Root Of Problem Research Articles

Decentralized Composting Analysis Model—The Qualitative Analysis Path

The organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) is a significant environmental threat, and an economic and social challenge to manage. As such, the efficient treatment of OFMSW is a significant key factor in achieving sustainable waste management. Decentralized composting (DC) offers a new framework of waste management. The DC analysis model (DCAM) proposed in our previous study provides a powerful tool for decision makers, based on the quantification of the DC project characteristics. In this paper, we focus on qualitative analysis as a complementary tool to support decision making in cases where the quantitative analysis is equivocal. The qualitative analysis identifies the main players in the field, the critical stakeholders, and the potential conflicts between them. It also reveals the root problems and the core competencies for the project’s implementation. The DCAM qualitative analysis in the Shefa-Amr case study indicates that unresolved root problems, such as “lack of national regulation”, “clear ownership of the project”, and “lack of ongoing budget” can result in an unsustainable composting system. Countering that, “commitment of the municipality” together with “economic viability” and securing “suitable areas for placing composters” are among the most important core competencies for the effective implementation of DC projects.

APPLICATION OF FISHBONE DIAGRAM IN USING ROOT CAUSE ANALYSIS (RCA) FOR DEVELOPING OF REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE SYSTEM IN MANUFACTURING COMPANY

This study aims to identify the root problems in developing income and expenditure systems in the PT ABC. This research uses qualitative methods with the Root Cause Analysis approach. The issues that arise in the company will be analyzed using the Fishbone Diagram. The result of this study explains that some problems occur in the company. The procedures, business processes, income, and expenditure in the enterprise are still done manually, so it takes a long time to analyze the factors of Man (user), Material (material/supporting documents), Machine (tools used), and Method (procedures/systems running). Based on the result of this study, PT ABC should have a website that can be used to process the cycle of income and expenses in real time. In this case, website design will be carried out to make it easier for companies to archive, create supporting documents, and report income and expenses. This finding will help PT ABC strengthen its internal control and increase the effectiveness of the company's business process. The difference between this research and previous research is that it uses a fishbone diagram approach to dig into the roots of problems that occur in companies. In the last research, no one had used a rooting approach and focused only on system development, so the issues that occurred needed to be described in detail. The limitation of this research is its focus on the root cause analysis of the revenue and expenditure cycle in manufacturing companies

Analysis of the spatial mismatch pattern of net carbon in agriculture and its influencing factors

Agricultural production has dual functions as a carbon emitter and sink, and fully exploiting the carbon sink function of agriculture is highly valuable for ensuring carbon neutrality. The layout of net carbon in agriculture shows an imbalance, i.e., underscaling in areas with a net carbon advantage or overscaling in areas with a net carbon disadvantage, which restricts the fulfillment of agricultural carbon sinks. Clarifying the global pattern of net carbon imbalances in agriculture and their drivers is highly important for improving the overall net carbon. In this regard, this paper focuses on the global net carbon in agriculture in 155 countries and regions, and a spatial mismatch index of net carbon in agriculture (MNCA) is constructed based on the relative difference between net carbon and cultivated land. Spatial autocorrelation analysis and the standard deviation ellipse are used to reflect its spatiotemporal evolution pattern. In addition, through geographically weighted regression, we explored the effects of agricultural structure, agricultural economic development, the scale of labor and cultivated land and organized the mismatches into carbon and area effects. The results show that (1) global agricultural production represents net carbon emissions, while developing countries represent net carbon sinks, and there is a mismatch of net agricultural carbon in most regions; (2) the MNCA is characterized by low-low clustering in North America, Asia and Europe, with its center of gravity falling in western Africa and migrating northeastward; and (3) the main factors influencing the MNCA are the agricultural structure and economic level. Underscaling in areas with a net carbon advantage is a major problem. To increase the global agricultural carbon sink capacity, we suggest that North America, South Asia and other regions strictly implement agricultural emission reduction policies and that Central America, South America and Africa tentatively upgrade agricultural technology and their economies to alleviate farmland pressure through transnational cooperation. In this paper, the global net carbon imbalance in agriculture is identified and the overall implementation path of increasing carbon sinks is explored to provide a reference for achieving carbon neutrality. SynopsisThis study reports a global mismatch in net carbon in agriculture and identifies the wasted carbon sink advantage of developing countries as the root problem.

