) is considered an economically important ornamental and medicinal plant and is widely utilized in culinary and for treating several diseases. However, the procedure behind synthesizing secondary metabolites-based bioactive compounds at the molecular level in S. rosmarinus is not explored completely. We performed transcriptomic sequencing of the pooled sample from leaf and stem tissues on the Illumina HiSeqTM X10 platform. The transcriptomics analysis led to the generation of 29,523,608 raw reads, followed by data pre-processing which generated 23,208,592 clean reads, and de novo assembly of S. rosmarinus obtained 166,849 unigenes. Among them, nearly 75.1% of unigenes i.e., 28,757 were interpreted against a non-redundant protein database. The gene ontology-based annotation classified them into 3 main categories and 55 sub-categories, and clusters of orthologous genes annotation categorized them into 23 functional categories. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes database-based pathway analysis confirmed the involvement of 13,402 unigenes in 183 biochemical pathways, among these unigenes, 1,186 are involved in the 17 secondary metabolite production pathways. Several key enzymes involved in producing aromatic amino acids and phenylpropanoids were identified from the transcriptome database. Among the identified 48 families of transcription factors from coding unigenes, bHLH, MYB, WRKYs, NAC, C2H2, C3H, and ERF are involved in flavonoids and other secondary metabolites biosynthesis. The phylogenetic analysis revealed the evolutionary relationship between the phenylpropanoid pathway genes of rosemary with other members of Lamiaceae. Our work reveals a new molecular mechanism behind the biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids and their regulation in rosemary plants.

Silver nanoparticles alleviate the impact of soil contamination and wastewater irrigation on rosemary plants: modulating of gene expression and secondary metabolites

A number of obstacles, including irrigated wastewater and soil contamination, arise in the growth of aromatic and medicinal plants. This study aimed to reduce the effects of contaminated soil and wastewater irrigation on rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) plants by using biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) produced by the ginger (Zingiber officinale) plant extract. The AgNPs were characterized using Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR). The experimental design involved three distinct groups of plants: one group was irrigated with regular tap water, another group was rooted in soil contaminated by sewage-wastewater and irrigated with processed wastewater, and the final group consisted of plants grown in wastewater-contaminated soil, irrigated with processed wastewater, and sprayed with 200 mM l−1 AgNPs. The study also examined the impact of different treatments on gene expression and secondary metabolite levels in rosemary plants. According to HPLC investigations, nineteen phenol compounds and flavonoids were identified in a methanolic extract of rosemary that was grown in contaminated soil, irrigated with wastewater, and sprayed with AgNPs. Plants treated with wastewater and nanoparticles produced quantities of secondary compounds, including resvertol, vanillic acid, and gallic acid with 1.11, 0.15, and 0.01 mg g−1 respectively, which are all regarded as significant antioxidants employed in the pharmaceutical industry. Hexokinase synthase (HK), geranyl diphosphate synthase (GPPS), and linalool synthase (LS) coding genes were found to have highly expressed expressions when plants grown in contaminated soil, wastewater-irrigated plants, and nanoparticle-sprayed plants, respectively, at a 23.2- and 5.54-fold level, where the HK gene was 8.7 times more strongly expressed. Conversely, plants grown in contaminated soil and irrigated with treated wastewater showed downregulation of these genes. Conclusively, using silver nanoparticles significantly reduced the influence of wastewater pollution on secondary metabolites in rosemary plants, which was increased by the gene expression results and was completely consistent with HPLC analysis.

Impact of Moist Heat on Phytochemical Constituents, Anti-Helicobacter Pylori, Antioxidant, Anti-Diabetic, Hemolytic and Healing Properties of Rosemary Plant Extract in Vitro

Impact of Moist Heat on Phytochemical Constituents, Anti-Helicobacter Pylori, Antioxidant, Anti-Diabetic, Hemolytic and Healing Properties of Rosemary Plant Extract in Vitro

Biosynthesis of palladium, platinum, and their bimetallic nanoparticles using rosemary and ginseng herbal plants: evaluation of anticancer activity

In this research, palladium (II) and platinum (II), as well as their bimetallic nanoparticles were synthesized using medicinal plants in an eco-friendly manner. Rosemary and Ginseng extracts were chosen due to their promising anticancer potential. The synthesized nanoparticles underwent characterization through FT-IR spectroscopy, DLS, XRD, EDX, SEM, and TEM techniques. Once the expected structures were confirmed, the performance of these nanoparticles, which exhibited an optimal size, was evaluated as potential anticancer agents through in vitro method on colon cancer cell lines (Ls180, SW480). MTT assay studies showed that the synthesized nanoparticles induced cell death. Moreover, real-time PCR was employed to investigate autophagy markers and the effect of nanoparticles on the apoptosis process, demonstrating a significant effect of the synthesized compounds in this regard.

