Rose Essential Oil Research Articles

Overexpression of a Rosa rugosa Thunb. NUDX gene enhances biosynthesis of scent volatiles in petunia.

Rosa rugosa is an important natural perfume plant in China. Rose essential oil is known as ‘liquid gold’ and has high economic and health values. Monoterpenes are the main fragrant components of R. rugosa flower and essential oil. In this study, a member of the hydrolase gene family RrNUDX1 was cloned from Chinese traditional R. rugosa ‘Tang Hong’. Combined analysis of RrNUDX1 gene expression and the aroma components in different development stages and different parts of flower organ, we found that the main aroma component content was consistent with the gene expression pattern. The RrNUDX1 overexpressed Petunia hybrida was acquired via Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation systems. The blades of the transgenic petunias became wider and its growth vigor became strong with stronger fragrance. Gas chromatography with mass spectrometry analysis showed that the contents of the main aroma components of the transgenic petunias including methyl benzoate significantly increased. These findings indicate that the RrNUDX1 gene plays a role in enhancing the fragrance of petunia flowers, and they could lay an important foundation for the homeotic transformation of RrNUDX1 in R. rugosa for cultivating new R. rugosa varieties of high-yield and -quality essential oil.

Encapsulation of rose essential oil using whey protein concentrate-pectin nanocomplexes: Optimization of the effective parameters

The aim of this study was to optimize the preparation of whey protein concentrate (WPC)-pectin nanocomplexes as a carrier for rose essential oil (REO) via response surface methodology (RSM); with initial concentrations of WPC (4–8%) and pectin (0.5–1%) at different pH values ​​(3–9). The highest encapsulation efficiency of REO was 96.97% for 4.0:0.5 ratio of WPC:pectin at pH = 3. The highest viscosity was obtained at 4:1 ratio of WPC:pectin and pH = 3, and the highest stability (96.5%) was related to 4:1 ratio of WPC:pectin at pH = 9; the lowest stability (81%) was observed at 4:1 ratio of WPC:pectin at pH = 3. Finally, the highest solubility occurred at pH = 9 while the lowest solubility was seen in the treatments prepared at pH = 3 due to the creation of a strong WPC-pectin coacervate complex.

Inhibition Effects of Aromaterapeutic Rose Essential Oil Against Bacterial Quorum Sensing and Biofilm Formation

Inhibition Effects of Aromaterapeutic Rose Essential Oil Against Bacterial Quorum Sensing and Biofilm Formation

Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria Improve Growth and Modify Essential Oil in Rose (Rosa hybrida L.) cv. Black Prince

Rose essential oil is rich in compounds widely used by the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry, due to the biological activities it presents. However, obtaining oil is costly, as the yield per plant is low, which requires several techniques that aim to increase its production. The application of growth-promoting bacteria has been studied for this purpose. Thus, the objective of this work was to select efficient bacteria for production and evaluate their influence on the phytotechnical characteristics and composition of the essential oils of roses. Seven species of bacteria were evaluated for the potential to promote growth in vitro, being tested for nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, protease production and auxin production. From bacteria tested, four were selected and inoculated on rose plants of cultivar Black Prince to evaluate the influence on phytotechnical variables of flower and stem and the oil production. The evaluation of the production of roses was performed through the characteristics of the flowers (size, weight, and diameter of the stem) and floral bud. The essential oils from the inoculated flowers were extracted and evaluated in terms of content, yield, and chemical composition. The application of B. acidiceler, B. subtilis and B. pumilus resulted in flowers with a diameter up to 29% larger. The floral stem was increased by up to 24.5% when B. acidiceler and B. pumilus were used. Meanwhile, the stem diameter was around 41% greater in the presence of B. acidiceler, B. subtilis and in the control. Bacillus pumilus also increased the weight of fresh petals (104%) and essential oil yield (26%), changing the chemical composition of the extracted essential oil. Thus, it is concluded that B. acidiceler, B. pumilus, and B. subtilis improved the phytotechnical characteristics of roses. Among bacteria, B. pumilus increased the essential oil content as well as positively changed the chemical composition of the extracted essential oil.

