Rose Oil Production Research Articles

Genetic Assessment, Propagation and Chemical Analysis of Flowers of Rosa damascena Mill. Genotypes Cultivated in Greece

Rosa damascena Mill. is commercially the most important rose species used to produce essential oils. The plants of this species, cultivated in the district of Western Macedonia (Greece) for rose oil production, originated from indigenous genotypes but also nurseries abroad, mainly from Bulgaria. The present study investigated the genetic relationship between nine genotypes of R. damascena from Greece, one genotype from Turkey, three genotypes from Bulgaria and three genotypes from France using the molecular markers ISSR and SCoT. Also, the rooting ability of shoot cuttings from these nine genotypes was investigated by applying 2 g/L of the rooting regulator K-IBA. In addition, petals were chemically analyzed using GC-MS and LC-MS to identify the compounds that are the main components of the rose oil. The nine rose genotypes of R. damascena, cultivated in Greece, one from Turkey and one of the three genotypes from Bulgaria were clustered in one clade in the dendrogram. The other two genotypes from Bulgaria were clustered in a separate clade that demonstrated the existence of genetic diversity among the three Bulgarian genotypes, while the French genotypes were clustered in a third clade. The shoot cuttings rooted relatively easily (55–70%) with the application of K-IBA, without any significant differences among the nine genotypes. Large variation was observed among the nine genotypes in the main volatile compounds of the flower petal extracts, which are related to rose oil components. For these compounds, the concentrations in μg/g of the fresh petal weight were 2-phenylethylalcohol (1148.35–2777.19), nerol (27.45–64.93), citronellol (88.45–206.59), geraniol (69.12–170.99) and nonadecane (209.27–533.15). Of the non-volatile compounds, gallic acid was the most abundant phenolic acid in the petal extracts of the nine genotypes (0.28–0.82 μg/g), while for the flavonoids, quercetin and kaempferol variations of 0.35–1.17 μg/g and 0.26–2.13 μg/g were recorded, respectively.

BİR ENDÜSTRİ MİRASININ KORUMA ALTINA ALINMA SÜRECİ: GÜNEYKENT ESKİ GÜLYAĞI FABRİKASI’NIN TESCİL SÜRECİ

Although successful examples of industrial heritage conservation are becoming increasingly common in Turkey, as well as worldwide, there is currently no comprehensive and integrated industrial heritage conservation example in Isparta, which has hosted numerous historical industrial structures such as carpet factories, leather factories, sulfur factories, and rose oil factories. The situation of rose oil factories, which have evolved from regional production to an industrial scale and are therefore significant in the context of industrial heritage, is particularly striking. Many of the factories built for rose oil production in the past have been demolished and have not survived to the present day. In this study, information about rose cultivation and rose oil production in Isparta was obtained from written and visual archives. The progress of rose cultivation in the region was examined, and determinations were made regarding the rose oil factories. The efforts made to protect and register these factories as industrial heritage were documented. The study utilized methods such as on-site observation, photographic documentation, and measurements for survey drawings, along with archival documents from factories and institutions. Determinations were also made for the Isparta rose oil factories. Attention was drawn to the necessity of preserving the Güneykent Old Rose Oil Factory, which is the most qualified and oldest existing example among these factories, as part of the industrial heritage. An application was made for its registration. The reasons for registering the building were addressed within the framework of the common principles of ICOMOS-TICCIH, emphasizing the importance of registration reasons in the conservation of industrial heritage and aiming to reveal the process of registration. This study provides a foundation for applications to conservation boards for the preservation of structures that maintain their authenticity but are in a dormant state.

