Rosemary Essential Oil Research Articles

Activity of Rosmarinus officinalis (Lamiales: Lamiaceae) Essential Oil and Its Main Constituent, 1,8-Cineole, against Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)1

Abstract Rosemary essential oil (EO), from Rosmarinus officinalis L. (Lamiales: Lamiaceae), has potent properties against stored insect pests. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of EOs from both manually extracted and commercially produced R. officinalis, as well as the main compound 1,8-cineole, against adults of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Chemical analysis of the R. officinalis EOs was conducted using a gas chromatograph–mass spectrometer. Toxicity and repellent effects were assessed through contact and fumigation bioassays in a factorial experimental design with five replicates. Each R. officinalis EO type showed nine major compounds (>90%), with 1,8-cineol as the predominant component (>52%). Contact toxicity bioassays showed 1,8-cineole had a median lethal concentration of 1.12% at 48 h, 1.54% for manually extracted EOs, and 1.64% for commercially produced R. officinalis EOs. Furthermore, 0.5% of 1,8-cineole displayed strong contact efficacy against T. castaneum. Fumigant toxicity was observed at 140.07, 127.28, and 121.52 μl/L air, respectively. Manually extracted EO at 160 μl/L air demonstrated strong fumigant efficacy against T. castaneum, acting as a contact (66–94%) and fumigant (82–69%) repellent within 8 h, outperforming commercially produced EO and 1,8-cineole. These findings highlight the potential of manually extracted EO from R. officinalis as a natural insecticide, effective in both contact and fumigation against T. castaneum. This offers a promising avenue for using plant extracts in storage pest prevention, potentially leading to the development of insecticide products.

How Sage and Rosemary Essential Oils Regulate Postharvest Senescence and Extend the Vase Life of Cut Gladiolus Spikes

How Sage and Rosemary Essential Oils Regulate Postharvest Senescence and Extend the Vase Life of Cut Gladiolus Spikes

Investigation of antioxidant edible coating and modified atmosphere packaging for enhancing storability of hazelnut kernels

This study investigated the effects of antioxidant edible coating and modified atmosphere packaging for improving storability of dried hazelnut kernels by delaying lipid oxidation and color degradation. Hazelnut kernels were coated with different coating matrix (methylcellulose and chitosan) that contain different antioxidant substances (DL-α-tocopherol acetate, cinnamon essential oil, rosemary essential oil and hazelnut oil) and subjected to an accelerated storage condition at 35 °C for 270 days. Hazelnut kernels were also packed under modified atmosphere (MAP) with 100 % N2 in mylar bags and stored at 35 °C for 180 days. Lipid oxidation (free fatty acids, K232 and K270, peroxide values) and color (browning index) were measured for investigating quality changes during the storage. The free fatty acids of kernels from two packaging experiments remained stable during storage. K232 value of MAP kernels was significantly lower (2.20) than that of control (2.90) at the end of the storage, showing delayed production of conjugated dienes. The chitosan based edible coating with encapsulated cinnamon essential oil and oleic acid (CH/ECO/OA) resulted in significantly (P < 0.05) lower PV values (0.53 meq/kg oil), and all the coated samples had the positive effect on reducing browning index with 12–25 compared with control. K270 (0.04–0.18) remained relatively low throughout the long-term storage. As a result, modified atmosphere packaging performed better than edible coatings. This study demonstrated the importance of implicating proper postharvest technology for reducing lipid oxidation and quality deteriorations of hazelnut kernels during prolonged storage.

Chitosan, gelatin and pectin based bionanocomposite films with rosemary essential oil as an active ingredient for future foods

Bionanocomposite films of three biopolymers including chitosan, gelatin, and pectin incorporated with rosemary essential oil (REO) were developed and characterized in terms of their physical, structural, mechanical, morphological, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties. Incorporation of REO showed an increased hydrophobic nature thus, improved water vapor transmission rate (WVTR), tensile strength (TS), elongation-at-break (EAB), and thermal stability significantly (P ≤ 0.05) as compared to the control films. The addition of REO leads to more opaque films with relatively increased microstructural heterogeneity, resulting in an increase in film opacity. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and particle size revealed that REO incorporation exhibits high physicochemical stability in chitosan, gelatin, and pectin bionanocomposite films. Incorporation of REO exhibited the highest inhibitory activity against the tested pathogenic strains (Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli). Furthermore, the addition of REO increased the inhibitory activity of films against ABTS and DPPH free radicals. Therefore, chitosan, gelatin, and pectin-based bionanocomposite films containing REO as food packaging could act as a potential barrier to extending food shelf life.

