Almond Rootstocks Research Articles

Relationship between endogenous hormonal content and somatic organogenesis in callus of peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch) cultivars and Prunus persica × Prunus dulcis rootstocks

The relationship between endogenous hormones content and the induction of somatic peach plant was studied. To induce multiple shoots from callus derived from the base of stem explants of the scion cultivars 'UFO-3', 'Flariba' and 'Alice Bigi', and the peach×almond rootstocks 'Garnem' and 'GF677', propagated plants were cultured on Murashige and Skoog salts augmented with 0.1mgL(-1) of indolebutyric acid, 1mgL(-1) of 6-benzylaminopurine and 3% sucrose. The highest regeneration rate was obtained with the peach×almond rootstocks. Endogenous levels of abscisic acid (ABA), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), zeatin (Z), zeatin riboside (ZR), ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), salicylic acid (SA), and jasmonic acid (JA) were analyzed in the organogenic callus. Lower levels of several hormones, namely Z, ZR, ABA, and ACC were found in the peach×almond rootstock compared to peach cultivars, while IAA and SA presented inconclusive returns. These results suggest that the difference in somatic organogenesis capacity observed in peach and peach×almond hybrids is markedly affected by the endogenous hormonal content of the studied genotypes.

Effect of plant extracts on the mortality of root-knot nematodes’ J2, Meloidogyne javanica

Root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne javanica, is a major problem confronting greenhouse’s productions, field crops, vegetables, grapevines and almond rootstocks in Kermanshah province, Iran. Nematicides are not affordable to control this nematode. In the search for alternatives to chemicals control of nematodes, this research has dealt with nematicidal effects of crude herbal extracts on the root-knot nematodes. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of 21 endemic and exotic herbal extracts belong to 12 families of flowering plants in comparison with chicken manure and chemical nematicide (Temik) to control root-knot nematodes in in vitro conditions. The nematodes were pured and mass multiplied on tomato in the soil at greenhouse conditions. In order to study the effect of herbal extracts on mortality of second-stage juveniles (J2), a 6 mL of each extract was poured in sterilised Petri dish and 54 ± 4 juveniles were added. Distilled water was used as control and treatments replicated four times and incubated at ambient temperature. The LC50 value of each extract was determined by assessing the mortality of juveniles (in the range of 5–95%) after 24, 48 and 72 h. Comparison between LC50 value of the extracts indicated that Cinnamomum zeylanicum and Eugenia caryophillata are the most effective crude extracts on the mortality of juveniles and they were 15.4 and 17.9 mg mL−1, respectively. Meanwhile, the extract of tobacco, ferulago, garlic, eucalyptus, persan lilac, rattle, oliveria, licorice, russian knapweed, turnsole, sicilian sumac and chicken manure did not have any antinematode activity against fresh second-stage juveniles of the root-knot nematode.

Growth, yield and fruit quality of ‘Tropic Snow’ peach on size-controlling rootstocks under dry Mediterranean climates

A six-year trial was carried out to evaluate the vegetative and productive performance of low-chill, early-ripening ‘Tropic Snow’ peach grown on five peach×almond rootstocks, different for their vigor. The study was conducted in south-western Sicily using 45 V-trained peach trees planted in 2005 and grafted on GF677, the most common rootstock in Sicily, and four low-vigor rootstocks selected at the Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Pisa, namely IS5/8 (Polluce), IS5/19 (Castore), IS5/23, and IS5/29. Trunk circumference, winter and summer pruning weight, total number and weight of fruits per tree, and major fruit quality traits were recorded starting at the 3rd leaf. After fruit harvest in the 5th leaf, irrigation was withheld during the dry summer period (July–September). All IS selections reduced trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA) and pruning weight compared to GF677, with IS5/23 reducing TCSA by 62% and Castore, Polluce and IS5/29 by 32% by the 8th leaf. Yield efficiency was inversely related to tree vigor, with IS5/23 inducing the highest increase over GF677. Trees on IS5/23 exhibited 24–28% reductions of crop load and yield, whereas only IS5/29 increased fruit size compared to GF677. Postharvest water deficit induced significant yield declines in GF677, IS5/29 and IS5/23 in the following year. Low-vigor trees on Castore, Polluce and IS5/23 were more sensitive to changes in stomatal conductance in terms of carbon fixation, performing better than trees on GF677 and IS5/29 under non-limiting water conditions. Only minor rootstock effects on fruit quality were observed, with IS5/23 reducing significantly the final grower's profit. Overall, all low-vigor rootstocks performed decently, and in particular IS5/29 exhibited a good compromise between growth reduction, yield and fruit size, whereas Castore and Polluce may represent valid alternatives to GF677 for early peach production in dry Mediterranean areas.

