Root Structure Research Articles

The Influence of the Genotype and Planting Density on the Structure and Composition of Root and Rhizosphere Microbial Communities in Maize.

Maize has the largest cultivation area of any crop in the world and plays an important role in ensuring food security. High-density planting is essential for maintaining high maize yields in modern intensive agriculture. Nonetheless, how high-density planting and the tolerance of individual genotypes to such planting shape the root-associated microbiome of maize is still unknown. In this study, we analyzed the root and rhizosphere bacterial communities of two maize accessions with contrasting shoot architectures grown under high- and low-density planting conditions. Our results suggested that maize hosted specific, distinct bacterial communities in the root endocompartment and that the maize genotype had a significant effect on the selection of specific microbes from the rhizosphere. High-density planting also had significant effects on root-associated bacterial communities. Specifically, genotype and high-density planting coordinated to shape the structure, composition, and function of root and rhizosphere bacterial communities. Taken together, our results provide insights into how aboveground plant architecture and density may alter the belowground bacterial community in root-associated compartments of maize.

Rogue wave patterns associated with Adler–Moser polynomials in the nonlinear Schrödinger equation

We report new rogue wave patterns in the nonlinear Schrödinger equation. These patterns include heart-shaped structures, fan-shaped sectors, and many others, that are formed by individual Peregrine waves. They appear when multiple internal parameters in the rogue wave solutions get large. Analytically, we show that these new patterns are described asymptotically by root structures of Adler–Moser polynomials through a dilation. Since Adler–Moser polynomials are generalizations of the Yablonskii–Vorob’ev polynomial hierarchy and contain free complex parameters, these new rogue patterns associated with Adler–Moser polynomials are much more diverse than previous rogue patterns associated with the Yablonskii–Vorob’ev polynomial hierarchy. We also compare analytical predictions of these patterns to true solutions and demonstrate good agreement between them.

Variations and anomalies in the structure and branching of lumbosacral spinal nerve roots: a case report and global insights

Aim. The objective of this study is to analyze the clinical course of lumbosacral spinal nerve root anomalies / variants Type I according to the A. Neidre and I. MacNab’s classification, along with a retrospective MRI data analysis before surgery, focusing on the unique branching and topography of the spinal nerve roots. Additionally, we aim to address the relevance of correlating preoperative visualized features with the presence of anatomical anomalies attributed to these spinal nerve root variations, and their implications on the clinical presentation. Our study aims to compare our findings with the global diagnostic experience, classification, and specific aspects of performing discectomies based on individual anatomical characteristics of the lumbosacral region.
 Results. We present data from our own observation, when during surgery, a probable verification of a Type I lumbosacral spinal nerve root anomaly / variation according to the A. Neidre and I. MacNab’s classification was discovered in a patient. The anomaly appeared as a dense mass resembling a nerve root in the structural characteristics but with a significantly larger diameter. It emerged from the dural space at the level of the upper third of the L5 arch and then divided into two parts. A thinner bundle, comparable in diameter to a normal nerve root, exited through the L5-S1 intervertebral foramen, while a considerably thicker bundle followed a path parallel to the axis of the dural sac and exited through the S1-S2 intervertebral foramen.
 Comparison with global clinical observations revealed that despite the significant clinical and surgical implications, several aspects of this anomaly remain poorly studied and require further exploration and systematization.
 Conclusions. The lumbosacral nerve root anomalies (LSNRA) demonstrate a variety of structural variations and branching patterns, which are reflected in different classifications. Among the professional community, the classification of LSNRA, developed by A. Neidre and I. MacNab in 1983 and supplemented by S. M. Burke et al. in 2013, is recognized as the most relevant and frequently applied. While changes in vertebral bone structures can be easily diagnosed using modern imaging methods, preoperative diagnosis of LSNRA proves to be challenging, and the informativeness of standard MRI is limited, as confirmed by the clinical case presented. The dissonance between prominent neurological symptoms and relatively minor disc protrusion allows for the potential presence of a root variation/anomaly when planning the lumbar spine discectomy.
 The most informative diagnostic method for LSNRA is MR neurography. Among the radiological signs of Type I lumbоsacral nerve root anomalies, the following are considered valid: “corner sign”, “fat crescent sign”, and “parallel sign”. The verification of LSNRA is predominantly intraoperatively based on a series of characteristic topographicanatomical features, including atypical locations of the root’s origin from the dural sac, “unusual” nerve root exit angle, even up to a right angle, and technical challenges in root mobilization during routine lumbar discectomy procedures.