Yield and composition of rosemary essential oil cultivated with different doses of nitrogen and sulfur

Yield and composition of rosemary essential oil cultivated with different doses of nitrogen and sulfur

Enhancing anti-inflammatory effect of brucine nanohydrogel using rosemary oil: a promising strategy for dermal delivery in arthritic inflammation.

Brucine (BRU), an active constituent of Strychnos nux-vomica L., is one of the potential agents to control subside swelling in arthritis. However, its hydrophobic nature, poor permeation, shorter half-life, narrow therapeutic window, and higher toxicity impede its clinical applications. Hence, this investigation was aimed to develop and evaluate novel BRU loaded β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) nanosponges (BRUNs) hydrogel consisting rosemary essential oil (RO), which have been tailored for delayed release, enhanced skin permeation, and reduced irritation, while retaining anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of this bioactive. Firstly, BRUNs were fabricated by melt technique and characterized appropriately. BRUNs6 demonstrated twofold enhancement in BRU solubility (441.692 ± 38.674) with minimum particle size (322.966 ± 54.456) having good PDI (0.571 ± 0.091) and zeta potential (-14.633 ± 6.357). In vitro release results demonstrated delayed release of BRU from BRUNs6 (67 ± 4.25%) over 24h through molecular diffusion mechanism. Further, preserved anti-inflammatory (53.343 ± 0.191%) and antioxidant potential (60.269 ± 0.073%) of bioactive was observed in BRUNs6. Hence, this Ns batch was engrossed with Carbopol®934 hydrogel with RO and characterized. In vitro (release and anti-inflammatory activity), ex-vivo (skin permeability) and in vivo (carrageenan-induced inflammation) assays along with irritation study were conducted for fabricated hydrogels. Results revealed that in vitro release of BRU was further delayed from Ns hydrogel with RO (56.45 ± 3.01%) following Fickian mechanism. Considerable enhancement in skin permeability (60.221 ± 0.322µg/cm2/h) and preservation of anti-inflammatory activity (94.736 ± 2.002%) was also observed in BRUNs6 hydrogel containing RO. The irritation of BRU was found reduced (half) after its entrapped in Ns. Further, as a proof of concept, BRUNs6 hydrogel with RO effectively reduced (75.757 ± 0.944%) carrageenan-induced inflammation in rat model in comparison to pure BRU (54.914 ± 1.081%). Hence, BRUNs hydrogel with RO can be considered as a promising alternative for dermal delivery of BRU in arthritis.

Impact of Nanoencapsulated Rosemary Essential Oil as a Novel Feed Additive on Growth Performance, Nutrient Utilization, Carcass Traits, Meat Quality and Gene Expression of Broiler Chicken.