ANALYSIS OF THE IMMUNIZATION PROGRAM IN TRENGGALEK DISTRICT, EAST JAVA PROVINCE IN 2019 - 2021

The immunization program is aimed to reach herd immunity, is requires high immunization coverage. The coverage of Universal Child Immunization (UCI) at the Village level in Trenggalek District for the period 2019–2021 still had not reached the target (100%), 91.08% in 2019, 92.36% in 2020, and 89.17% in 2021. This study aimed to identify the causes of the problem and suggest alternative solutions. This observational descriptive study was conducted at the Trenggalek District Health Office in January 2023. Informants were 17 people (4 officers of the health office who were responsible for the immunization program and 13 immunization coordinators from the Public Health Center/PHC which in 2019–2021 had not reached the UCI coverage at Village level). Identification of root causes was using a fishbone diagram and determining the priority of root causes to be intervened with using the Capability, Accessibility, Readiness, and Leverage (CARL) method which was done through brainstorming with all respondents. There were identified 11 root causes of not achieving the UCI coverage at the Village level. The dominant factor affecting the root problem was the officers (81.81%). The root problem that received the highest score with the CARL method was the immunization officers did not give communication, information, and education to parents optimally. This happened because the officers only focused on the number of targets to reach. In each PHC, there needs to be a team that gives communication, information, and education to assist immunization officers in providing education and information about immunization. The Immunization Officer in the District Health Office needs to monitor and evaluate the immunization services and give feedback to the PHC periodically.

Challenges and strategies for wide-scale artificial intelligence (AI) deployment in healthcare practices: A perspective for healthcare organizations

Healthcare organizations have realized that Artificial intelligence (AI) can provide a competitive edge through personalized patient experiences, improved patient outcomes, early diagnosis, augmented clinician capabilities, enhanced operational efficiencies, or improved medical service accessibility. However, deploying AI-driven tools in the healthcare ecosystem could be challenging. This paper categorizes AI applications in healthcare and comprehensively examines the challenges associated with deploying AI in medical practices at scale. As AI continues to make strides in healthcare, its integration presents various challenges, including production timelines, trust generation, privacy concerns, algorithmic biases, and data scarcity. The paper highlights that flawed business models and wrong workflows in healthcare practices cannot be rectified merely by deploying AI-driven tools. Healthcare organizations should re-evaluate root problems such as misaligned financial incentives (e.g., fee-for-service models), dysfunctional medical workflows (e.g., high rates of patient readmissions), poor care coordination between different providers, fragmented electronic health records systems, and inadequate patient education and engagement models in tandem with AI adoption. This study also explores the need for a cultural shift in viewing AI not as a threat but as an enabler that can enhance healthcare delivery and create new employment opportunities while emphasizing the importance of addressing underlying operational issues. The necessity of investments beyond finance is discussed, emphasizing the importance of human capital, continuous learning, and a supportive environment for AI integration. The paper also highlights the crucial role of clear regulations in building trust, ensuring safety, and guiding the ethical use of AI, calling for coherent frameworks addressing transparency, model accuracy, data quality control, liability, and ethics. Furthermore, this paper underscores the importance of advancing AI literacy within academia to prepare future healthcare professionals for an AI-driven landscape. Through careful navigation and proactive measures addressing these challenges, the healthcare community can harness AI's transformative power responsibly and effectively, revolutionizing healthcare delivery and patient care. The paper concludes with a vision and strategic suggestions for the future of healthcare with AI, emphasizing thoughtful, responsible, and innovative engagement as the pathway to realizing its full potential to unlock immense benefits for healthcare organizations, physicians, nurses, and patients while proactively mitigating risks.

The Responsibility of Natural Resources Conservation Center in Preventing Encroachment of Conservation Forest Areas in East Nusa Tenggara

This research aims to examine the relationship between the increase in encroachment on conservation forests and the classification of forests based on their ownership status, as well as assess the East Nusa Tenggara BBKSDA's responsibility in addressing conservation forest encroachment. This research uses an empirical legal research method. All collected data is then qualitatively analyzed to describe the problem and answer the research objectives. The results show that land ownership claims, boundary disputes, and a lack of community understanding regarding conservation forest status are the primary causes of encroachment. Although the East Nusa Tenggara BBKSDA has taken various proactive steps to address conservation forest encroachment, the issue has not yet been fundamentally resolved. Therefore, it is recommended that the Local Government and East Nusa Tenggara BBKSDA take concrete measures to tackle the ambiguity of land ownership status, which is one of the root problems of conservation forest encroachment. These measures could begin with reviewing and updating data related to land boundaries and ownership status, followed by mediation between the government and the community to resolve border disputes fairly and transparently. Furthermore, it is essential for traditional institutions and local communities to actively participate in this process actively, utilizing local knowledge and traditions in determining fair and mutually recognized land boundaries. The Local Government and BBKSDA must also enhance efforts to socialize and educate the community about the importance of conservation forests, including the long-term benefits of forest conservation for environmental sustainability and the local economy. These efforts should be carried out through effective communication appropriate to the local cultural context so that the community can accept and value the importance of conservation forests.