Cytogenetic effects of Tribulus terrestris L. on meristematic cells of Allium cepa L. and Vicia faba L.

Tribulus terrestris is a plant of the Zygophyllaceae family frequently used worldwide to treat various diseases due to the therapeutic effects of its pharmacological components. This study examines the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of T. terrestris using two plant models, Allium cepa and Vicia faba. Extracts of 0.00625, 0.0125, 0.025, 0.05 and 0.1mg/mL were tested on meristematic cells of A. cepa and V. faba roots. This assessment includes the study of root growth, structure and coloration, as well as the determination of the mitotic index (MI) and chromosomal aberrations (CAs) as accurate indicators of toxicity. Our results showed a significant decrease in the mean length of roots treated with 0.025, 0.05 and 0.1 mg/ml for A. cepa and 0.1 mg/ml for V. faba. Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity results showed a significant decrease in MI from 0.025 mg/ml in A. cepa and from 0.05 mg/ml in V. faba, and this decrease in MI is linked to the increase in concentration and treatment time with T. terrestris. Furthermore, a significant increase in CAs was observed in A. cepa and V. faba from the 0.025 mg/ml concentration. The significant reduction in MI and CAs abundance suggests the genotoxicity of T. terrestris. Therefore, T. terrestris is a medicinal plant that should be used with caution, appropriately and based on essential therapeutic needs.

Thermally stable piezoelectric fiber based on perfluoroalkoxy alkane piezoelectret with a lotus root structure

Advanced functional fibers, which can endow common textiles with specific functionalities by traditional weaving processes without losing their basic features, including flexibility, breathability, and wash ability, are desired in flexible and wearable devices. However, the performance of piezoelectric wire sensors in previous studies has been unsatisfactory, especially in harsh environments. This article reports a thermally stable thin piezoelectric fiber with a lotus root structure, consisting of a core electrode, a perfluoroalkoxy alkane piezoelectret layer, a ground/shield electrode, and an outer jacket. The specific structure together with a small diameter of 0.4 mm makes such fiber sensors very flexible and suitable to be woven into clothing or integrated into thin substrates. The piezoelectric sensitivity of the fibers, up to 1.50 pC/N at 0.25 MPa, is achieved and very stable in a broad operating temperature ranging from −79 to 150 °C, showing a promising application prospect in extreme environments. The fabrics and socks woven with such fibers can detect various motions, demonstrating their practicability in smart clothing for ordinary applications such as rehabilitation and gait analysis and special purposes such as functional clothing for astronauts and firefighters who may expose to very low- or high-temperature environments.

Relating steep REE patterns in modern volcanism and the development of an amphibole-rich middle to lower crust at the Colombian magmatic arc: A geochemical and receiver functions approach

In this study, I integrated geochemical modeling and receiver functions to test for magmatic fractionation above a garnet pyroxenite arc root structure beneath the Colombian magmatic arc (Northern Andes), as a feasible mechanism to explain the record of steep rare earth element (REE) patterns in modern volcanism and the development of an amphibole-rich middle to lower crust. Magmatic fractionation was evaluated through the geochemical modeling of volcanic rocks that show steep REE patterns with high Sr/Y and La/Yb ratios. A well-defined REE geochemical trend was accomplished for all samples at temperature and pressure estimates that are consistent with middle to lower crustal conditions (∼825-935 °C, ∼10.0–14.7 kbar). From the integration of receiver functions, after analyzing the middle to lower crustal signals at multiple stations on top of active volcanoes, the deep crust of the arc is interpreted as a seismically fast (Vs: ≥4.5 km/s) and dense arc root (≥3.3 g/cm3), above which, lies a low-velocity zone with a horizontal to tilted anisotropy axis. This anisotropic low-velocity region is proposed as a partially molten domain related to the evolution of the arc system. The proposed magmatic fractionating model explains satisfactorily the genesis of rocks with steep REE patterns and high Sr/Y (>40) and La/Yb (>20) ratios as a counterpart for a clinopyroxene amphibolite residuum composing deep levels of the arc crust. I suggest that these fractionating processes are playing an important role in the construction of the Colombian magmatic arc, enabling the formation of a dense garnet pyroxenite arc root, a genetically related amphibole-rich middle to lower crust, and the derivation of steep REE patterns with high Sr/Y and La/Yb ratios in the modern Colombian volcanism.