IN VITRO REGENERATION AND MICROPROPAGATION OF GF-677 HYBRID (PRUNUS AMYGDALUS × P. PERSICA) ROOTSTOCK

In this research a complete regeneration protocol was developed for GF-677, an important rootstock for almond. Nodal sections were cultured on MS (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) medium supplemented with various concentrations (0.5-2.0 mg/L) of BA (benzyladenine). The highest rate of adventitious shoot initiation and multiplication was recorded at concentration of 1 mg/L BA. The young expanding leaves were excised from in vitro shoots and cultured on MS medium supplemented with TDZ (thidiazuron) or BA alone, or in combination with NAA (naphthalene acetic acid) for 3 weeks in the dark and then transferred to a 16/8 hour of (light/dark) photoperiod. Callus formation occurred on the leaf explants within 3 weeks in the dark. The explants were subcultured in the same medium at 3-week intervals. After 4 subcultures no regeneration had been observed on the leaf explants. Callus formed at the bases of shoots on MS medium supplemented with 1 mg/l BA and the adventitious shoots differentiated from these calli. Regenerated shoots from callus were scored, excised, and transferred to elongation medium supplemented with 0.0, 0.1, or 0.5 mg/L BA. MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/L BA, 30 g/L sucrose, and 5.5 g/L agar provided the best shoot elongation. Elongated shoots of GF-677 were cultured on 1/2 MS medium supplemented with 0.05-2.0 mg/l IBA for rooting. On 1/2 MS medium containing 1.0 mg/L IBA, a maximum rooting efficiency of up to 84.2% was obtained. Rooted plantlets were successfully acclimatized and transferred to potting mix with 66.4% survival.

Possible involvement of polyphenols and polyamines in salt tolerance of almond rootstocks

Leaf physiological and biochemical adaptive strategies and more particularly the possible involvement of polyamines and polyphenols in salt stress tolerance were investigated. Three almond rootstocks (GN15, GF677 and bitter almond) were subjected to 0, 25, 50 and 75mM NaCl for 30 days. The dry mass of leaves, stems and roots decreased with increasing salt concentration in the irrigation solution regardless of genotype. Photosynthetic assimilation rate decreased in the three almond rootstocks, but more so in GF677 and bitter almond. The accumulation of toxic ions was greater in the leaves than in the roots in all genotypes. GN15 accumulated less Na(+) and Cl(-) than GF677 and bitter almond. GF677 accumulated polyphenols, but had less anthocyanin and antioxidant activity in its leaves compared to bitter almond. It seems that GN15 was more able to tolerate the excess of toxic ions using anthocyanins which are abundant in its red leaves and free polyamines for a more efficient response to stress. However, most of the antioxidant activity was found in the leaves and was lower in the roots. Given that the upper part of the tree will be of a different cultivar after grafting, this advantage may not be relevant for the tree's survival. GF677 showed a different antioxidant strategy; it maintained a stable carotenoids content and accumulated polyphenols in its leaves. The three rootstocks used different strategies to deal with the excess of salt in the growth medium.

Regeneration of peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch) cultivars and Prunus persica × Prunus dulcis rootstocks via organogenesis

Somatic peach plants were regenerated from callus derived from the base of stem explants of the scion cultivars ‘UFO-3’, ‘Maruja’, ‘Flariba’ and ‘Alice Bigi’, and the peach × almond rootstocks ‘Garnem’ and ‘GF677’. A protocol for organogenic plant regeneration was developed using three culture media containing different concentrations of 6-benzyladenine (BA) and indolebutyric acid to produce organogenic calli. Shoots were obtained from sliced calli after their transfer to a differentiation culture medium containing 2 mg l−1 BA and 1 mg l−1 α-naphthalene acetic acid. Using this procedure, up to 29 regenerated plants per callus were obtained. The highest regeneration rate was obtained with the peach × almond rootstocks. This work provides an effective protocol that could be utilized for peach transformation research.