Flower yield and chemical composition of essential oil from Rosa damascena under foliar application of Ca(NO3)2 and seasonal variation

Rosa damascena is an important essential oil-bearing industrial crop. Rose essential oil is extremely precious natural ingredient in aromatic, cosmetic, food, and pharmaceutical industries. However, ecology and plant nutrition play major roles in flower yield and composition of oil. The main objective was to understand the effects of seasonal variation and foliar application of Ca(NO3)2 on R. damascena under the western Himalayan conditions. Thus, a field experiment was conducted with 12 treatment combinations involving two cropping seasons (2012–2013 and 2013–2014) and six levels of Ca(NO3)2 (water spray as control, Ca(NO3)2 at 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0 and 12.5 g L−1 of water). The first cropping season produced significantly higher flower yield (1044.55 g bush−1) than the second cropping season (699.89 g bush−1). Irrespective of the cropping seasons, the foliar application of Ca(NO3)2 at 10.0 g L−1 registered significantly higher flower yield (993.56 g bush−1) compared with the controlled treatment, but remained statistically at par with 7.5 and 12.5 g L−1. Although the essential oil content in flower was not affected by both the factors, the variations were observed in chemical compositions of essential oil. Analysed data revealed that the effect of seasonal variation on compositions of essential oil was more pronounced compared to the application of Ca(NO3)2. The PCA biplots also indicated the highly positive correlations among the major hydrocarbons. Despite the significant effects of seasonal variation on the accumulations of total N and P in leaves, insignificant results were found for K and Chl. The results suggest that flower yield and compositions of oil are governed by the environmental conditions; moreover, the higher flower yield can be obtained through the foliar application of Ca(NO3)2 under rainfed conditions.

Microcapsules based on octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA)-modified starch and maltodextrins changing the composition and release property of rose essential oil

Octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA)-modified starch and maltodextrins (MDs) are important carbohydrate polymers as wall materials. However, few studies have shown whether these two wall materials affect the composition of core materials. In this work, we investigated the effects of OSA-modified starch and MD on the release property of essential oils. Results showed that among the seven characteristic aroma components (CACs) of rose essential oil (REO), the esters released the fastest, followed by the alcohols, while the release of the phenols was the slowest. Environmental factors such as temperature and relative humidities (RHs) had significant influences on the release kinetics of CACs in REO. This work provides new insights into the use of OSA-modified starch and MDs as wall materials for encapsulating complex and bioactive components.

Cytological Evidence for the Pathway of Synthesis, Accumulation, and Secretion of Rose Essential Oil

Rosa rugosa Thunb. is an important ornamental and economic plant. Essential oil extracted from its flowers is known as “liquid gold” and has a high economic and health value. In this study, the developmental process of secretory epidermal cells of petals, the location of essential oil synthesis and accumulation, and the associated secretory pathway were studied by using Chinese R. rugosa as a test material. Results showed that rose essential oil might be synthesized in two pathways: direct synthesis in plastids and conversion from starch grains. Although starch grains acted as a precursor for essential oil synthesis and provided energy during the synthesis process, the endoplasmic reticulum initially processed a portion of osmiophilic oil for transport and reprocessing through the vesicles of the golgi apparatus. The energy for this process originated from the mitochondria, and the oils were stored in central large vacuoles. Essential oils passed through the cytoplasmic membrane in two ways: through breaks of the cytoplasmic membrane and through exocytosis. This study laid a cytological foundation for regulating the synthesis and metabolism of rose essential oil and provided an important reference for cytologically studying volatile oils in other plants.

Cloning and Functional Verification of Genes Related to 2-Phenylethanol Biosynthesis in Rosa rugosa.

In China, Rosa rugosa is cultivated as a source of natural perfumes. Rose essential oil is known as “liquid gold”, given its high economic and health value. 2-phenylethanol accounts for more than 10% of the total mass fraction of the essential oil derived from R. rugosa. The regulatory mechanisms underlying 2-phenylethanol metabolism in R. rugosa, however, remain unclear. In this study, RrAAAT and RrPPDC1, two genes related to 2-phenylethanol synthesis, were cloned from R. rugosa. Expression analysis revealed that RrAAAT and RrPPDC1 were highly expressed in rose flowers in the full opening and withering stages, and in calyxes. The overexpression vectors of RrAADC, RrAAAT, and RrPPDC1 were established and transformed into Petunia hybrida via Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation. Results demonstrated that the overexpression of RrAADC and RrAAAT increased the 2-phenylethanol content of transgenic petunia flowers. The results of this study provide a basis for the introduction of genes related to 2-phenylethanol synthesis into roses to increase the 2-phenylethanol content of rose essential oil.