Isolation and characterization of endophytic bacteria from medicinal plants (Berberis aristata and Xanthium strumarium) for Rosemary plant growth promotion

Isolation and characterization of endophytic bacteria from medicinal plants (Berberis aristata and Xanthium strumarium) for Rosemary plant growth promotion

Semi-batch extraction of phenolic compounds from Rosmarinus officinalis: Kinetic study and dimensionless modeling

A transient and one-dimensional mathematical model with two partial differential equations is developed to simulate the extraction of de-oiled rosemary plant in a vertical fixed-bed reactor. The effect of the dimensionless numbers which appear in the final governing equations (Peclet and Damköhler numbers) is studied. The influence of solvent composition, solid particle size and temperature is also investigated. The process is controlled by internal diffusion effects, with the smallest particle size exhibiting the smallest internal diffusion coefficient. Among the different solvents, 80% ethanol shows the highest total phenolics recovery. The antiradical activity is also enhanced by increasing the temperature and the smaller particle size leads to an improvement in the extraction selectivity. Peclet number has a small effect on the results, while Damköhler number strongly affects the process. An increase in bed porosity causes a significant increase in the internal diffusion time.

Chemical, Microbial, and Sensory Effects of Natural Preservatives as Sulfur Dioxide Replacers in Boerewors

This study determined whether natural preservatives, when used as substitutes for sulfur dioxide (SO2) in Boerewors, influenced water activity (aw), pH, and moisture content; microbial and sensory quality; and the lipid oxidative and color stability in Boerewors models. The inclusion of sulfur dioxide at 0.035% (positive control), formulation without preservatives (negative control); protective cultures (PrC1 and PrC2), containing lactic acid bacteria; and plant extract blends (KD1 and KD2), containing rosemary and acerola extracts and buffered vinegar, were evaluated. The use of KD2 increased pH on Days 0 and 6, but the increased pH did not affect the microbial preservative effect. The aw of the treatments was stable over 6 days and therefore also did not have an influence on the microbial preservative effect of the natural preservatives. Both plant extract preservatives (KD1 and KD2) increased the oxidative stability of lipids more than any other treatment, including the positive control. The microbial stability results were inconclusive because of the protective cultures, which increased the total bacteria count. The counts of coliform and Enterobacteriaceae, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus were analyzed, but significant differences between the treatments were not observed. KD1, which contained rosemary plant extract, maintained the lowest TBC at the same level as the positive control but had a slightly lower redness score. Treatments had no effect on sensory evaluation. The use of KD1 and KD2 plant preservatives proofed to be worthy as replacers of SO2 in Boerewors. This manuscript contains research data that formed part of an M.Sc. thesis. This manuscript also contains materials and methods that were used in a Ph.D. thesis where salt reduction in South African meat products was evaluated.

Anticancer Activity of Rosella Flowers (Hibiscus Sabdariffa l.) In HepG2 cells

The natural ingredients of rosella flowers have the potential as natural anti-cancer and chemopreventive agents, contain secondary metabolite compounds with cancer therapeutic mechanisms with inhibiting and killing cancer cells and their development through inhibition of apoptosis (cell death program) and in vitro inhibited cell flow. The study aims to identification of secondary metabolite compounds and also determine the cytotoxic activity of ethanol extract from the rosemary plant against HepG2 cancer cells. This study used by identification of secondary metabolite compounds of ethanol extract from the rosemary plant (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) and the cytotoxicity test used with MTT assay on HepG2 liver cancer cells with a test concentration series of 12,5; 25; 50; 100; 200; 250; 500 and 1000 µg/ml. : The results showed the secondary metabolite compounds of rosella flowers have flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins and tannins and data of 50% cell growth inhibition activity, which was showed that rosella flower had IC50 values 629,919 μg/mL. The ethanol extract of rosella flowers have activity on HepG2 cells growth inhibition had considered moderately active anticancer activity

