Rose Garden Research Articles

Imagination: The Forbidden Fruit

This paper is a comparative study of the Egyptian short story ‘Worms inthe Rose Garden” by Saiwa Bakr, published in 1992, and the American story “TheYellow Wallpaper’ by Charlotte Perkins Oilman published in 1892. Although thetwo stories are separated by a hundred years, both writers address the same issue;that of women driven to madness because of their refusal and/or inability to fitinto the “model” of woman created by their respective societies.The two heroines are characterized by an imagination that renders themincapable of accepting the superficial, contrived rules of social conformity, and,consequently sets them apart from their socio-cultural environment. This isolationforces them to take a long introspective journey into the reality of theft liveswhich, eventually drives them to the borders of insanity. Imagination also placesthem at odds with their social milieu as the two writers posit their protagonistsagainst their families; the microcosm of society.Despite the temporal, geographical and cultural differences, both textsillustrate women’s quest for independer~ce and individuality. The texts also discussimagination as a hindrance and a liability. As a hindrance, imagination is largelyresponsible for the two women’s failure to integrate in theft societies and beaccepted by those around them, and, similarly, imagination becomes a liabilitywhen it leads the two heroines into a state of insanity. Thus, a pivotal questionposes itself here: Is female nonconformity synonymous with madness? Or is itsynonymous with madness only when it threatens the violation of the rigid rulesof a long standing patriarchal social establishment where “the dynamics” of “thesocial structure.., are based on a power relationship in which women’s interests aresubordinated to those of men”? (Hafez)

Early modern childbirth.

THIS 16TH-CENTURY WOODCUT shows a pregnant woman sitting in a birthing chair, attended by 3 women, at least 1 of whom (seated, at left) is a midwife. This image was published in Ein schon lustig Trostbuchle von den Empfengknussen und Geburten der Menschen (A Very Cheerful Booklet of Encouragement Concerning the Conception and Birth of Man) in 1554.1 The book was written by Jacob Rueff (1500–1558), a surgeon and obstetrician in Zurich. Rueff was responsible for the instruction and examination of midwives in Zurich and, indeed, had copies of his book sent to all the midwives in the region. Much of Rueff’s book is essentially copied from Eucharius Rosslin’s Der Swangern Frauwen und Hebammen Rosegarten (The Rose Garden for Pregnant Women and Midwives), 1513, the first printed work dealing exclusively with obstetrics—and also intended as an instruction guide for midwives.2 In the later work, Rueff added some new material from his own experiences and placed more emphasis on the use of instruments as aids to childbirth. In this image, for example, one can see the obstetrical instruments and equipment on the table behind the women, whereas in Rosslin’s almost identical image, the background is plain. Rueff advocated new obstetrical instruments such as the toothed duck beak forceps and the use of internal and external manipulation for footling (feet first) presentations. Some version of the birthing stool or chair had been used for millennia, there being evidence of its use in Egyptian papyri and the Old Testament.3,4 The chair shown here incorporates certain early modern technical innovations, such as the sloping back that allows the birthing woman to recline slightly during contractions. One scholar even argues that this birthing chair was itself a technical innovation inspired by male professionals as a way to gain control over the birthing process and to displace earlier practices in which pregnant women sat on the laps of their birth attendants.5 As male midwives and obstetrical attendants gradually wrested control of the birth process from female midwives and from women themselves, the birthing chairs would be replaced by flat beds, these being more convenient to the person in charge of the “delivery.” Birthing chairs are now making something of a comeback in modern obstetrics as case– control studies are finding that their use may reduce the pain of childbirth, diminish perineal trauma, decrease the need for episiotomies, and increase the mother’s satisfaction with her birthing experience.6–9

In brief

When you hear the phrase ‘rose garden’, you probably – and not unreasonably – think of a garden with roses. However, the Rose Garden of the Galapagos Islands is about as far from that interpretation as you can get because it refers to a community associated with a hydrothermal vent on the ocean floor. As if that is not weird enough, investigation of the area suggests that the original garden has now been paved over by the outpourings of a recent volcanic eruption. However, a new community appears to be flourishing there, and has been named ‘Rosebud’. [http://www.nsf.gov/od/lpa/news/02/tip020612.htm] NC

To Redeem One Person Is to Redeem the World

Article AbstractFrom our regular book review column.In 1964, a thinly fictionalized account of a treatment at Chestnut Lodge Hospital was published with the title I Never Promised You a Rose Garden. Hannah Green, the pseudonymous author, described her psychotherapy with "Dr. Fried." Defying all expectations, the book became extraordinarily popular and ultimately sold more than 5 million copies. It was also made into a movie in 1977.