This study evaluated the effect of free and nanoencapsulated rosemary essential oil (REO) as an antibiotic alternative in broiler diets on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, carcass traits, meat quality and gene expression. Four hundred twenty day-old commercial broiler chicks (VENCOBB) were randomly allocated to seven dietary treatments, each having four replicates of fifteen chicks. The dietary treatments comprised control (CON) fed a basal diet only, AB (basal diet + 10 mg enramycin/kg), CS (basal diet + 150 mg chitosan nanoparticles/kg), REOF100 and REOF200 (basal diet + 100 mg and 200 mg free REO/kg, respectively), and REON100 and REON200 (basal diet + 100 mg and 200 mg nanoencapsulated REO/kg, respectively). Overall (7-42 d), REON200 showed the highest (p < 0.001) body weight gain (1899 g/bird) and CON had the lowest gain (1742 g/bird), while the CS, REOF100 and REOF200 groups had a similar gain, but lower than that of the AB and REON100 groups. Feed intake was not affected by dietary treatments. Overall, the feed efficiency increased (p = 0.001) by 8.47% in the REON200 group and 6.21% in the AB and REON100 groups compared with the CON. Supplementation of REO improved (p < 0.05) dry matter and crude protein digestibility, with the highest values in REON100 and REON200. Ether extract, crude fiber, calcium and phosphorus digestibility values showed no difference among the groups. The dressing, breast, thigh % increased (p < 0.05) and abdominal fat % decreased (p < 0.001) more in the REON200 group than with other treatments and CON. In breast meat quality, water holding capacity and extract reserve volume increased (p < 0.05) while drip loss and cholesterol content decreased (p < 0.05) in REON100 and REON200. No change was observed in the breast meat color among dietary treatments and CON. The REON100 and REON200 groups had reduced (p < 0.05) meat lipid peroxidation as depicted by the decreased levels of TBARS, free fatty acids and peroxide value compared to other treatments and CON. The expression of the Mucin 2, PepT1 and IL-10 genes was upregulated (p < 0.001) and TNF-α downregulated (p < 0.001) by dietary addition of REO particularly in the nanoencapsulated form compared with the CON. In conclusion, nanoencapsulated REO, especially at 200 mg/kg diet, showed promising results as an antibiotic alternative in improving the performance, nutrient digestibility, carcass traits, meat quality and upregulation of growth and anti-inflammatory genes.

Fenugreek seed mucilage-based active edible films for extending fresh fruit shelf life: Antimicrobial and physicochemical properties

Trigonella foenum-graecum, known as fenugreek, belongs to the leguminous family of wild growth in Western Asia, Europe, the Mediterranean, and Asia; its ripe seeds contain a pool of bioactive substances with great potential in the food industry and medicine. In this study, fenugreek seed mucilage (FSM) was extracted and characterized in its structural properties by X-ray diffraction, nuclear magnetic resonance, and high-performance liquid chromatography. Then, the applicability of FSM as an antimicrobial agent was demonstrated via the development of novel, active, edible FSM-based biofilms containing carboxymethyl cellulose and rosemary essential oil (REO). Incorporating REO in the biofilms brought about specific changes in Fourier-transform infrared spectra, affecting thermal degradation behavior. Scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy morphography showed an even distribution of REO and smoother surfaces in the loaded films. Besides, the solubility tests evidenced a reduction in water solubility with increasing REO concentration from 1 to 3 wt%. The biological assay evidenced the antimicrobial activity of REO-loaded biofilms against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Finally, whole apples were dip-coated with FSM-based solutions to showcase future edible systems. The REO-loaded biofilms extended the shelf life of apples to 30 days, demonstrating their potential for sustainable and active coatings.

Insecticidal activity of essential oils and plant extracts on cowpea aphid

Aphid population’s reduction occurs through chemical management, but the indiscriminate use of these products can cause environmental impacts and health risks. This study aimed to determine the insecticidal effects of essential oils and plant extracts as an alternative for aphid control management. The experimental design was entirely randomised in a 5x5 factorial scheme with five replications. Essential oils of rosemary, citronella, corn mint, and hydroethanolic extracts of garlic and cinnamon at five concentrations (0, 10, 20, 40, 80 μL.L−1) were used. In the exposure period of 96 h, the cinnamon hydroethanolic extract and the essential oil of corn mint (Mentha arvensis) showed a greater effect on aphid mortality. The other products evaluated showed lower mortalities but with the potential to be effective with dosages above 80 μL.L−1.

Essential oil vapour inclusion in protective atmosphere packaging for shelf‐life management of fisheries

SummaryFish is well known for its perishable nature. Essential oils in food packaging seem to be safe and reliable both in terms of safety for the consumer and in terms of improving the shelf life of the product. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of two different essential oil vapours (one with rosemary and the other one with lemon extract) on three different types of fishery products (swordfish steaks, bluefin tuna steaks and Argentinian prawns) stored in a protective atmosphere packaging, monitoring the shelf life up to 8 days through microbiological, chemical and sensorial analyses. The results showed that the products preserved with the inclusion of essential oils have reached the end of the shelf‐life period respecting the process hygiene and food safety criteria, receiving a greater appreciation rating from the consumer panel at the end of shelf life for the prawns and swordfish samples with the addition of rosemary essential oils vapours, which instead highlighted the worst result at the end of shelf life for tuna.