Does Tourism Development Influence the Economic Growth in Pakistan? Evidence from ARDL and Causality Approach

This study analyzes the influence of tourism development on economic growth (GDP) in the case of Pakistan's economy using the time series data covering the spanning from 1995-2022. In order to unveil reliable and robust results, a more appropriate time-series approach was applied for the current article. Time series unit root tests infer that all the variables have unit root problems at levels I(0), however, after taking the first difference I(1), all series turn into following the stationary process. Furthermore, (ARDL) bound test reveals that a long-term cointegration prevails among all analyzed variables. The Granger causality test is also utilized to check the causal relationship among the series. The long-run elasticity estimates examine a statistically significant and positive link between the sect tourism sector GDP growth in the case of Pakistan. Furthermore, political instability and inflation rate have an inverse influence on GDP growth, whereas, capital investment has a positively significant influence on GDP growth. In addition, it is concluded that tourism sector development helps to move upward shift in the economy of Pakistan by generating more profits for the country. Finally, it is suggested that goverment should have to focus on investing in the tourism sector and provide better facilities for tourists.

Assessing Country Risk in the Stock Market and Economic Growth Nexus: Fresh Insights from Bootstrap Panel Causality

Investigating the nexus between the stock market and the real economy is vital, as financial markets can play a critical role in economic growth. However, the country's risk factors (political, economic and financial) influence economic growth and financial markets’ nexus. This study examines the role of stock market development and country risk (political, economic and financial) on economic growth, and the moderating influence of country risk in the stock market and economic growth nexus in BRICS economies (except Russia) over the period of 2000 to 2020. The study employed various latest econometrics techniques, including Covariate Augmented Dickey-Fuller (CADF) for identifying unit root problem, Westerlund (2007) test for examining long-run relationship, Cross-sectional auto-distributive lag (CS-ARDL) for estimating long-run relationship, and finally, Konya (2006) for identifying the causal relationship among the variables. The study explored that financial risk, economic risk and political risk is negatively associated with economic growth. However, stock market does not play a significant role in economic growth in this case. The study highlighted a bi-directional causality between economic growth and stock market development. The study also suggests a unidirectional causality from political, economic and financial risk towards economic growth. Finally, the study suggests some policy recommendations based on the empirical results.

Proposed Business Strategy Improvement for Project Management Consulting Form (Study Case: PT ABC)

PT ABC is a service company in the field of project management, established in 2005. It operates with three main businesses: project management training, project management applications, and consultancy services. Project management is a crucial element for executing projects effectively within a company. In various industries, there is a growing demand for knowledge and consultation on how to manage projects efficiently, leading to the emergence of companies specializing in project management consultancy, such as PT ABC, to address these challenges. This research aims to uncover the root problems of the company to identify implementable solutions. Several analyses are employed in this study, including General Environment Analysis, Industry Analysis, and Competitor Analysis for external insights. For internal analysis, resources analysis, value chain analysis, marketing mix, and STP analysis are utilized. The study then progresses to map SWOT analysis and TOWS analysis. From these analyses, weaknesses and strengths of the company are identified, guiding the formulation of appropriate strategies to compete in the market. The research reveals that PT ABC possesses several strengths that have enabled the company to endure over time. Noteworthy strengths include its reputation and a skilled human resource pool in project management, garnering attention in the project management industry. Additionally, the company has a competitive advantage through technological innovation in its application, setting it apart from competitors and providing potential added value when maximized. However, there are areas for improvement, such as refining the application products and establishing a dedicated marketing team to focus on promoting all of PT ABC’s products rather than just one.