Myth, memory, and the making of the American landscape

Penetrating insight into the processes by which our collective historical memory is constructed. Through a range of case studies, the authors explore how and why certain landscapes and monuments are intentionally endowed with specific messages, why certain stories are obscured or forgotten, and how collective memories change over time. --James Delle, Franklin and Marshall CollegeThe authors in this collection show how the creation of a collective memory of highly visible objects and landscapes is an ongoing struggle, their meanings always being constructed, changed, and challenged. The sites and symbols the authors address are nationally recognized and include a balance of places that illuminate class, ethnic, racial, and historical experiences. Focusing on material culture, they explore the tensions that exist among various groups--elite landowners, the National Park Service, preservationists, minority groups--who compete for control over the interpretation of American public history.CONTENTSForeword, by Edward T. LinenthalIntroduction: The Making of the American Landscape, by Paul A. ShackelPart I: An Exclusionary Past, by Paul A. Shackel1. Of Saints and Sinners: Mythic Landscapes of the Old and New South, by Audrey J. Horning2. The Woman Movement: Memorial to Women's Rights Leaders and the Perceived Images of the Women's Movement, by Courtney Workman3. The Third Battle of Manassas: Power, Identity, and the Forgotten African-American Past, by Erika K. Martin Seibert4. Remembering a Japanese-American Concentration Camp at Manzanar National Historic Site, by Janice L. Dubel5. Wounded Knee: The Conflict of Interpretation, by Gail BrownPart II: Commemoration and the Making of a Patriotic Past, by Paul A. Shackel6. Freeze-Frame, September 17, 1862: A Preservation Battle at Antietam National Battlefield Park, by Martha Temkin7. The Robert Gould Shaw Memorial: Redefining the Role of the Fifty-Fourth Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, by Paul A. Shackel8. Buried in the Rose Garden: Levels of Meaning at Arlington National Cemetery and the Robert E. Lee Memorial, by Laurie BurgessPart III: Nostalgia and the Legitimation of American Heritage, by Paul A. Shackel9. Authenticity, Legitimation, and Twentieth-Century Tourism: The John D. Rockefeller, Jr., Carriage Roads, Acadia National Park, Maine, by Matthew M. Palus10. The Birthplace of a Chief: Archaeology and Meaning at George Washington Birthplace National Monument, by Joy Beasley11. Nostalgia and Tourism: Camden Yards in Baltimore, by Erin Donovan12. Abraham Lincoln's Birthplace Cabin: The Making of an American Icon, by Dwight T. Pitcaithley Paul A. Shackel, associate professor of anthropology at the University of Maryland, is the author of Archaeology and Created Memory: Public History in a National Park; Culture Change and the New Technology: An Archaeology of the Early American Industrial Era; and Personal Discipline and Material Culture: An Archaeology of Annapolis, Maryland, 1695-1870.

Frieda and Her Rose Garden

Frieda and Her Rose Garden

Audience, Uglossia, and CONLANG

Audience, Uglossia, and CONLANG

Scapegoating Poor Women: An Analysis of Welfare Reform

The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA), passed in August 1996, ushered in the most significant welfare reform in six decades. It ended Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC), and with it the federal entitlement to welfare implemented as part of the 1935 Social Security Act, and replaced it with Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF). Its second anniversary was greeted by claims in the Department of Health and Human Services' Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) Program First Annual Report to Congress August 1998 (hereafter Report) that the reform had proven a resounding triumph. As President Clinton explained in a Rose Garden statement:

The Historian in the Rose Garden?