Rosemary particle as a new green additive to improve polysulfone membrane separation performance in removal of organic pollutants

This study used rosemary particles to make PSf nanofiltration membranes with antifouling properties, for medicinal pollutants and Azo dyes removal. The extract of rosemary plant was extracted using the Soxhlet process. Then homogeneous rosemary particles were embedded in the PSf membrane matrix as a green additive using the NIPS method. Characterization of the structure and morphology of rosemary particles and membranes was performed by FTIR, XRD, UV–Vis, FE-SEM, STA, DLS, ATR-FTIR, SEM, AFM, Zeta potential and TGA analyses. The results indicated the formation of homogeneous, hydrophilic, and spherical particles with a negative surface charge as well as physical stability in aqueous solutions and high thermal stability with a particle size of about 229 nm. Adding the optimal amount of rosemary particles increased the hydrophilicity (reduced water contact angle from 60.55° to 52.15°) and porosity (increased from 69.3 to 91.7%). Also, by adding 1 wt% of rosemary particles, the permeability of the membrane increased by 3.5 times. The increase in mean pore radius (from 4.77 to 6.08 nm), smoother surface of modified membranes and negative charge on the membrane surface proved this improvement. Therefore, the amount of 1 wt% caused the best flux performance of pure water (from 126 to 359 LMH) and BSA solution (from 104.5 to 202.3 LMH). Moreover, RE/PSf membranes showed a high rejection for azithromycin: 81.98%, cefixime: 58.07%, O II: 71.75, RY 160: 81.71 and RB 5: 93.69%.

Inhibition of corrosion of an aluminum alloy by rosemary and eucalyptus extracted oils in 1M hydrochloric acid medium: an experimental and theoretical study.

In this study, we explored aluminum corrosion inhibition field of study in a 1M HCl solution, harnessing the power of essential oils extracted from rosemary and eucalyptus plants. Our exploration gives a comprehensive analysis of the pivotal factors that shape the corrosion inhibition process. Our scientific journey was marked by a deliberate and systematic approach, encompassing the utilization of gravimetric analysis (weight loss), electrochemical potentiodynamic polarization, and the sophisticated electrochemical impedance spectrometry (EIS) techniques. Our findings unveiled promising and nuanced outcomes, particularly in the area of the electrochemical technique. This method demonstrated remarkable inhibition efficiencies, ranging from 42% to an impressive 92% for rosemary essential oil and from 37 to 84% for eucalyptus essential oil. These results unveiled a dynamic relationship between essential oil concentration and inhibition efficiency, a revelation that further deepens our understanding of the corrosion inhibition process. The inhibition efficiency increased with higher concentrations of essential oil but decreased with elevated temperatures. Furthermore, our analysis traversed into the realms of potentiodynamic and thermodynamic insights. These analytical techniques unearthed the complex mechanisms at play, explaining the pathway followed by the studied inhibitors. They exhibited their prowess by forming protective films on the metal surface, acting as vigilant protectors against the relentless forces of corrosion. Complementing our experimental findings, our study of computational chemistry through density functional theory (DFT) unveiled remarkable insights. It elucidated the spontaneous adsorption process of inhibitor molecules onto the aluminum surface in the presence of H2O solvent. This computational harmony with our experimental results strengthened our confidence in the robustness of our findings. One of the key findings of this study was the superior inhibitory power of camphor in rosemary EO and β-myrcene in eucalyptus essential oil EO, respectively, attributed to the distinctive characteristics of the active sites found in each compound. The inhibitory effectiveness followed the order β-myrcene > camphor > borneol > α-pinene > bornyl acetate > p-cymene > 1,8-cineole. These compounds, notable for their distinct active sites, emerged as exceptional agents in the pursuit of effective corrosion inhibition.

Effect of Fertilization with High Nitrogen NPK Fertilizer and Spraying with Seaweed Extract on the Volatile Oils of Rosemary Rosmainus officinalis L.