A Novel Generative Adversarial Network Model Based on GC-MS Analysis for the Classification of Taif Rose

Rose oil production is believed to be dependent on only a few genotypes of the famous rose Rosa damascena. The aim of this study was to develop a novel GC-MS fingerprint based on the need to expand the genetic resources of oil-bearing rose for industrial cultivation in the Taif region (Saudi Arabia). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is a widely used analytical technique for determining the volatile composition of distilled rose oil from flower data. Because biosample availability, prohibitive costs, and ethical concerns limit observations in agricultural research, we aimed to enhance the quality of analysis by combining real observations with samples generated in silico. This study proposes a novel artificial intelligence model based on generative adversarial neural networks (GANs) to classify Taif rose cultivars using raw GC-MS data. We employed a variant of the GAN known as conditional stacked GANs (cSGANs) to predict Taif rose’s oil content and other latent characteristics without the need to conduct laboratory tests. A hierarchical stack of conditional GANs is used in this algorithm to generate images. A cluster model was developed based on the dataset provided, to quantify the diversity that should be implemented in the proposed model. The networks were trained using the cross-entropy and minimax loss functions. The accuracy of the proposed model was assessed by measuring losses as a function of the number of epochs. The results prove the ability of the proposed model to perfectly generate new real samples of different classes based on the GC-MS fingerprint.

Pharmacological assessment of the aqueous extract of rose oil waste from Rosa x damascena Herrm cultivated in Georgia

Among Rosaceae family's most popular and important plants Rosa x damascena Herrm. holds one of the top places due to its centuries-long application in perfumery, cosmetics, aromatherapy and medicine. Despite this, the chemical and pharmacological study of different products obtained from R. damascena still does not lose its relevance. Currently, considerable attention is paid to the valorization of the waste from rose oil production in order to fully utilize valuable physiologically active constituents. The present study provides data on some pharmacological properties of the aqueous extract of rose oil waste from the R. damascena cultivated in Georgia. In particular, evaluation of gastro- and hepatoprotective activity of the aforesaid extract has been carried out in animal models and revealed its efficacy. The extract appeared to dose dependently stimulate leucopoiesis (up to 75%) and prevent ethanol-induced gastric injury (20-80%). As well, the extract ameliorated hepatoxic effects of carbon tetrachloride by 63%.

Valorization of Waste Water of Rosa damascena Oil Distillation Process by Ion Exchange Chromatography.

Water steam distillation is a classical method of rose oil production from the flowers of Rosa damascena Mill. This process produces considerable amount of waste water. In this study, ion-exchange column chromatography (Amberlite was the stationary phase) was used to prepare polyphenol-enriched fraction of waste water with improved biological activity. Phenol, flavonoid, and anthocyanin contents were examined before and after using column. Antioxidant activities, DNA protection ability, xanthine oxidase inhibition, and cytotoxicity of this fraction were also determined. The use of Amberlite increased phenol, flavonoid, and anthocyanin contents in fraction compared to the sample before fractionation. The IC50 values of various antioxidant assays comprises 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH), ferric-reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP), and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) which were 226.66 ± 1.25, 126.03 ± 0.11, and 241.43 ± 0.33 for waste water, and these values for fraction were 63.21 ± 0.90, 34.6 ± 0.17, and 50.59 ± 0.75 μg/ml, respectively. The Trolox equivalent values of fraction in oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay were 0.34 ± 0.04, and the EC50 values in cellular antioxidant activity were 91.24 ± 0.32 μg/ml. The xanthine oxidase inhibition capacity of fraction (100 μg/ml) was 96.4 ± 0.02% μg/ml. The comet assay analysis showed that this fraction (25–100 μg/ml) protects human lymphocytes against H2O2-induced DNA damages significantly. The IC50 values of cytotoxicity assay were 248.145 ± 35.56 and 227.14 ± 16.51 μg/ml after 24 and 48 h, respectively. There has been great attention to the valorization of waste materials. Recovered fraction could be considered as a proper antioxidant, DNA damage-protection agent, and xanthine oxidase inhibitor. Using a nontoxic solid phase such as Amberlite is a fruitful way to concentrate bioactive ingredients which can be used in pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industry.