Fifteen years ago, Richard Neustadt and Ernest R. May wrote a series of his torical case studies that they hoped would lead to working procedures to get more history used better on the job by busy people preoccupied with daily decisions ... of management. With the publication of their book, Thinking in Time: The Uses of History for Decision-Makers, history boldly launched itself into the field of policy studies, bidding to take its place with economics, political science, and other fields that claim to present useful knowledge.1 Perhaps the fond dream of a council of historical advisors might finally come true.2 Visions of White House invitations and Rose Garden parties danced in the heads of who knows how many middle-aged historians.

Calcium carbonate dissolution rates in deep-sea bivalve shells on the East Pacific Rise at 21°N: results of an 8-year in-situ experiment

Analysis of shell fragments of two common deep-sea hydrothermal vent bivalves, the vesicomyid clam Calyptogena magnifica and the mytilid Bathymodiolus thermophilus, deployed more than 100 m from any active hydrothermal vent location at 20°50′N, 109°06′W on the East Pacific Rise indicates significant variation of calcium carbonate dissolution in in-situ exposures of more than 8 years. Shell fragments embedded in epoxy blocks, mounted on a buoyed and anchored polypropylene line, and deployed by DSV Alvin (depth = 2615 m) were continuously exposed to ambient seawater (∼2°C) conditions immediately above the seafloor. The mean dissolution rate for the aragonitic shell of C. magnifica amounted to 27.7 μm/yr. Dissolution rates varied significantly among different shell layers of the clam, with the middle fine to irregular complex crossed lamellar shell layer exhibiting the lowest rates (mean = 22.2 μm/yr) and the irregular prismatic shell layer the highest rates (mean = 36.9 μm/yr). In the mytilid B. thermophilus, the dissolution rate of the aragonitic shell layer averaged 41.6 μm/yr, while that of the calcitic shell layer was immeasurable. The rates of calcium carbonate dissolution reported here for a ridge-crest site remote from any active hydrothermal vent are much lower than those previously documented for active vent sites at 21°N, the Guaymas Basin (Southern Trough), and Galapagos Rift (Rose Garden). Assuming a constant rate of dissolution, we estimate that empty adult shell valves of C. magnifica at the experimental site would dissolve completely in a period of ∼300 years, which has important implications for determining the longevity of hydrothermal vent activity along the rise axis.

A millennium of obstetrics and gynaecology

evolution of obstetrics and gynecology started when Eucharius Rosslin first printed the book Rose Garden of the Pregnant Womens Nurse in 1513 which deals exclusively with obstetrics. Many found the book informative leading to numerous editions and translations including the first English edition The Byrth of Mankynde (London 1540). Aside from Rosslin Jacob Rueff also created a book providing instructions to midwives. His book also provides a description of forceps and to extract a dead fetus and cephalic version. Beginning the 17th century several celebrated midwives published several books on the subject and led to the development of anatomy as a science. Within the succeeding two centuries many anatomists made further contributions to the field of obstetrics providing a detailed description of the reproductive system. In the 19th century the development was focused on the recognition of the etiology of puerperal fever the discovery of anesthesia and the invention of pelvic surgery. early part of the 20th century saw the usefulness of radiography and radium as a treatment for cancer of the uterine cervix. rise of hospitals and clinics for the diseases of women and the promulgation of the need for antenatal obstetrical care was observed during this period. By the 1920s and 1930s the hormone estrogen and progesterone were isolated which further led to enormous advances in endocrinology infertility and reproductive sciences.