Ecological and economic significance of swamp vegetation nursery for successful reforestation program: an insight from Bangladesh

ABSTRACT There is a growing interest in understanding and establishing forest nurseries in swamp ecosystem areas of Bangladesh. This study aims to evaluate the socio-economic and ecological contribution of swamp small-scale tree nurseries. The result revealed that government and non-government organizations established swamp nurseries in Bangladesh. Swamp nursery producer generates an annual average net profit of USD 4745. Small-scale swamp nursery owners benefited in multiple forms: subsistence, house construction, savings purposes, and, most importantly, expansion of their businesses. However, the ecological aspect of seedling production was not satisfactory because of the lack of facilities such as skilled labor supply, access to high-quality germplasm, technical skills, nursery facilities, etc. In the nurseries observed, only two dominant swamp tree species, locally known as Hijol (Barringtonia acutangular) and Koroch (Pongamia pinnata) seedlings were found. In most cases, those seedlings were morphologically unhealthy, and the root structure was deformed, which was identified as a major problem of reforestation programs in wetland areas. Therefore, to make the reforestation program successful and create livelihoods for the rural poor in the wetland areas, there is an urgent need to develop quality seedlings-based swamp nurseries, which are only possible through proper nursery management techniques.

Interfacial modification and oxidation resistance behavior of a CVD-SiC coating for C/SiC composites

The root structure was introduced to mainly improve the oxidation resistance and bonding strength of chemical vapor deposition (CVD) SiC coating on C/SiC composites. The microstructure, phase composition, bonding strength, and thermal cycling performance of SiC coatings with root structure were investigated. The results indicated that the designed and prepared root structure, consisting of pores and SiC nanowires, improved the bonding strength between the matrix and SiC coating. The tensile strength of the coating increased to over 4.67 MPa. The root structure reduced coating cracking or spalling by relieving thermal stress, inhibiting the propagation of cracks, and improving bonding strength. The oxidation resistance of coating could be effectively increased. After 9 thermal cycles between 1873 K and room temperature, the weight loss was only 0.48 wt%.

ABA-dependent suberization and aquaporin activity in rice (Oryza sativa L.) root under different water potentials.

Drought is one of the most stressful environments limiting crop growth and yield throughout the world. Therefore, most efforts have been made to document drought-derived genetic and physiological responses and to find better ways to improve drought tolerance. The interaction among them is unclear and/or less investigated. Therefore, the current study is to find a clue of metabolic connectivity among them in rice root experiencing different levels of drought condition. We selected 19 genes directly involved in abscisic acid (ABA) metabolism (6), suberization (6), and aquaporins (AQPs) activity (7) and analyzed the relatively quantitative gene expression using qRT-PCR from rice roots. In addition, we also analyzed proline, chlorophyll, and fatty acids and observed cross-sectional root structure (aerenchyma) and suberin lamella deposition in the endodermis. All drought conditions resulted in an obvious development of aerenchyma and two- to fourfold greater accumulation of proline. The limited water supply (-1.0 and -1.5 MPa) significantly increased gene expression (ABA metabolism, suberization, and AQPs) and developed greater layer of suberin lamella in root endodermis. In addition, the ratio of the unsaturated to the saturated fatty acids was increased, which could be considered as an adjusted cell permeability. Interestingly, these metabolic adaptations were an exception with a severe drought condition (hygroscopic coefficient, -3.1 MPa). Accordingly, we concluded that the drought-tolerant mechanism in rice roots is sophisticatedly regulated until permanent wilting point (-1.5 MPa), and ABA metabolism, suberization, and AQPs activity might be independent and/or concurrent process as a survival strategy against drought.