Reduction of Tissue Maceration in Potatoes by Rose Essential Oil

Erwinia carotovora is a phytopathogen which causes soft-rot disease in a wide variety of economically important plants. E. carotovora is known to produce a range of exoenzymes that enhance its ability to damage the host tissue and cause disease. A cell to cell communication mechanism called quorum sensing which is mediated by small signalling molecules regulates exoenzymes (cellulase, pectinase and protease) and carbapenem production in E. carotovora. Thus the exploration of new strategies to manipulate this communication pathway for the prevention of E. carotovora infections is valuable. In this study, the inhibitory effects of the rose, orange, lavender, clove, cinnamon, black pepper and cumin oils on the production of the exoenzymes (cellulase, pectinase and protease) and carbapenem in the Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora ATCC 39048 were investigated. And potato tissue maceration was also tested in the presence of oils. Rose and lavender essential oils markedly inhibited the production of pectinases by 38.7 and 9.7%, cellulases by 36.6 and 31.7% and proteases by 29 and 16.1%, carbapenem by 61.9 and 54%, and maceration of potatoes by 61.4 and 30.7% in the E. carotovora respectively without affecting the growth of cells. Although several studies have reported antibacterial effects of rose and lavender essential oils, there is no report describing their antivirulence potential. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the rose and lavender essential oils with potential antivirulence components against soft rot caused by E. carotovora.

Rose Essential Oil Delayed Alzheimer's Disease-Like Symptoms by SKN-1 Pathway in C. elegans.

There are no effective medications for delaying the progress of Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common neurodegenerative disease in the world. In this study, our results with C. elegans showed that rose essential oil (REO) significantly inhibited AD-like symptoms of worm paralysis and hypersensivity to exogenous 5-HT in a dose-dependent manner. Its main components of β-citronellol and geraniol acted less effectively than the oil itself. REO significantly suppressed Aβ deposits and reduced the Aβ oligomers to alleviate the toxicity induced by Aβ overexpression. Additionally, the inhibitory effects of REO on worm paralysis phenotype were abrogated only after skn-1 RNAi but not daf-16 and hsf-1 RNAi. REO markedly activated the expression of gst-4 gene, which further supported SKN-1 signaling pathway was involved in the therapeutic effect of REO on AD C. elegans. Our results provided direct evidence on REO for treating AD on an organism level and relative theoretical foundation for reshaping medicinal products of REO in the future.

Effects of Aromatherapy Using the Damask Rose Essential Oil on Depression, Anxiety, and Stress in Hemodialysis Patients: A Clinical Trial

Background: Depression, anxiety, and stress are very common among hemodialysis patients. The aim of this study was to investigate effects of aromatherapy using the damask rose oil on depression, anxiety, and stress in these patients. Methods: In a clinical trial that was performed in 2015, 60 patients under hemodialysis treatment were randomly allocated to two groups of control and intervention each consisting of 30 subjects. The DASS21 scale was used to measure the rates of depression, anxiety, and stress before and four weeks after intervention. In the intervention group, the patients were asked to inhale the damask rose oil with a constant density of 2% from a piece of cloth smeared with three drops for an hour. In the control group, only the usual, standard care was applied. Results: The comparison of the mean scores before and after the intervention in the two groups showed that after intervention, the depression, anxiety, and stress scores significantly decreased in the damask rose group (P ≤ 0.05). Conclusions: Inhalation aromatherapy using the damask rose oil can decrease depression, anxiety, and stress in hemodialysis patients.

Current Possibilities of Obtaining Rose Fragrance Essential Oil

Вackground. Rose essential oil is one of the most precious essential oils, which is in great demand and is widely used in perfumery and cosmetics, food and pharmaceutical industries. However, traditional methods of production have certain disadvantages; therefore, the biotechnological methods of obtaining rose fragrance essential oil become topical. Оbjective. The aim is the analysis of current literary sources regarding the possibility of obtaining rose fragrance essential oil by traditional and biotechnological methods, search of the most promising microorganisms for further research. Methods. In this paper monitoring and analysis of domestic and foreign literature are carried out. Results. The traditional methods of obtaining rose essential oil, its properties and use are considered. The genera of microorganisms which are able to synthesize fragrant compounds being constituent parts of rose essential oil are identified. Representatives of genus Eremothecium relate to prospective producers that synthesize riboflavin as well as components of rose essential oil (β-phenylethanol, geraniol, citronellol and nerol). Conclusions. The economic reasonability of production on the basis of Eremothecium can be increased at the expense of application of complex obtaining riboflavin and essential oil for satisfaction of medical, pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industry requirements.