Morphological and molecular variability in some Iranian almond genotypes and related Prunus species and their potentials for rootstock breeding

In this study, in order to know the variability for a rootstock breeding program genetic diversity and relationships among 55 Iranian almond genotypes and seven related Prunus species were investigated. Morphological and molecular analyses were used. Principal component analysis showed that three components explained 67.6% of the total morphological variation for the first year and 68.06% for the second year of the study. Leaf traits were predominant in the first component and contributed most of the total variation. Leaf length and width, as well as, leaf area were highly correlated with each other and correlated to vigor. Also a negative correlation was found between leaf length/width ratio and vigor. Ward's method was used to construct cluster from morphological data which allocated individuals into their respective species. Out of 100 pre-screened RAPD primers, 16 with reproducible bands and maximum polymorphism were selected. Two-hundred and sixty bands were scored of which 250 of them were polymorphic. Average value of polymorphism per primer was 95.81% and maximum value for polymorphism (100%) was obtained from TIBMBA-14, TIBMBA-17, TIBMBB-05, TIBMBB-08, TIBMBD-09, and TIBMBD-10. On the other hand, the minimum value was obtained from TIBMBB-16 (86%). Primer TIBMBB-5 gave the maximum number of bands (25 fragments) and the minimum obtained from TIBMBE-18 (11 fragments). Genetic similarity based on Jaccard's coefficient ranged from 0.28 to 0.79 with an average of 0.53. Molecular analysis revealed a high degree of separation among samples regarding their geographical origin. Correlation between two approaches was low ( R = −0.38). High molecular and morphological variability indicated that this collection includes rich and valuable plant materials for almond rootstock breeding.

Register of New Fruit and Nut Cultivars List 45

Crop Listings: Almond Rootstock, Apple, Apricot and Apricot Hybrids, Banana, Blackberry, Blueberry, Cacao, Citrus, Citrus Rootstock, Cranberry, Genip (Quenepa, Spanish Lime), Grape, Grape rootstock, Macadamia, Mango, Nectarine, Passion Fruit, Peach, Peach Rootstock, Pecan, Persian Walnut, Persian Walnut Rootstock, Pineapple, Pistachio, Pitanga (Surinam Cherry), Plantain, Plum and Plum Hybrids, Plum Rootstock, Raspberry, Strawberry

‘Replantpac’ (Rootpac® R), a Plum–almond Hybrid Rootstock for Replant Situations

‘Replantpac’ is a new plum–almond hybrid selected by Agromillora Iberia, S.L., Barcelona, Spain, for use mainly as a rootstock for Japanese plum (Prunus salicina Lindl.), peach, and nectarine [P. persica (L.) Batsch] cultivars, but it can also be used for almond [P. dulcis (Mill.) D. A. Webb, syn. P. amygdalus Batsch] and some apricot (P. armeniaca L.) cultivars. Trees are green leaf, with a vigor comparable to ‘Marianna 2624’ (P. cerasifera · P. munsoniana W. Wight & Herd.). Its high productivity, broad range of compatibility with several Prunus species, and outstanding adaptation to poor, heavy soils with high lime content (that cause iron chlorosis) offer a better production alternative for several Prunus species, especially in sites where soil limitations do not allow, for example, peach cultivation with traditional peach or peach–almond rootstocks (Felipe, 1989; Moreno, 2004). The high survival rate of ‘Replantpac’ as compared with peach, plum, and other peach–almond rootstocks makes this cultivar ideal for replant situations.