Chemical diversity and antimelanoma potential of rosemary essential oils: Unveiling mechanistic insights through quantitative proteomics

Rosemary essential oil (REO) is widely recognized as a popular natural product because of its antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties, but its role in cancer treatment remains relatively understudied. In light of melanoma’s status as one of the most hazardous tumors, this study employed GCMS to analyze three REOs, focusing on their antiproliferative effects and the underlying mechanisms in melanoma cells. Through multivariate analysis, active components associated with cytotoxicity were identified, with the ‘Dutch Mill’ REO showing the strongest antiproliferative effect and selected for further investigation. The impacts on the cell cycle and death mechanisms were explored in B16-F10 cells, and quantitative proteomics revealed 165 differentially regulated proteins, some of which were significantly associated with ferroptosis. REO notably increased reactive oxygen species levels, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, and elevated lipid peroxidation in B16-F10 cells. The qRTPCR results confirmed significant alterations in the ferroptosis pathway. Furthermore, the antiproliferative and ROS-promoting effects of REO were reversed by ferroptosis inhibitors. These findings highlight the promising potential of REO in health care and pharmaceuticals.

Plant Based Extract Oil-Based Nano emulsions: Impact on Human Melanoma Cell Line.

Cancer is a challenge for either the patient or the healthcare manager. Treatment protocols based on chemotherapy or radiotherapy, or both are interfering with the patient's life making him suffer rather than being alleviated. This burden pushed the scientists to search for new regimens that may help ameliorate patient as well as doctor inconvenience. Benefits of plant extracts as medical substitutes in cancer management have been proved. New nano formulated drug delivery systems may help overcoming remedy regimens barriers and obstacles. The present research topic aims to evaluate the anticancer power of two plant extracts in nano emulsion formulation on human melanoma cell line. Carvacrol and rosemary essential oils were obtained, and nano emulsions were formulated. NE were characterized using TEM for charge and size distribution. The A375 human melanoma cell line was cultured and propagated then IC50 of prepared NE was added. Assessment of cell cytotoxicity, effect on angiogenesis and apoptosis were tested. After synthesis and characterization, both carvacrol nano emulsion (CNE) and rosemary nano emulsion (RNE) were capable of inhibiting melanoma cell line viability, angiogenesis and they enhanced the expression of caspase-3 proapoptotic marker. Rosemary and carvacrol extract nano emulsions could be a new revolutionary agent in human melanoma therapy and these formulations can be applied locally.

Screening of Essential Oils for the Inhibition of Enterobacter ludwigii Isolated from Tomato Fruits

Tomato is perishable and requires preservation to extend its shelf life. In this study, we conducted selection processes to identify essential oils that can help to avoid spoilage and deterioration during tomato storage and extend the shelf life. Thereafter, we determined the phosphatase activity assay, potassium ion concentration, and electron microscopy to study the antibacterial mechanism of essential oil. We found that Enterobacter ludwigii W01 was the dominant spoilage bacterium in tomatoes with cracked and curled skin. We selected oregano essential oil from 12 essential oils (oregano essential oil, lemon essential oil, osmanthus essential oil, cypress wood essential oil, tea tree essential oil, licorice essential oil, Baili essential oil, white camphor essential oil, Shancang seed essential oil, rosemary essential oil, rose essential oil, and cinnamon essential oil) which could significantly inhibit the activity of E. ludwigii W01. However, the diameter of the inhibition zone for Wh, Te, Cy, Li, Rm, Le, and Os is 0 mm, the diameter of the inhibition zone for Ba, Sh, and Ro was less than 1.0 mm, whereas the diameter of the inhibition zone for Ci and Or was greater than 2.0 mm. The diameter of the suppression circle for Ci and Or was greater than 2.0 mm, while Ci was lesser than Or. Oregano essential oil can damage the cell wall of E. ludwigii W01, leading to the leakage of the alkaline phosphatase stored between the cell wall and the cell membrane which can increase the alkaline phosphatase activity in the bacterial solution. Meanwhile, the addition of oregano essential oil significantly altered the cellular morphology of E. ludwigii W01. Spraying the surface of fresh tomato fruits with 1 MIC (0.125%) of oregano essential oil prolonged the storage time to 15 days, without significant changes in its sensory attributes. Those results indicated that oregano essential oil was a potential preservative for tomatoes.