Rose Essential Oil Extraction from Fresh Petals Using Synergetic Microwave & Ultrasound Energy: Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity Assessment

Rose Essential Oil Extraction from Fresh Petals Using Synergetic Microwave & Ultrasound Energy: Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity Assessment

Model Study of the Enzymatic Modification of Natural Extracts: Peroxidase-Based Removal of Eugenol from Rose Essential Oil

A protocol based on the use of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) is proposed for the removal of allergenic eugenol from rose essential oil without loss of the organoleptic quality and with a good conservation of the chemical composition. For the first time, an enzyme-based strategy is proposed for essential oils treatment and opens new opportunities in the detoxification of natural extracts used in perfumery and cosmetics. Our results on eugenol in rose essential oil constitute a first step toward the development of efficient and mild processes for the removal of more toxic compounds of natural extracts.

Effect of "Rose Essential Oil" Inhalation on Stress-Induced Skin-Barrier Disruption in Rats and Humans

In stressed animals, several brain regions (e.g., hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus [PVN]) exhibit neuronal activation, which increases plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and glucocorticoids. We previously reported that so-called "green odor" inhibits stress-induced activation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical axis (HPA axis) and thereby prevents the chronic stress-induced disruption of the skin barrier. Here, we investigated whether rose essential oil, another sedative odorant, inhibits the stress-induced 1) increases in PVN neuronal activity in rats and plasma glucocorticoids (corticosterone [CORT] in rats and cortisol in humans) and 2) skin-barrier disruption in rats and humans. The results showed that in rats subjected to acute restraint stress, rose essential oil inhalation significantly inhibited the increase in plasma CORT and reduced the increases in the number of c-Fos-positive cells in PVN. Inhalation of rose essential oil significantly inhibited the following effects of chronic stress: 1) the elevation of transepidermal water loss (TEWL), an index of the disruption of skin-barrier function, in both rats and humans and 2) the increase in the salivary concentration of cortisol in humans. These results suggest that in rats and humans, chronic stress-induced disruption of the skin barrier can be limited or prevented by rose essential oil inhalation, possibly through its inhibitory effect on the HPA axis.

Tocopherol, Carotene, Phenolic Contents and Antibacterial Properties of Rose Essential Oil, Hydrosol and Absolute

The antioxidant and antibacterial activities, and total phenolic contents of Rosa damascena Mill. flower extracts (absolute, essential oil and hydrosol) were investigated. The chemical compositions of these extracts were analysed by GC-MS. Phenylethyl alcohol (78.38%) was found to be the main constituent of rose absolute, while citrenellol and geraniol were the major compounds (>55%) of rose essential oil and hydrosol. Tocopherol and carotene levels were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. The levels of beta carotene (422.3+/-35.6 ppm), alpha tocopherol (2397.1+/-72.5 ppm) and gamma tocopherol (343.1+/-28.4 ppm) of rose absolute were found to be higher than that of essential oil and hydrosol. Their total phenolic contents were also evaluated. The total phenolic content of the tested extracts varied from 5.2 to 2134.3 GAE/mg L(-1). Rose absolute and essential oil contained high levels of phenolics and demonstrated strong antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6633), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538), Chromobacterium violaceum (ATCC 12472) and Erwinia carotovora (ATCC 39048) strains.

Isolation of Rock Rose Essential Oil Using Supercritical CO2 Extraction

Supercritical carbon dioxide has been used as a solvent for the extraction of rock rose leaf (Cistus ladanifer L.). The aim of this work was to identify the best processing conditions to obtain rock rose essential oil. The operating variables were selected so that the only extracted compounds were essential oils and waxes (8–10 MPa and 30–60°C), avoiding the coextraction of high-molecular-weight compounds that do not contribute to fragance formation. Moreover, a two-stage separation procedure was used to separate the waxes from the essential oil. The supercritical extracts were characterized by gas chromatography (GC) to assess the presence of undesirable compounds and to obtain the detailed oil composition. The best oil was produced by extraction at 9 MPa and 40°C and fractionation of the product in two separators in series operating at P = 7 MPa, T = –10°C and at P = 2 MPa, T = 10°C, respectively. Organoleptic analysis confirmed the high quality of the product.