An experiment was carried out in the canopy of the Department of Horticulture and Landscaping / College of Agriculture / University of Karbala, Al-Hussainiya district, for the winter agricultural season 2022-2023, to study the effect of fertilization with high-nitrogen NPK fertilizer and spraying with seaweed extract and the interaction between them on volatile oils in rosemary plants. The experiment included a chemical fertilizer of the type (Solucat) by 4 concentrations (0,2,4,6) gm liter 1-added to the soil and symbolized by (N) and the second factor is spraying with seaweed extract (equilibrium type)) by 4 concentrations (0,1,2,3) ml liter 1-Rasha “on the shoot, symbolized by (T) and their overlap. The experiment was carried out within the randomized complete block design (RCBD) and with three replications. The experiment included 48 experimental units in 3 plants / replicate 144 plants (anvil) starting on 1/11/2022 until 1/5 / 2022. The results showed superiority The plants were significantly affected by the level of the compound fertilizer NPK (6) gm L-1 in the physical properties of the volatile oil and the active compounds (volatile oil density, percentage of oil (Linalool), Rosemari acid, Cineol) as it gave the highest rate of (0.8935 mg ml -1, (4.303) (760.4, 1126.1, 1310.9) mg gm-1, plant, compared to the control treatment if it gave the lowest rate of (0.8713 mg ml-1, 3.723%) (239.1, 596.8, 649.6) mg gm-1, plant and concentration (3) ml liter 1-algae extract was significant, as it gave the highest rate of (0.8860 mg ml-1, 4.268%) (606.3, 1045.7, 1047.6) mg gm-1, compared to the comparison treatment, which gave the lowest rate of (0.8768 mg ml-1). -, 4.035%) (369.9, 714.5, 859.7) mg gm-1 plant. As for the interaction between the two study factors, it gave the highest rate of (0.9100 mg ml-1, 4.330%) (993.5, 1199.7, 1479.9) mg gm-1 plant, as compared to the control treatment, as it gave the lowest rate of (0.8700 mg ml-1, 3.410%) (175.4,407.1, 589.5) mg gm-1. Significant superiority in all physical properties of volatile oil and active compounds.

Effect of Fertilization with High Nitrogen NPK Fertilizer and Spraying with Seaweed Extract on Vegetative Growth Indicators of Rosemary Rosmainus officinalis L.

An experiment was carried out in the canopy of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering / College of Agriculture / University of Karbala, Al-Hussainiya district, for the winter agricultural season 2022-2023, to study the effect of fertilizing with high-nitrogen NPK fertilizer and spraying with seaweed extract and the interaction between them on the vegetative growth characteristics of rosemary plant. The experiment included a chemical fertilizer of a type (Solucat) at 4 concentrations (0,2,4,6) gm liter 1-added to the soil and symbolized by (N) and the second factor is spraying with seaweed extract (Equilibrium) at 4 concentrations (0,1,2,3) ml Liter 1 - spraying “on the shoot, symbolized by (T) and their overlap. The experiment was carried out within the randomized complete block design (RCBD) and with three replications. The experiment included 48 experimental units in 3 plants / repeated 144 plants (anvil) starting on 1/11/2022 until 1/ 5/ 2022. The results showed that the plants were significantly superior to the level of compound fertilizer NPK (6) gm-1 in the characteristics of vegetative growth (plant height). The number of branches, stem diameter, fresh weight of leaves, chlorophyll content of leaves (46.76 cm, 23.5 branch -1, 8.72 mm, 73.87 gm, 1.563 mg / g fresh weight) was given as the highest average, compared to the comparison treatment if given The lowest rate was (37.61 cm, 10.55 branches of a plant -1,6.22 mm, 54.83 gm, 1.372 mg / g fresh weight) and the concentration of (3) ml 1-algae extract was significant, as it gave the highest rate of (45.62 cm, 17.88 branches). Plant-1, 8.02 mm, 69.24 gm, 1.607 mg / gm L -1, compared to the comparison treatment, as it gave the lowest rate of (38.47 cm, 12.88), the branch of Plant-1, 6.14 mm, 59.72 gm, 1.284 mg L-1, as for an overlap Among the two study workers, the highest rate was (48.44) cm, (25.3) plant branch-1, (10.43) mm, (82.7) gm and (1.951) mg / gm fresh weight compared to the comparison treatment, which gave the lowest rate of 31.33 cm. 7.44 shoots-1, 5.44 mm, 52.37 gm, 0.836 mg / L-1 significantly superior in all vegetative growth traits.