Effects of plant growth regulators on growth and carbohydrate accumulation in shoots and roots of two almond rootstock seedlings

Introduction. Prunus amygdalus and P. webbii can be used as rootstocks for almond cultivars due to their adaptability to severe environmental conditions. However, the time required for seedlings to reach a suitable size for transplanting may take 1 to 3 years. Our study tested the effects of foliar application of growth regulators on the vegetative growth and carbohydrate accumulation in shoots and roots of these species. Materials and methods. Six-week-old seedlings were treated with gibberellic acid (GA3) (100 mg·L–1) alone or with GA3 followed by ethephon [(100 and 200) mg·L–1], or chlormequat chloride (CCC) [(500 and 1000) mg·L–1], or paclobutrazol (PBZ) [(500 and 1000) mg·L–1]. Results and discussion. Most levels of plant growth regulators significantly enhanced seedling growth. However, GA3 alone was most effective on stem height, leaf area, and shoot fresh and dry weights of both almond species. The thickest stems of P. amygdalus and P. webbii were obtained from the application of 100 mg GA3·L–1 followed by application of (1000 and 500) mg PBZ·L–1, respectively. In both species, PBZ significantly increased leaf chlorophyll content compared with the controls as well as with the other treatments. Application of GA3 alone on P. webbii and of GA3 followed by 100 mg ethephon·L–1 on P. amygdalus showed the highest root number, and root fresh and dry weights. High levels of soluble sugars and starch in the shoots and roots of both species were observed when GA3 application was followed by PBZ. Conclusion. These results demonstrated that application of plant growth regulators to the seedlings might be a useful way of enhancing growth of P. amygdalus and P. webbii and reducing the time and cost of seedling production.

Efficacy of olive mill waste water and its derivatives in the suppression of crown gall disease of bitter almond

Olive mill waste water (OMW) and some of its indigenous bacterial strains were tested in vitro and in planta for their efficacy against crown gall disease caused by Agrobacterium tumefaciens. OMW and polyphenols displayed a high level of antibacterial activity, however the volatile fraction was less efficient as only a bacteriostatic effect was observed. In pot experiments, the percentage of bitter almond rootstock showing symptoms of crown gall was significantly reduced with the dosage rate of OMW 1% as compared to the control (highly natural infected soil treated with water). Five indigenous bacterial strains isolated from OMW exhibited an antagonistic effect against the bacterium. Based on the gene 16S rRNA sequence analysis, one isolate showed 99.2% similarity to known sequences of Bacillus subtilis, one isolate demonstrated high percentage similarities (99.3%) to the genera Bacillus pumilis, and two isolates were associated with Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Pseudomonas putida 100% and 99.6% similarities respectively. Among these bacteria, the strain B1 proved efficient against the soil borne pathogen in vitro and pot experiments. Our study in controlled conditions suggested that the addition of OMW to soil exerts significant disease suppressiveness against A. tumefaciens.

Variabilidad anatómica de los sistemas de conducción y estomático de genotipos de Prunus spp. de diferentes orígenes

El propósito de esta investigación fue estudiar las relaciones ambientales de disponibilidad de humedad, con las características anatómicas del sistema de conducción de agua y estomático, en cinco genotipos de duraznos mexicanos con diferentes orígenes (Jalatzingo y Misantla, Veracruz; Temascaltepec, México; Tulancingo, Oaxaca; Sombrerete, Zacatecas), un almendro y el portainjerto Nemaguard. Fueron caracterizados anatómicamente brotes, hojas y estomas de plántulas de seis meses de edad, mediante 25 caracteres. El almendro y el portainjerto Nemaguard presentaron diferencias con respecto a los duraznos, los cuales tuvieron mayor similitud, aunque mantuvieron una separación acorde con su origen. Los caracteres que diferenciaron los grupos fueron: densidad estomática, grosor de la epidermis superior, número, frecuencia y perímetro de vasos, el índice de vulnerabilidad de la nervadura central, y el porcentaje de médula, xilema y floema del brote. Las condiciones de disponibilidad de humedad del origen presentaron fuerte asociación con las características anatómicas estudiadas, debido a que los ambientes con mayor déficit de humedad (Tulancingo y Sombrerete) presentaron mayor tamaño y menor frecuencia de vasos de xilema, así como bajo porcentaje de xilema y floema en brote, lo que puede interpretarse como adaptaciones de resistencia a sequía. La zona donde es rara la ocurrencia de sequía (Jalatzingo) presentó características opuestas.