Imagining Robert: My Brother, Madness, and Survival, a Memoir

Back to table of contents Previous article Next article Book Forum: SCHIZOPHRENIA SPECTRUMFull AccessImagining Robert: My Brother, Madness, and Survival, a MemoirE. FULLER TORREY, M.D., E. FULLER TORREYSearch for more papers by this author, M.D., Washington, D.C.Published Online:1 Sep 1998https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.155.9.1292AboutSectionsView EPUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail “Why did God create sick people? Tell me, Jay. Tell me.” The question haunts Jay Neugeboren and permeates the book he has written about his brother, Robert, who has schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Imagining Robert is a book with great strengths and great weaknesses, and the latter ultimately predominate.Jay Neugeboren is a novelist and teacher at Amherst, and the book accurately reflects his considerable writing talents. His affection for, and devotion to, his sick brother are exemplary, a shining model for all who have a loved one who is disabled. It is the same devotion that keeps pushing the author to his Job-like task of asking, “Why?”Jay Neugeboren ultimately blames his mother and the psychiatrists for his brother’s illness. His mother had apparently favored Robert in childhood and, according to Jay, denigrated himself. He says, “Although it would be hard, scientifically, to prove that any human being literally drives any other human being mad, common sense indicates that if you keep hitting a child in the same sensitive place, over and over again—consistently or inconsistently—your blows will have effect.” But wait a minute: by this theory, shouldn’t it have been Jay who developed schizophrenia rather than Robert? And Neugeboren ignores the fact that there is not a scintilla of evidence that the quality of mothering differs in individuals who later develop schizophrenia, diabetes, multiple sclerosis, or none of the above.The psychiatrists come in for an equal share of the blame because they cannot get Robert well. The author is ambivalent about medications, recognizing that they sometimes help his brother to live outside the hospital but that they also have side effects and do not cure him. Jay wanted Robert to be given “individual psychotherapy once or twice a week…for say, two or three years” in addition to medication. Jay himself has apparently undergone extensive psychoanalytic psychotherapy and believes it helped him. So why shouldn’t it also help his brother? The book cover has an endorsement by Joanne Greenberg, author of I Never Promised You a Rose Garden(1), the mythical tale in which talk therapy cured an individual who had some form of unspecified mental disorder.For those of us who have a sibling with schizophrenia or other severe psychiatric disorder, it is a delight to see books being published that discuss our concerns. Margaret Moorman’s My Sister’s Keeper(2), Clea Simon’s Mad House(3), Victoria Secunda’s When Madness Comes Home(4), and Diane Marsh and Rex Dickens’ Troubled Journey(5) are all excellent. Imagining Robert climbs partway to these heights but is ultimately dragged down by the recurring voice of the author’s psychoanalyst.by Jay Neugeboren. New York, William Morrow, 1997, 305 pp., $24.00; $14.95 (paperback published by Henry Holt & Co.)

The City and the Convent: "The Virgin of the Rose Garden" by the Master of the Legend of Saint Lucy

Previous articleNext article No AccessThe City and the Convent: "The Virgin of the Rose Garden" by the Master of the Legend of Saint LucyAnn M. RobertsAnn M. Roberts Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Bulletin of the Detroit Institute of Arts Volume 72, Number 1-21998Early Netherlandish Painting A journal of the Detroit Institute of Arts Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/DIA41504949 Views: 5Total views on this site © 1998 Detroit Institute of ArtsPDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

When Midwifery Became the Male Physician's Province: the Sixteenth Century Handbook The Rose Garden for Pregnant Women and Midwives, Newly Englished

When Midwifery Became the Male Physician's Province: the Sixteenth Century Handbook The Rose Garden for Pregnant Women and Midwives, Newly Englished

German epic poetry

Heroic poetry from the great epics of German literature. Includes Jungere Hildebrandslied, The Battle of Ravenna, Bitterolf and Dietlieb, and The Rose Garden (Version A).

Book Reviews : When Midwifery Became the Male Physician's Province: the Sixteenth Century Handbook The Rose Garden for Pregnant Women and Midwives, Newly Englished. By Eucharius Rosslin. Translated and with an Introduction by Wendy Arons. Jefferson, North Carolina, London: McFarland. 1994. viii + 135 pp. $29.95

Book Reviews : When Midwifery Became the Male Physician's Province: the Sixteenth Century Handbook The Rose Garden for Pregnant Women and Midwives, Newly Englished. By Eucharius Rosslin. Translated and with an Introduction by Wendy Arons. Jefferson, North Carolina, London: McFarland. 1994. viii + 135 pp. $29.95