Evaluating the consumption of energy sources for rose oil production

The evaluation is related to two installations for water-steam distillation in a capacity of around 10 t rose flowers in case of 24-hour operation. It was specified that the specific consumptions per 1 kg processed rose flowers are as follow: 4 kg/kg for steam, 8 MJ/kg for heat energy, 0.26 kg/kg for natural gas (PNG, CNG), 0.28 kg/kg for LPG, 0.31 kg/k g for fuel oil, 0.90 kg/kg for wood pellets, 1.54 kg/kg for wood chips, 107 kJ/kg for electric energy, 10 L/kg for cooling water and 4.2 L/kg for tap water. The specific consumptions per 1 kg produced rose oil are about 14 t/kg for steam, 29 GJ/kg for heat energy, 914 kg/kg for natural gas, 982 kg/kg for LPG, 1080 kg/kg for fuel oil, 3196 kg/kg for wood pellets, 16301 kg/kg for wood chips. The costed shares related to the price of 1 kg rose oil are as follow: 21.4 % in case of using fuel oil, 13.9 % for LPG, 9.9 % for PNG, 9.7 % for CNG, 7 % for wood pellets, 4 % for wood chips; 0.32 % for tap water, 0.17 % for electrical energy.

Morphological characterization of Damask rose (Rosa × damascena Herrm.) germplasm to select superior accessions

Damask rose (Rosa × damascena Herrm.) is the most important scented rose species, which some of its varieties are great importance for rose oil production. In the present survey, a total of 327 accessions of wild Damask rose from 21 geographically distinct regions of Iran were collected and transplanted in a protected conservation garden. After 2 years of plants establishment, phenotypic variation of accessions were evaluated using 36 morphological traits. High level of phenotypic variations was detected among the accessions especially desirable variations for commercial characters such as petal color, number of petals, and fragrance. The highest variability corresponded to petal number, leaf color, leaf stipule, and prickle shape. Flowering date varied from 08 May to 03 June. The petal number ranged between 17 and 159. The highest values for flower weight and petal weight were 5.67 and 4.61 g, respectively. Leaflet length ranged from 20.09 to 60.73 mm, while leaf width varied from 15.26 to 44.75 mm. Regression analysis indicated the importance of petal color, flowering date, and leaflet width/length in influencing floral scent. Dispersion diagram based on the first two principal components (40.86% of total variance) showed that the studied accessions were distributed into the plot. Some of the superior accessions were separated from others in scatter plot and characterized by the highest value of flower weight, petal weight, and petal number. In conclusion, the genotype collected will be useful for ex situ conservation and utilization in breeding programs of Damask rose.

ვარდის ეთეროვანი ზეთის წარმოების ნარჩენების გადამუშავების ტექნოლოგია

ვარდის ეთეროვანი ზეთის წარმოების ნარჩენების გადამუშავების ტექნოლოგია

Investigation of antimicrobial activity of polyphenol-enriched extracts against probiotic lactic acid bacteria

The antimicrobial activity of polyphenol-enriched extracts from industrial plant by-products (strawberry and bilberry press residues and distilled rose petals) against probiotic lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus – S10 and S19; Lactobacillus rhamnosus – YW and S25; Lactobacillus gasseri – S20; Streptococcus thermophilus – S13 and S32) was investigated. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) in most strains tested was found to be relatively high (from 6.25 mg.mL-1 to 12.50 mg.mL-1). The maximum concentration of polyphenols without inhibitory effect (MCWI) ranges from 0.390mg.mL-1 to 0.781mg.mL-1. The results obtained in the present study showed that among the tested lactic acid bacteria Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus – S19, Lactobacillus rhamnosus – YW and Streptococcus thermophilus – S13 had the best growth characteristics in polyphenol-enriched culture medium. These strains had the highest MIC and MCWI values and could be used as starter cultures for polyphenol-fortified fermented milks. Practical applications: The use of polyphenol-enriched extracts from industrial plant by-products (waste) – distilled rose petals (by-products of rose oil production) and strawberry and bilberry press residues (by-products of fruit juice production) contribute for improving the economic effect and for solving environmental problems in food industry. Development of functional fermented milks with combination of probiotic starter cultures and polyphenol extracts is current and perspective direction of food industry.