Effect of biofertilizers and rhizospheric bacteria on growth and root ultrastucture of lettuce

Biofertilization is a technique that uses plant and animal wastes to add organic matter and nutrients to the soil. It can also use microorganisms that can metabolize these by-products to facilitate their absorption by the plant roots. In this study, we tested the effects of rhizospheric bacteria inoculation (T1), a combination of rhizospheric bacteria with liquid fertilizer (T2) and uncombined liquid fertilizer (T3), on the growth, nutritional content, root tissue, and root cells of lettuce plants. The results showed significant positive differences in all treatments compared to control plants, in terms of morphological, nutritional, and productivity parameters. The combination of rhizospheric bacteria with liquid SEFEL fertilizer (T2) yielded the best results, showing increased fresh and dry weight, and diameter. There were no differences between treatments for nutritional content, but each treatment outperformed the control by more than 700% for all macronutrients. The best result was phosphorus content for T1, with 1272.22% more than control. Regarding root structure and ultrastructure, there was no variation in tissue organization compared to control plants, but increases in root hairs (T1), development of transfer cells (T2), and secondary growth (T3) were observed. Additionally, colonization of roots by rhizospheric bacteria was confirmed in all three treatments. In conclusion, this study suggests that inoculating with rhizospheric bacteria is a viable and environmentally friendly biofertilization for lettuce plants.

The effect of phonetic harmony in causative morphemes in Kiswahili

This article focuses on the causative morpheme in Kiswahili. It notes that the causative morpheme has many allomorphs. The study explains the relationship between the verb root and the causative form. It also clarifies phonetic harmony through the effect of the verb root structure of consonants and vowels on the morphological unit of the causative morpheme. Data relating to the causative case was collected from dictionaries and textbooks. The study used the analytical descriptive linguistic method. This study addresses the following questions: What is the cause of the verity of causative allomorphs in Kiswahili, and what is the relationship between the root of the verb and the morpheme of the causative form? Variation of causative allomorphs is imposed by the morphophonemic rule ‘phonetic harmony’ in Kiswahili. This study can contribute to clarifying the method of using the allomorph of causation in the word.

Partial Extraction Therapy (Part 2): Complication Management in Full-Arch Dental Implant Therapy.

Partial extraction therapy (PET) is a group of surgical techniques that preserves the periodontium and peri-implant tissues during restorative and implant therapy by conserving a portion of the patient's own root structure to maintain blood supply derived from the periodontal ligament complex. PET includes the socket shield technique (SST), proximal shield technique (PrST), pontic shield (PtST), and root submergence technique (RST). Although their clinical success and benefits have been demonstrated, several studies report possible complications. The focus of this article is to highlight management strategies for the most common complications associated with PET including internal root fragment exposure, external root fragment exposures, and root fragment mobility.

Phonemic structure of the root morpheme in the Gothic language (a complex quantitative analysis of lexicographic sources)

The article deals with the problems of the phonemic structure of the root morpheme in Gothic. Using a systematic sampling procedure, the words from a Gothic dictionary were selected to form the register with 382 root morphemes. The study employed a quantitative research with statistical data analysis toinvestigate such characteristics of the Gothic root morpheme as its length in phonemes, distribution, combinability and phonotactics of vowel and consonant phonemes within CV root patterns, their constructive potential and symmetry. The investigation has revealed several fundamental regularities that characterize the Gothic root morpheme organizing on the phonemic level. The results of the study have shown that the Gothic language has roots ranging in length from two to nine phonemes, but four-fifths of the analyzed roots consisted of 3-4 phonemes, the average length of the Gothic root in phonemes is 3.55, the multi-phoneme roots are rare and represented mainly by lexical items of non-Germanic origin. The analysis of the realized canonical forms has shown that the Gothic language system uses only 2% of the theoretically possible forms for the construction of root morphemes at the phonemic level. The vast majority of these roots function as dependent roots, only 5% of them function as independent roots that form complete lexical units. The canonical forms of roots in the Gothic language have different modeling power; the most productive among them are three structural types (CVC, CVCC, CCVC), which form almost four fifths of all roots in the studied array. The phonemic structure of the root morpheme is characterized by a significant consonantal saturation: the initial and final components of most canonical forms are formed by consonants, and the medial ones by vowels. Structures of this type describe almost 90% of the total number of roots in the study sample. It has been proven that the phonemic structure of Gothic roots is characterized by symmetry, with the symmetrically constructed roots being mostly characterized by the mirror type of symmetry.

MicroRNA 4407 modulates nodulation in soybean by repressing a root-specific ISOPENTENYLTRANSFERASE (GmIPT3).