Implementing JOBS: From the Rose Garden to Reality

On October 13, 1988, President Reagan signed the Family Support Act (P.L. 100-485) into law at a ceremony in the White House rose garden. his remarks, the president portrayed the act as bringing a message of hope to parents who are poor - that there is an alternative to life on welfare. Like many others, the president viewed the act as landmark legislation that would bring about a major redirection of the welfare system (Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents, 1988). The act was also viewed as constituting a new social contract between government and welfare recipients. As Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan (D-NY) (1990), a chief architect of the legislation, noted, In the act, Congress laid down a set of mutual obligations. Society owed single mothers support while they acquired the means of self-sufficiency; mothers owed the society the effort to become self-sufficient (p. C1). To foster the economic self-sufficiency of welfare recipients, the act authorized increased child support enforcement and the Job Opportunities and Basic Skills Training (JOBS) program, a welfare employment program that provides education, training, and employment services. Although accompanied by high expectations, the act was not a radical departure from previous Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) legislation; rather, it consolidated and extended earlier legislation that provided child support enforcement and authorized state welfare-to-work initiatives for AFDC mothers. These initiatives were first introduced under the Work Incentive program in 1967 and were altered significantly under the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1981 (P.L. 97-35). New under the Family Support Act of 1988 was a recognition that all parents, regardless of income, have an obligation to financially support their children. For AFDC mothers, the legislation sent a message that even mothers with preschool children are expected to work if child care is available. Subject to the availability of state resources for the JOBS program, all AFDC recipients are required to participate if child care is available unless they are exempt (because of illness, incapacity, or other specific reason) or the JOBS program is not available in their political subdivision. a significant departure from previous legislation, mothers with children age three or older (or age one or older at state option) are required to participate in the JOBS program if child care is available. Mothers younger than 20 who have not completed high school or its equivalent are required to participate in educational activities regardless of their children's ages. addition to requiring that all states operate Unemployed Parent Program of AFDC, the legislation also introduced targeted services to those at high risk for long-term welfare dependency, provided federal funds for educational services in welfare employment programs, and provided health care and child care benefits during the transition from welfare to work. States must also meet overall participation rates in their JOBS programs; 7 percent of nonexempt clients were required to participate in 1990 and 1991, and 20 percent must participate by 1995. (For further analysis of the Family Support Act of 1988, see Abramovitz, 1988; Chilman, 1992; Gueron, 1987; [TABULAR DATA FOR TABLE 1 OMITTED] Gueron & Pauly, 1991; Hagen, 1992; Miller, 1989; Nichols-Casebolt & McClure, 1989; Stoesz & Karger, 1990). Although built on prior legislation as well as state experience in operating welfare employment programs, the JOBS legislation and associated child care provisions have presented a new series of opportunities and challenges to state and local governments as they implement the program. Recognizing the importance of the implementation process, we conducted a three-year, 10-state (Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, New York, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, and Texas) study of JOBS implementation. …

Welcome To My Country

WELCOME TO MY COUNTRY/ Lauren Slater SUMMER, NINETY-FIVE DEGREES, the street where the residential unit for chronic schizophrenics sits, dead and silent in the heat. I try thinking Uke a schizophrenic already, before I have even interviewed for the job, attempting to enter what I beUeve wiU be a completely foreign place. I see that the leaves on the trees have gone brown and curled; the flowers are on fire; Ught glares and screeches in a shadowless world. I ring the beU to the front door and a fat sweating boy, his face a mash of pimples, answers. "I am here to see Dr. Siley," I say, glancing down at the newspaper clipping in my hand, where the job advertisement has sweated off in a Rorschach black. The pimply faced boy stares and stares at me. I can tell, from his fatness and sweat, that he is a patient. He reaches out and touches my neck. I flinch back from his hand. "What's wrong," he hisses at me, spittle foaming in the corners of his lips. "You don't like me, you don't like me, you don't Uke me?" He sings more than says it, and I don't know how to answer. I want to say, "Tm sorry." I want to say, "Don't you know it's not polite to touch someone before you know them?" I want to say, "You scare me," but instead I repeat, my voice tight, "Please, I'm here to see Dr. Siley. Could you get him for me?" The boy backs away. My very first contact with a patient has gone cold. "Dr. Siley," he wails, running down the cool hall of the institution. "Dr. Siley some new shrink is here. Watch out for her. She's an aUen. She has no bones in her neck." So begins my work with the chronic schizophrenic population. I am an alien to them and they to me. I am hired by the all-male residential unit to conduct group therapy for six of the patients once a week. I've taken courses in school on psychopathology, read I Never Promised You a Rose Garden and Autobiography of a Schizophrenic Girl, but none of these things are enough to prepare me for the conundrums of working with these men. They appear to be the grotesques of this world, burdened by the most horrifying psychiatric iUness known to humankind. As Barsnard writes, "a diagnosis of schizophrenia is something like a death sentence." Anyone who agrees to work with the chronic schizophrenic agrees to take on a supposedly hopeless case. This is what you are taught, what the research says. This is what my first group indicates. The Missouri Review · 41 My first group. Six men, all of whose charts I've read prior to actuaUy meeting them. I watch as they file into the group room, saying their names one by one when I ask, and as they do I match up names and faces with the information I've gleaned from records. There is Thanh Hgyun, nicknamed Pepsi, a cocoa-colored Uttle Vietnamese who came to this country after the war, and who bows to invisible Buddhas aU day in the corridors; Larry Puopolo with a mangy beard, a green and Khaki combat helmet he puts on the pUlow next to him when he sleeps; Thomas Grossman, forty-two years old and dying of AIDS; Leroy Swanson, who once stood naked in Harvard Yard and recited poetry; Bobby FuUer, who beUeves the air is fuU of flying fruits and runs around the ward with cotton sticking out of his ears; and George DiBenedetto, aU three hundred sixty-six pounds of him, who claims that he receives constant blow jobs from such diverse females as the Queen of England and Chrissy, the Shih Tzu dog next door. George slogs into the group room, groans, lowers himself onto the floor and Ues there with his hairy belly bloating up. "I am," I say, my voice cracking from fear (for I have never done this kind of work before; all my other patients have been violent or sad or scared but not . . . not . . . this...