Correction to: Green Williamson enhancement of the hydrophobic properties of cellulose fibers: thermodynamic study and application to elaborate rosemary essential oil (REO) biodegradable plastic coacervates

Correction to: Green Williamson enhancement of the hydrophobic properties of cellulose fibers: thermodynamic study and application to elaborate rosemary essential oil (REO) biodegradable plastic coacervates

Effects of rosemary essential oil on the milk production and fatty acid profiles of ewes fed oat hay or silage

Effects of rosemary essential oil on the milk production and fatty acid profiles of ewes fed oat hay or silage

Determination of chemical compositions of rosemary and sweet marjoram essential oils and their blends and their antifungal potential against potato rubbery rot disease agent Geotrichum candidum

AbstractIn this study, the chemical compositions of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis Spenn.) and sweet marjoram (Origanum majorana L.) essential oils, both individually and in various blend ratios, were investigated by using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Their antifungal activities were also determined against the potato rubbery rot disease agent, Geotrichum candidum, under in vitro and in vivo conditions. Camphor (20.69%) and terpinen-4-ol (35.13%) were determined as primary constituents in rosemary and sweet marjoram essential oils, respectively. Sweet marjoram and rosemary essential oils completely inhibited mycelial growth of G. candidum at 55.0 and 65.0 µL/Petri concentrations, respectively. Essential oils at these concentrations were found as fungicidal. Notably, a synergistic fungicidal antifungal effects were also observed in essential oil blends. Blend of sweet marjoram and rosemary essential oil in a 3:1 ratio (O75R25) significantly enhanced antifungal activity at the relatively lower concentration (45.0 µL/Petri). Microscopic observations revealed structural deformations in exposed hyphae, including cytoplasmic coagulation and vacuolization. Essential oil blend (O75R25), sweet marjoram and rosemary essential oils completely inhibited the disease lesion caused by G. candidum on potato tubers at concentrations of 100.0, 125.0, and 150.0 µL/L air, respectively. These findings emphasized that essential oil blends of rosemary and sweet marjoram have synergistic antifungal potential and can be used as effective biofungicides against plant fungal diseases.

Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Activity of Rosemary Essential Oil

Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Activity of Rosemary Essential Oil

Chemical profiling and in-vitro anti-oxidant, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial and anti-fungal activities of essential oil from Rosmarinus officinalis L.

Rosmarinus officinalis L. commonly known as Rosemary is a well-known genus belongs to Lamiaceae family, which is one of the major plant families with a high concentration of essential oils. Rosemary is well known to produce herbal essential oils owing to the presence of therapeutic and medicinal elements in the plant’s by-products. In the present study, rosemary essential oil (REO) was extracted from Rosmarinus officinalis and it was evaluated for its phytochemicals, antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory activities. GC-FID analysis and fingerprint analysis was performed. Different antioxidant assays were performed like DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl), ABTS (2,2-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid), nitric oxide radical, hydroxyl radical, iron reducing potential, iron chelating activity. Anti-bacterial activity was observed by the disk diffusion method against Gram-positive (G+), Gram-negative (G−) bacteria. Anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory activities were also performed. Antifungal activity against Aspergillosis and Mucormycosis causing fungal strains was also evaluated. GC-FID revealed the presence of vertocitral, α-pinene andhumulene oxidemajor component of REO along with other bioactive components. The IC50 value (µl/ml) for various assays was observed in the following order: OH- (16.6118), iron chelating (32.0115), iron reducing (92.534), DPPH (101.929), and ABTS (172.2765). The best antimicrobial activity was against Bacillus subtilis (MTCC 121), with an inhibition zone of 2.5 cm. REO showed strong anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic potential and can be employed as an anti-diabetic agent due to its inhibitory effect on α-amylase activity. Based on these findings it was concluded that REO can be widely employed across a variety of sectors, including food, aromatherapy, herbal and allopathic medicine, cosmetics, and as a natural biocide, fungicide, and preservative.