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important regulators of plant biological processes, including soybean nodulation. One miRNA, miR4407, was identified in soybean roots and nodules. However, the function of miR4407 in soybean is still unknown. MiR4407, unique to soybean, positively regulates lateral root emergence and root structures and represses a root-specific ISOPENTENYLTRANSFERASE (GmIPT3). By altering the expression of miR4407 and GmIPT3, we investigated the role of miR4407 in lateral root and nodule development. Both miR4407 and GmIPT3 are expressed in the inner root cortex and nodule primordia. Upon rhizobial inoculation, miR4407 was downregulated while GmIPT3 was upregulated. Overexpressing miR4407 reduced the number of nodules in transgenic soybean hairy roots while overexpressing the wild-type GmIPT3 or a miR4407-resistant GmIPT3 mutant (mGmIPT3) significantly increased the nodule number. The mechanism of miR4407 and GmIPT3 functions was also linked to autoregulation of nodulation (AON), where miR4407 overexpression repressed miR172c and activated its target, GmNNC1, turning on AON. Exogenous CK mimicked the effects of GmIPT3 overexpression on miR172c, supporting the notion that GmIPT3 regulates nodulation by enhancing root-derived CK. Overall, our data revealed a new miRNA-mediated regulatory mechanism of nodulation in soybean. MiR4407 showed a dual role in lateral root and nodule development.

Soil Biota in a Nonnative Range has a Net Positive Effect on the Perennial Herb Lupinus polyphyllus

Invasive species can have detrimental effects on the health of local ecosystems. Lupinus polyphyllus is an herb native to western and northeast North America, but the species has become invasive worldwide. In northeastern Ohio, United States, the species is nonnative, but not invasive and not spreading rapidly. Because physical distance is not a barrier, there are other reasons behind the inability of the species to become locally invasive. Here, the net effect of the local soil biota on the range expansion of the species was tested to explore 2 alternative, non-mutually exclusive, hypotheses. First, if belowground enemies limit this species range, thenet effect of the soil biota would be negative. Alternatively, soil mutualists might have a relatively greater net effect on plant fitness. A greenhouse experiment was conducted with 3 populations of seeds from the invasive range across 2 experimental treatments: a general fungicide (ZeroTol®) treatment and a water-control treatment. Fungicide treatment reduced total biomass in 2 out of 3 populations, consistent with limitations by the abundance of belowground mutualists. Fungicide treatment also changed root structure by reducing the number of nodules, root length, and diameter, while increasing root tissue density. Although the fungicidetreatment hindered the growth of lupines overall, the changes in root structure indicate that the treated individuals were able to partially compensate by shifting to more of an outsourcing method of resource acquisition. The results suggest that in addition to belowground mutualistic interactions, phenotypic plasticity and intraspecific genetic variation may also contribute to the success of L. polyphyllus in its nonnative ranges.

Magnetic attachment for complete overdenture: A case report

Background: Overdenture is a partial or complete denture that has support from natural tooth roots that have been treated with endodontic treatment. Retain the remaining teeth prevent resorption of alveolar ridge. An overdenture with a magnetic attachment can be used to increase the retention of the denture. The magnets transfer the occlusal load to the bone through the periodontal ligament of retained roots that are attached with remaining root structure Objectives: This case report is aimed to report the step-by-step treatment of complete denture mandibula and complete overdenture maxilla with magnetic attachment retained design Case Report: A 62-year-old female visited the Prosthodontic Clinic of Dentistry Faculty, Airlangga University with a chief complaint of difficulty in eating. Clinical examination shown partial edentulous in the mandibula. The remaining teeth were 18, 14, 23, 25 and 43. Case management: After thorough observation from the clinical presentation and radiographic, magnetic attachment was planned on 14 in order to retain the remaining tooth and improving retention and stabilization of the maxillary denture. Conclusion: Magnetic maxilla overdenture is able to provide support, stability and retention.