Calcium carbonate dissolution rates in hydrothermal vent fields of the Guaymas Basin

Analysis of bivalve shell fragments that were embedded in epoxy blocks, mounted on titanium stakes, and deployed by DSRV Alvin at 5 sites in the Southern Trough of the Guaymas Basin (27”00’N, lll”24.55’W; depth 2012 m) indicates significant variation of calcium carbonate dissolution in in situ exposures of more than 900 days. Arrays of shell fragments of six bivalve species (i.e., Bathymodiolus thermophilus, Calyptogena magnijka, Calyptogena sp., Corbicula Jluminea, Crassostrea virginica and Mytilus edulis) were positioned -17 cm, -7 cm and -2.5 cm below the sediment-water interface and 2.5 cm, 7 cm and 17 cm above the sediment-water interface in hydrothermal vent fields of the basin. Maximum dissolution rates for both calcite (mean = 86 pm/yr) and aragonite (mean = 312 urnr clam area) to 227 p,m/yr (site 3; clam area), and those of calcite dissolution ranged from 13 km/yr (site 3; clam area) to 94 um/yr (site 4; bacterial mat area). Dissolution rates were consistently highest in the bacterial mat area (site 4; mean = 94 um/yr for calcite and 223 p,m/yr for aragonite). Rates of calcium carbonate dissolution reported here for hydrothermal vent fields of the Guaymas Basin compare favorably with those of Rose Garden (Galapagos Rift) and 21N (East Pacific Rise) hydrothermal vent sites. These results have important implications for assessing biological rate processes in deep-sea hydrothermal vent environments.

Biogeochemistry of hydrothermal vent mussel communities: the deep-sea analogue to the intertidal zone

Continuous measurements of sulfide, silicate and temperature were made in situ from the submersible Alvin in the Rose Garden and New Vent hydrothermal fields of the Galapagos Spreading Center. Continuous measurements of temperature also were made for an 18 day period in the Rose Garden field. The results demonstrate several adaptations that appear to have contributed to the success of the vent mussel Bathymodiolus thermophilus in the Rose Garden. Dense clusters of B. thermophilus can disperse the hydrothermal fluids laterally for distances of several meters. This results in a large increase in the area of the redox transition zone, where both dissolved oxygen and hydrogen sulfide are available. As a result, the animal communities can grow to occupy areas that would not otherwise provide adequate reduced substrates. Measurements of the temperature demonstrate a distinct tidal periodicity. This periodicity will result in a large range of environmental conditions within the vent community. The mussel can tolerate these wide ranges in condition because of its ability to accept long periods of anoxia and to filter feed.