PERFORMANCE OF NEW SELECTIONS OF PRUNUS ROOTSTOCKS, RESISTANT TO ROOT KNOT NEMATODES, IN WATERLOGGING CONDITIONS

PERFORMANCE OF NEW SELECTIONS OF PRUNUS ROOTSTOCKS, RESISTANT TO ROOT KNOT NEMATODES, IN WATERLOGGING CONDITIONS

Nutritional (Fe-Mn) interactions in ‘Big Top’ peach plants as influenced by the rootstock and by the soil CaCO3 concentration

Manganese (Mn) toxicity in plants is often not a clearly identifiable disorder and it can interfere with the absorption, translocation, and utilization of other elements such as Ca, Mg, Fe, and P. Soil conditions, management factors, and the use of different genotypes of rootstock can determine the degree of Mn toxicity and of interaction with other elements in the orchard. Five plants of the cultivar ‘Big Top’® grafted onto itself, onto plum rootstock ‘Mr.S.2/5’ and onto hybrid peach x almond rootstock ‘GF677’ were grown in 25-L containers under three treatments, 0, 20, 30% concentration of total lime, obtained by mixing powdered CaCO3 to a sandy soil. Plants were fertilized with manure and a solid fertilizer early in April and irrigated in summer periodically with water rich in manganese. After just 28 d, active lime caused a decrease of chlorophyll SPAD index especially in plants grafted on itself, while those grafted on the tolerant ‘GF677’ rootstock behaved better than those grafted on ‘Mr.S.2/5.’ From June to September, irrigation caused increases in soil Mn concentration and Mn concentration in control plants. This caused first a serious defoliation in Big Top / Big Top plants and then a re-greening of cultivar grafted onto ‘Mr.S.2/5’ and ‘GF677,’ probably due to the interaction between iron and manganese at high pH. In particular the 20% CaCO3 addition to the soil preserved the plants of cultivar grafted onto ‘Mr.S.2/5’ from Mn toxicity, as shown by their high chlorophyll content and growth and lower Mn leaf concentrations. Plants grafted onto ‘GF677’ rootstock showed the best behaviour under 30% CaCO3 treatment associated to higher Fe(III)-reducing capacity and photosynthetic activity. Rootstocks and soil conditions (lime and waterlogging) influenced mineral status and growth of the peach cultivar ‘Big Top,’ particularly by interacting together and modifying Fe-Mn availability.

'Nickels' Almond × Peach Hybrid Clonal Rootstock

‘Nickels’ is a vegetatively propagated almond rootstock clone originating as a hybrid seedling ‘PA1-82’ from the cross of ‘UCD533’ almond to ‘Nemaguard’ peach. Vegetative progeny are uniform, vigorous, highly compatible with almond cultivars, and relatively easy to propagate. Compared with the commercially important ‘Hansen 536’ rootstock, ‘Nickels’ is better adapted to current nursery propagation and storage practices as well as to a wider range of California almond production environments, possibly related to its greater winter chilling requirement. ‘Nickels’ also has a similar range of resistance to nematode species as does the parental ‘Nemaguard’, which is a widely used rootstock for Prunus tree crops in California. The hybrid vigor of this interspecific rootstock confers greater vigor to the almond scion, making it particularly useful for replant situations where adjacent trees are typically larger and so more competitive. Origin

Water balance in a young almond orchard under drip irrigation with water of low quality

The water balance of young almond trees (Amygdalus communis L. cv. Atocha grafted onto `Pestañeta' almond rootstock), drip-irrigated with low quality water, was determined during two and a half years. Four irrigation treatments based on the reduction coefficients of Class A pan evaporation were used to determine the water uptake of this species, although the water balance was only determined in the highest and lowest irrigation treatments. The water balance parameters for these treatments are shown and discussed in detail. The ET c calculated for the two treatments differed markedly during summer, reaching values of 4.3 and 3.3 mm per day (for the highest and the lowest irrigation treatments, respectively), during the last year of the experiment, coinciding with the months of highest evaporation. When various vegetative and productive parameters were studied in relation with the irrigation treatments, no clear conclusions were reached. This was mainly due to the excessive salinity of the irrigation water used (4.26 dS m −1), which limited the trees' vegetative growth and production rate, which in our case was 1583 kg ha −1 compared with the 2955 kg ha −1 obtained when less saline irrigation water (0.8 dS m −1) and similar irrigation water volumes (408 and 368 mm, respectively) were used for the same cultivar (Atocha).