Composition and antimicrobial activity of Rosmarinus officinalis L. and Artemisia monosperma L. leaf essential oils and methanolic extracts from plants grown in normal and saline habitats in Egypt

The present work aimed to investigate the effect of salinity in natural habitats in Egypt on the main secondary metabolites of Rosmarinus officinalis L. and Artemisia monosperma L. plants compared to plants grown at normal conditions. Plants grown under salinity were collected from Egyptian Western Coastal region habitats irrigated with underground water. Results showed that salinity increased the essential oil percentage of R. officinalis L. by 52.7% and A. monosperma L by 0.29% in addition to the total phenolics and flavonoids content in dry leaves compared to control plants. GC/MS analysis of rosemary essential oils revealed that salinity decreased the amount of some major oil monoterpenes component as verbenone, with a slight effect on 1,8 cineole and increased Camphor, endo- Boreneol, and linalool in addition to the appearance of new specific components such as Chrysanthenone monoterpene ketone and Caryophyllene sesquiterpene, while, in the case of Artemisia, the GC/MS showed that Artemisia ketone, Camphor, β -phellandrene monoterpenes andα-Bisabolol sesquiterpenewere the major oil components; salinity decreased Camphor and β -phellandrene content and increased artemisia ketone and α-Bisabolol oil content. About 11 new oil constituents were detected such as ( +)-2-Bornanone and Sesquisabinene hydrate. Mineral ions (N, K+, Ca+2, P, and Mg+2) uptake by R. officinalis and A. monosperma decreased in plants grown under salinity, while Na content increased compared to corresponding controls. Results demonstrated that both plants could tolerate the high salinity level in natural Western Coastal region soil which promoted more production of valuable secondary metabolites. The antimicrobial effect of R. officinalis L. and A. monosperma L. leaf methanolic extracts, results showed that R. officinalis extracts had an inhibitory response against all tested gram-positive and negative bacteria, in addition to the yeast (Candida albicans), whereas there was no any inhibitory effect concerning A. monosperma L extract on the tested species.

In vitro cholinesterase, lipoxygenase inhibition evaluation of rosemary and coriander essential oil nanoemulsion and characterisation

IntroductionThe low water solubility, high volatility, and instability of essential oils limit the application of various formulations, which can be managed by essential oils nanoemulsions. In this present study, in vitro anti-inflammatory and anticholinesterase activities were evaluated by designing nanoemulsions of rosemary and coriander essential oils with their combinations. MethodsThe chemistry of Rosmarinus officinalis L. (Rosemary, Lamiaceae) and Coriandrum sativum L. (Coriander, Apiaceae) essential oils was confirmed by GC-FID and GC/MS methods. Oil-in-Water (O/W) emulsions of essential oils and their 1:1 (w:w) combination were prepared by water titration. The essential oil/tween 20 ratio of the emulsions were 1:9, 2:8, and 3:7 (w:w) respectively. Characterisation studies were performed by measuring the droplet size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, and viscosity of the emulsions. Also, resistance to centrifugation, freezing, and heating was determined as part of the stability tests. Anti-inflammatory effects of the essential oils and emulsions were determined by in vitro 5-Lipoxygenase (LOX) inhibition. In addition, in vitro Acetylcholinesterase and Butyrylcholinesterase (AChE and BuChE) effects were evaluated. ResultsThe rosemary (1,8-cineole; 44.1%), coriander (linalool; 74.9%) essential oils, and their nanoemulsion formulations prepared were observed as stable. The anti-inflammatory activity of coriander essential oil was relatively increased by nanoemulsion preparations. However, there was no significant difference in the cholinesterase inhibition effects, when compared. To the best of our knowledge this is the first combination study of bioactivity evaluation of rosemary and coriander nanoemulsion preparations. ConclusionRosemary and coriander essential oil nano emulsifications is a promising application for increasing stability and biological activity as well.