The weighted Kato square root problem of elliptic operators having a BMO anti-symmetric part

The weighted Kato square root problem of elliptic operators having a BMO anti-symmetric part

Investigating the Symmetric Effects of Working Capital on Profitability in Turkish Banking: An ARDL Empirical Analysis

Abstract This paper carried out an empirical study on Return on Assets (ROA), total assets turnover, financial leverage, working capital, and debt-to-equity ratio. This study investigated commercial banks operating in Turkey. A secondary data collection method is used for the data collected from fifteen commercial banks. These banks' financial reports were examined from 2011 to 2022. A line graph is presented for each balance that tells us the volatility ratio in the variables, the unit root test applied to resolve the unit root problem, and the cointegration test used for long-term relationships among variables. The Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bound test was performed to measure the short-run and long-run effects. Financial leverage, debt-to-equity ratio, and working capital have short- and long-run effects on ROA. Total asset turnover has only long-run effects on ROA in the Turkish banking industry. This study will be beneficial for investment managers, financial specialists, treasurers, and controllers of the banking industry.

ANALISIS KONTEKS PENGELOLAAN BARANG MILIK DAERAH KABUPATEN KONAWE SELATAN

Context is recognized as having an influence on the efficient operation of public administration, including the management of local government assets. However, there is a lack of research exploring the topic. The purpose of this study is to analyze the context of asset management of the South Konawe Regency government. The context of asset management is analyzed from four aspects, namely needs, root problems, opportunities, and objectives of asset management. This research uses a qualitative method approach. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews. The data analysis technique used is a qualitative analysis of interactive models. The results show that there is a lack of clarity in the context of regional asset management, with differences between ideality and reality, which has the potential to harm the efficiency and achievement of long-term goals of local governments.

Finite Difference Models of Dynamical Systems with Quadratic Right-Hand Side

Difference schemes that approximate dynamic systems are considered discrete models of the same phenomena that are described by continuous dynamic systems. Difference schemes with t-symmetry and midpoint and trapezoid schemes are considered. It is shown that these schemes are dual to each other, and, from this fact, we derive theorems on the inheritance of quadratic integrals by these schemes (Cooper’s theorem and its dual theorem on the trapezoidal scheme). Using examples of nonlinear oscillators, it is shown that these schemes poses challenges for theoretical research and practical application due to the problem of extra roots: these schemes do not allow one to unambiguously determine the final values from the initial values and vice versa. Therefore, we consider difference schemes in which the transitions from layer to layer in time are carried out using birational transformations (Cremona transformations). Such schemes are called reversible. It is shown that reversible schemes with t-symmetry can be easily constructed for any dynamical system with a quadratic right-hand side. As an example of such a dynamic system, a top fixed at its center of gravity is considered in detail. In this case, the discrete theory repeats the continuous theory completely: (1) the points of the approximate solution lie on some elliptic curve, which at Δt→0 turns into an integral curve; (2) the difference scheme can be represented using quadrature; and (3) the approximate solution can be represented using an elliptic function of a discrete argument. The last section considers the general case. The integral curves are replaced with closures of the orbits of the corresponding Cremona transformation as sets in the projective space over R. The problem of the dimension of this set is discussed.

ProFun-SOM: Protein Function Prediction for Specific Ontology Based on Multiple Sequence Alignment Reconstruction.

Protein function prediction is crucial for understanding species evolution, including viral mutations. Gene ontology (GO) is a standardized representation framework for describing protein functions with annotated terms. Each ontology is a specific functional category containing multiple child ontologies, and the relationships of parent and child ontologies create a directed acyclic graph. Protein functions are categorized using GO, which divides them into three main groups: cellular component ontology, molecular function ontology, and biological process ontology. Therefore, the GO annotation of protein is a hierarchical multilabel classification problem. This hierarchical relationship introduces complexities such as mixed ontology problem, leading to performance bottlenecks in existing computational methods due to label dependency and data sparsity. To overcome bottleneck issues brought by mixed ontology problem, we propose ProFun-SOM, an innovative multilabel classifier that utilizes multiple sequence alignments (MSAs) to accurately annotate gene ontologies. ProFun-SOM enhances the initial MSAs through a reconstruction process and integrates them into a deep learning architecture. It then predicts annotations within the cellular component, molecular function, biological process, and mixed ontologies. Our evaluation results on three datasets (CAFA3, SwissProt, and NetGO2) demonstrate that ProFun-SOM surpasses state-of-the-art methods. This study confirmed that utilizing MSAs of proteins can effectively overcome the two main bottlenecks issues, label dependency and data sparsity, thereby alleviating the root problem, mixed ontology. A freely accessible web server is available at http://bliulab.net/ ProFun-SOM/.