`Marianna 2624' Plum as a Rootstock for Almond

`Marianna 2624' Plum as a Rootstock for Almond

Detection of Agrobacterium tumefaciens and biological control of crown gall in almond rootstocks 1

EPPO BulletinVolume 27, Issue 4 p. 519-519 Detection of Agrobacterium tumefaciens and biological control of crown gall in almond rootstocks 1 M. M. LÓPEZ, M. M. LÓPEZ IVIA, Apartado Oficial, 46113 Moncada, Valencia (Spain)Search for more papers by this authorJ. CUBERO, J. CUBERO IVIA, Apartado Oficial, 46113 Moncada, Valencia (Spain)Search for more papers by this authorB. VICEDO, B. VICEDO IVIA, Apartado Oficial, 46113 Moncada, Valencia (Spain)Search for more papers by this authorJ. PIQUER, J. PIQUER IVIA, Apartado Oficial, 46113 Moncada, Valencia (Spain)Search for more papers by this authorR. PEÑALVER, R. PEÑALVER IVIA, Apartado Oficial, 46113 Moncada, Valencia (Spain)Search for more papers by this author M. M. LÓPEZ, M. M. LÓPEZ IVIA, Apartado Oficial, 46113 Moncada, Valencia (Spain)Search for more papers by this authorJ. CUBERO, J. CUBERO IVIA, Apartado Oficial, 46113 Moncada, Valencia (Spain)Search for more papers by this authorB. VICEDO, B. VICEDO IVIA, Apartado Oficial, 46113 Moncada, Valencia (Spain)Search for more papers by this authorJ. PIQUER, J. PIQUER IVIA, Apartado Oficial, 46113 Moncada, Valencia (Spain)Search for more papers by this authorR. PEÑALVER, R. PEÑALVER IVIA, Apartado Oficial, 46113 Moncada, Valencia (Spain)Search for more papers by this author First published: 28 June 2008 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2338.1997.tb00676.xCitations: 1 1 Paper presented at the Joint EPPO/MPU Conference on Almond Diseases, Valencia (ES), 1996-11-19/21. AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume27, Issue4December 1997Pages 519-519 RelatedInformation

A comparison between minirhizotron and soil coring methods of estimating root distribution in young almond trees under trickle irrigation

SummaryThe minirhizotron method and the soil coring method were used to study the development of the root system (down to 105 cm) of almond trees cv. Atocha on ‘Pestaneta’ almond rootstock. The study was carried out during the first years of development of the trees under trickle irrigation. Most of the roots (about 80%) developed within the wetted zone of the trickle line in the top 60 cm of soil. The greatest root length density (RLD) was within 30 cm of the soil surface but decreased rapidly with depth. Outside the wetted zone, the greatest root development occurred at about 60 cm depth. When the RLD values obtained by the minirhizotron and soil coring methods were compared, the former was seen to underestimate the RLD values particularly in the top layers of soil so much so that the root distribution patterns established by the methods were not comparable. However, a significant relationship was established between the measurements obtained by both methods at different soil depths.

Almond trees grown on peach rootstock initially more productive

In trials conducted from 1975 through 1988, ‘Carmel’ almond trees on Nemaguard and Lovell peach seedling rootstocks frequently had significantly higher yields than trees on almond seedling rootstocks, but there was no significant difference in yield between the two peach rootstocks. Lovell rootstock produced larger trees than Nemaguard or almond rootstocks, particularly with the ‘Carmel’ cultivar. Leaf analysis showed that trees on almond root-stock had lower potassium and magnesium, and higher sodium, calcium and zinc levels than trees on the peach rootstocks.