Assessment of genetic diversity of rose genotypes using ISSR markers

The genus Rosa L. (Rosaceae) is an important ornamental crop with a high economic value in floriculture, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries. Turkey is an important country in rose cultivation with unique species and cultivars, especially for rose oil production. Breeding programs of different rose genotypes are crucial for the development of new commercial varieties. In this study, genetic relationships among the old rose cultivars locally grown in Isparta were assessed by DNA fingerprinting. Inter-simple sequence repeats markers (ISSRs) were used to investigate the genetic diversity among nineteen locally grown rose genotypes. Nineteen ISSR primers yielded a total of 413 scorable amplified fragments. Nei?s genetic identity values ranged from 0.545 to 0.951. Nei?s genetic distance was used to construct a dendrogram using the unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic averages (UPGMA) cluster analysis. The dendrogram grouped the nineteen rose genotypes into four distinct clusters, and the principal coordinate analysis revealed similar genetic groups. The results confirmed the usefulness of ISSR markers to assess the genetic diversity among the selected old rose genotypes for genetic conservation and plant improvement.

Damask rose (Rosa damascena Mill.) essential oil is affected by short-and long-term handling

Damask rose cultivated for essential oil production mainly used in perfume industry. Due to the highly perishable flowers, post-harvest handling of the flowers prior to oil extraction would be considered as a key point in rose essential oil production. Evaluating the effects of various storage conditions on the yield and quality of the Damask rose essential oil (EO), the petals were stored under three conditions included packaging in LDPE and poly-film PET/EVOH/LDPE bags and immersing inside the water containers at room temperature (RT) or refrigerator (4°C) for 1–3 days (short-term storage). Throughout the prolonged handling (for 7, 14 and 21 days), packed petals using the PET/EVOH/LDPE bags were evaluated under frozen, active and passive MAP as well as RT conditions. Essential oils produced by hydrodistillation were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Petal storage using the poly-film bags at RT for 1 day and also water handling at 4°C for 2–3 days exhibited the higher EO content and quality, with the yields of approximately the same, 19% and 23% (v/w) higher oil, respectively, relative to those from unstored petals. Moreover, frozen-stored petals qualified for the higher content and better characteristics of the oil for all the durations of the prolonged storage. The results provide a reference material for interested groups such as producers, consumers who are concerned about rose oil production.

Co-composting of rose oil processing waste with caged layer manure and straw or sawdust: Effects of carbon source and C/N ratio on decomposition

Rose oil is a specific essential oil that is produced mainly for the cosmetics industry in a few selected locations around the world. Rose oil production is a water distillation process from petals of Rosa damascena Mill. Since the oil content of the rose petals of this variety is between 0.3-0.4% (w/w), almost 4000 to 3000 kg of rose petals are needed to produce 1 kg of rose oil. Rose oil production is a seasonal activity and takes place during the relatively short period where the roses are blooming. As a result, large quantities of solid waste are produced over a limited time interval. This research aims: (i) to determine the possibilities of aerobic co-composting as a waste management option for rose oil processing waste with caged layer manure; (ii) to identify effects of different carbon sources - straw or sawdust on co-composting of rose oil processing waste and caged layer manure, which are both readily available in Isparta, where significant rose oil production also takes place; (iii) to determine the effects of different C/N ratios on co-composting by the means of organic matter decomposition and dry matter loss. Composting experiments were carried out by 12 identical laboratory-scale composting reactors (60 L) simultaneously. The results of the study showed that the best results were obtained with a mixture consisting of 50% rose oil processing waste, 64% caged layer manure and 15% straw wet weight in terms of organic matter loss (66%) and dry matter loss (38%).

Flower phenotype variation, essential oil variation and genetic diversity among Rosa alba L. accessions used for rose oil production in Bulgaria

Flower biometric analysis of 38 Rosa alba L. accessions from the genetic resources collection of the Institute of Roses, Essential and Medical Cultures (IREMC), Bulgaria, revealed the existence of two distinct flower phenogroups (PG: 1 and PG: 2), which differ significantly in flower weight, number of flower petals and number of anthers. GC/MS analysis of rose oil samples distilled from the analyzed accessions identified a total of 25 compounds of which 18 compounds were detected in all samples. PCA analysis based on GC/MS data of rose oil samples did not show clear clustering of the rose oils obtained from the two flower phenogroups. Although t-test analysis showed statistically significant variation of the abundances of 6 compounds at P<0.05 and 4 compounds at P<0.01 between the two identified phenogroups, the ranges of variation of these compounds among the PG: 1 plants largely overlapped those of the PG: 2 plants. Microsatellite analysis at 9 SSR loci of the studied 38 accessions as well as R. alba Maxima and R. alba Semiplena accessions revealed their clonal origin from a common ancestor. The selection of a small subset of PG: 1 accessions representing the overall diversity of the composition of rose oils distilled from the studied accessions is proposed for industrial production of quality planting material. The necessity to enlarge the R. alba genetic resources pool used for industrial cultivation and rose oil production is further discussed.