Exogenous growth regulators amplify the morpho‐physiology, root architecture and dry‐matter accumulation in seed potato

AbstractEnhancing the productivity of seed potato production systems by improving the size of the tubers is a primary concern. Punjab, a state located in the northwest region of India, meets 60% of the country's seed requirements. In order to optimize the morpho‐physiological aspects, root structure, and overall yield of seed‐sized tubers, research trials were carried out at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana over two consecutive years. The trial consisted of 11 different treatments and was conducted using a randomized complete block design with three replications. The application of Gibberellic acid at a concentration of 200 ppm, at 45 and 60 days after sowing (DAS), resulted in significantly higher yields of seed‐sized tubers measuring <4.5 cm. This treatment also exhibited superior root architecture parameters and accumulation of dry matter, outperforming all other growth regulation treatments. Compared to the untreated control group, the Gibberellic acid application led to a remarkable increase of 45.9% and 39.8% in seed‐sized tuber yields. Furthermore, it significantly boosted the protein, starch, antioxidant (total phenols), sugar (total and reducing), and mineral content (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) in the tubers, surpassing the effects of all other growth regulation treatments. These results suggested that the exogenous use of gibberellic acid (200 ppm) at 45 and 60 DAS substantially improved the physiology, root architecture, and yield of seed‐sized tubers.

Core Microbiome and Microbial Community Structure in Coralloid Roots of Cycas in Ex Situ Collection of Kunming Botanical Garden in China.

Endophytes are essential in plant succession and evolution, and essential for stress resistance. Coralloid root is a unique root structure found in cycads that has played a role in resisting adverse environments, yet the core taxa and microbial community of different Cycas species have not been thoroughly investigated. Using amplicon sequencing, we successfully elucidated the microbiomes present in coralloid roots of 10 Cycas species, representing all four sections of Cycas in China. We found that the endophytic bacteria in coralloid roots, i.e., Cyanobacteria, were mainly composed of Desmonostoc_PCC-7422, Nostoc_PCC-73102 and unclassified_f__Nostocaceae. Additionally, the Ascomycota fungi of Exophiala, Paraboeremia, Leptobacillium, Fusarium, Alternaria, and Diaporthe were identified as the core fungi taxa. The Ascomycota fungi of Nectriaceae, Herpotrichiellaceae, Cordycipitaceae, Helotiaceae, Diaporthaceae, Didymellaceae, Clavicipitaceae and Pleosporaceae were identified as the core family taxa in coralloid roots of four sections. High abundance but low diversity of bacterial community was detected in the coralloid roots, but no significant difference among species. The fungal community exhibited much higher complexity compared to bacteria, and diversity was noted among different species or sections. These core taxa, which were a subset of the microbiome that frequently occurred in all, or most, individuals of Cycas species, represent targets for the development of Cycas conservation.

Copper pruning improves root morphology and structure as well as growth of container-grown Ligustrum lucidum seedings

Copper pruning improves root morphology and structure as well as growth of container-grown Ligustrum lucidum seedings

Translocation of TiO2 nanoparticles enhances phosphorus uptake by wetland plants: Evidence from Pistia stratiotes and Alisma plantago-aquatica

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (nTiO2) and phosphorus (P) are widely present in sewages. To verify the hypothesis and the associated mechanisms that root-to-shoot translocation of nTiO2 can enhance plant P uptake thus P removal during sewage treatment, two wetland plants (Pistia stratiotes and Alisma plantago-aquatica) with different lateral root structures were used to examine the effect of nTiO2 (89.7% anatase and 10.3% rutile) on plant growth and P uptake in a hydroponic system. Inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy showed that P. stratiotes with well-developed lateral roots translocated 1.4–16 fold higher nTiO2 than A. plantago-aquatica with poorly developed roots, indicating P. stratiotes is efficient in nTiO2 uptake. In addition, nTiO2 root-to-shoot translocation in P. stratiotes increased with increasing nTiO2 concentration, while the opposite occurred in A. plantago-aquatica. Corresponding to the stronger nTiO2 translocation in P. stratiotes, its P uptake efficiency (Imax) and P accumulation were greater than that in A. plantago-aquatica, with Imax being increased by 35.8% and −16.4% and shoot P concentrations being increased by 16.2–64.6% and 11.4%, respectively. The strong positive correlation between Ti and P concentrations in plant tissues (r = 0.72–0.89, P < 0.01) indicated that nTiO2 translocation enhanced P uptake. Moreover, nTiO2-enhanced P uptake promoted plant growth and photosynthetic pigment synthesis. Therefore, wetland plants with well-developed lateral roots like P. stratiotes have potential to be used in P removal from nTiO2-enriched sewages.