The Effects of Pasteurization, Ultraviolet Radiation and Chemiclal Preservatives on Microbial Spoilage and Scent Composition of Rose Water

Damask Rose (Rosa damescena Mill.) is the major rose species used for rose oil production. Rose water is the major subsidiary product obtained during the distillation process. Rose water has also commercial importance because of its usage as an ingredient in some processed foods and aromatherapy. Microorganisms cause souring and therapeutic effect losses of rose water during its storage. Various preservation techniques were applied in rose water for the prevention of microbial spoilage. The physical methods used for the preservation of rose water were pasteurization, and ultra violet treatment. Phenoxyethanol and sodium benzoate were used as chemical preservatives. After methods were applied, rose water samples were stored at room temperature and spoilage microorganisms such as bacteria, yeasts and molds were enumerated. The changes in the composition of essential oils of rose water samples were also determined. Any of the applications caused a significant change in aroma composition, while inhibiting the microbial spoilage.

Türkiye&#039;de Gülcülük: Tespitler / Tahliller

The main aim of this study is to present the current situation and the future of rose production sector, to determine measures to be taken and the procedures to be done in the light of knowledge, literature, observation and experience. The current situation determination, analyses and recommendations are included in this paper. Roses and their productions are one of our important self-values that has a very deep history. Although we are the leader country of rose oil production in the world, the income we earned from this sector is less than we spend for it. The most important necessity for solving the problems of the sector is increasing and strengthening the relations between stakeholders and clustering of them with the support of R&D, at least, the biggest ones. The Rose Valley Project is a good opportunity for these purposes. Renovation of the technology, increasing product types and in particular improvement of the quality in cosmetics, determination of genotype and selection studies in oil rose production sector, finding alternatives such as fruit/dye/production from rose and rose tourism, using our local rose varieties after rehabilitation instead of modern imported ones in landscaping, utilising all rose waste, increasing qualified human power and workings will enlarge the sector and raise the income

Economics of Damask Rose plantation in Punjab state of India

The present study depicts the economics of horticultural produce and essential oil distillation of Damask rose (Rosa damascena L.) plantation in Punjab state of India. The study is based on the data collected from farmers in Punjab. Cost components were calculated on the basis of prevailing market prices of inputs and outputs. Cost of cultivation for producing an average flower yield of 942 kg/acre/annum worked out to be Rs. 36,647 /acre /yr. Cost of essential oil production and net returns were calculated as Rs. 38,617/264 gm oil and Rs. 20,783 /acre /yr, respectively. Damask rose oil production is a remunerative venture with Rs. 59,842 as net present value (NPV), 12.70 % as internal rate of return (IRR) and benefit cost ratio (BCR) as 1.54. NPV of Damask rose oil production/ 4000 m2 was 202.34 % higher than that of wheat-paddy/ 4000 m2 cropping pattern.

Traditional Rosa damascena flower harvesting practices evaluated through GC/MS metabolite profiling of flower volatiles

Industrial cultivation of Rosa damascena and rose oil production is a centuries-old industry based on well-established traditional hand-picking of rose flowers. Here the traditional rose harvesting practices were evaluated through GC/MS analysis of the volatile compounds accumulation in R. damascena flowers at eight different developmental stages, flower buds with arrested development and flowers collected at six daytime points related to flower picking. The accumulation of 80 out of 100 volatile compounds was significantly influenced by the stage of flower development while 62 out of 103 compounds were significantly influenced by the daytime period of flower collection. Principal component analysis showed close clustering of the flower developmental stages and daytime periods preferable for flower harvesting and production of high quality and quantity of rose oil. Taken together the obtained results provide further support to the currently applied traditional rose flower harvesting practices. The possible applications of more precise flower harvesting for fine modulation of rose oil composition and reduction levels of the unwanted compound methyl eugenol are discussed.

Effect of Storage on Essential Oil Content and Composition of Rosa damascena Mill. Petals under Different Conditions

Damask rose (Rosa damascena Mill.) is the most important Rosa species for rose oil production in the world. In the factories, petals of rose are harvested and distilled to produce rose oil and rose water. Petals collected at large quantities in the mornings can not be distilled all together, so some petals undergo varying degrees of fermentation during storage. Therefore, we intend to find ways or methods of preserving petals without undergoing fermentation until distillation. Four storage conditions including storage at −20°C, 10°C, in water at 7°C and −20°C were evaluated. The essential oil content of petals was obtained by hydro-distillation using a Clevenger apparatus. The oils were analyzed by capillary gas chromatography, using flame ionization and mass spectrometry detection. Results indicated that the essential oil content was considerably affected by storage condition and duration. The best results was obtained from petals frozen at low temperatures (−20°C); it makes possible to preserve petals for three weeks without any considerable changes in the oil content and composition. For petals stored at 10°C, the percentage of monoterpene alcohols (citronellol, geraniol, nerol, linalool and phenylethyl alcohol) decreased in comparison to the control (unstored) petals, whereas it increased for other stored groups. Regarding the oil content, an increase was observed in most of results.

Morphological and molecular analyses of Rosa damascena × R. bourboniana interspecific hybrids

Rosa damascena Mill is the most important scented rose species cultivated for rose oil production. Rosa bourboniana L. (Edward rose), a related species, is popular on account of its longer blooming period and ease of propagation. With an aim to combine the oil quality of R. damascena and recurrent flowering habit of R. bourboniana, two cultivars (Jwala and Himroz) of R. damascena were crossed with R. bourboniana. The F1 hybrids obtained were evaluated using morphological, random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and microsatellite (SSR) markers. Twenty-two selected RAPD and three SSR primer pairs were utilized for hybrid identification. According to presence or absence of bands RAPD and SSR markers were classified into seven types of markers. The bands specific for the pollen parent and occurring in the hybrids were good markers to confirm the hybridity. The non-parental bands expressing uniquely in hybrids were effective in distinguishing the hybrids from each other. Cluster analysis, based on Jaccard's similarity coefficient using unweighted pair group method based on arithmetic mean (UPGMA), reliably discriminated the hybrids into two main clusters. These results indicate the practical usefulness of RAPD and SSR markers in hybrid identification in scented roses. The approach is advantageous for its rapidity and simplicity, for identification of hybrids at the juvenile stage. One of the studied morphological traits – prickle density, can also complement in the identification of interspecific hybrids between R. damscena (♀) and R. bourboniana (♂).

Microsatellite analysis of Damask rose (Rosa damascena Mill.) accessions from various regions in Iran reveals multiple genotypes

BackgroundDamask roses (Rosa damascena Mill.) are mainly used for essential oil production. Previous studies have indicated that all production material in Bulgaria and Turkey consists of only one genotype. Nine polymorphic microsatellite markers were used to analyze the genetic diversity of 40 accessions of R. damascena collected across major and minor rose oil production areas in Iran.ResultsAll microsatellite markers showed a high level of polymorphism (5–15 alleles per microsatellite marker, with an average of 9.11 alleles per locus). Cluster analysis of genetic similarities revealed that these microsatellites identified a total of nine different genotypes. The genotype from Isfahan province, which is the major production area, was by far the most common genotype (27/40 accessions). It was identical to the Bulgarian genotype. Other genotypes (each represented by 1–4 accessions) were collected from minor production areas in several provinces, notably in the mountainous Northwest of Iran.ConclusionThis is the first study that uncovered genetic diversity within Damask rose. Our results will guide new collection activities to establish larger collections and manage the Iranian Damask rose genetic resources. The genotypes identified here may be directly useful for breeding.