Globalization and Economic Growth in Nepal A VECM Approach

This study explores globalization's political, social, and economic aspects and its impact on Nepal's economic growth between 1990 and 2020. The study employed sophisticated econometric techniques, first utilizing the Johansen Cointegration and VECM to assess causality among the variables under investigation and the Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) and Phillips Perron (PP) tests to confirm the presence of unit root problems. The ADF and PP test findings showed that every variable is integrated at first difference. One cointegrating vector was found by the Johansen Cointegration test, indicating a significant long run association among the variables. The study discovered a one-way causality between economic growth and political and economic globalization in the short-run analysis. On the other hand, over time, there is a two-way causality between Nepal's economic growth and political and economic globalization while a one-way causal relationship exists between social globalization and economic growth. These results recommended that Nepal's economic growth immediately impacts how it integrates into the global economy in several sectors. Economic and political globalization influences and is influenced by Nepal's economic growth in the short term, indicating a reciprocal link. The study found that there is need for a balanced approach to globalization that fosters economic growth while reducing its negative repercussions. It also stresses how crucial it is for Nepal to actively participate in the political and economic spheres of the world.

İL ÖZEL İDARELERİNİN İŞ SAĞLIĞI VE GÜVENLİĞİ UYGULAMALARINDA İNSAN KAYNAKLI RİSKLERE YÖNELİK KÖK SEBEP MODELİ ÖNERİSİ

Special provincial administrations are autonomous institutions based on the efficiency and effectiveness of local public services, where the people of the region contribute more to the management and democratic elements find a more comprehensive development environment. Local services provided by private administrations directly affect human life.
 The aim of the study is to propose a root cause model for risks based on human factors in the occupational health and safety (OHS) practices of special provincial administrations. In the research, OHS practices in special provincial administrations were examined. In the section, the importance of OHS in special provincial administrations, the causes of occupational accidents and occupational diseases, and the measures that can be taken to prevent occupational accidents and occupational diseases are included.
 The research was conducted on employees of special provincial administrations. While the population of the research consists of 11,463 people working in special provincial administrations, the sample was determined as 372 people with a confidence level of 0.95 and a margin of error of 0.05, and the study was conducted with 372 people. SPSS 22.00 was used to analyze the research data. Independent sample t-test was used to compare independent pairs of groups, and one-way variance test was used to compare three or more independent groups. In the study conducted on human-induced risks, OHS practices scores were compared according to the demographic information of the participants, and the relationship between the sub-dimensions and the root cause were examined. The direct and indirect effects of the root problem and cause factor on work accidents were examined. In addition, a root cause analysis was made in the research and a model proposal was made for human-induced. 
 Keywords: Occupational Health and Safety, Special Provincial Administrations, Occupational Accident

Analysing the impact of FDI and Institutional Quality on Economic growth in South Asian: Panel ARDL APPROACH

This study investigates the impact of institutional quality and foreign direct investment (FDI) on the economic growth of South Asia from 1996 to 2021. The analysis employs various statistical techniques, including panel unit root testing, panel cointegration testing, and Panel Autoregressive Distributive Lag (PARDL) models, to gain insights into the region's economic development. For finding the association between institutional quality, FDI, domestic investment and economic growth in South Asia, first tried to check the unit root problem in the selected series by employing the panel unit testing and results of these tests conclude that some variables are integrated at level while some other variables are integrated at the first difference, so for testing the cointegration or long-run relations among these variable the panel cointegration tests are employed and these tests conclude the long-run association among the variables. For checking the long and short-run impact of institutional quality, FDI, domestic investment and economic growth the panel ARDL test is employed. The results demonstrate the significant positive long and short-run impact of institutional quality, FDI, domestic investment on economic growth in the region of South Asia. These relationships demonstrate the persistent nature of interactions among these variables, emphasizing the importance of policies that promote strong institutions, attract foreign investments, and stimulate domestic capital formation to sustain regional economic growth. The study offers critical recommendations for South Asian countries to enhance their economic growth by focusing on the strengthening institutional quality, encouraging FDI, developing the special economic zones, promoting domestic investment, investing in the infrastructure and promoting regional economic integration. These recommendations offer a clear path for South Asian countries to achieve sustained economic growth by addressing the interplay between institutional quality, FDI and domestic investment dynamics. By implementing these measures, South Asia can secure lasting prosperity and enhance the well-being of its people in a rapidly evolving global economic landscape.

TESTING THE MARKET EFFICIENCY WHEN INTEREST RATES CHANGE: CASE IN INDONESIA

Until the end of September 2023, the interest rate policy in the Republic of Indonesia shifted from 3.50% to 5.75%. The objective of this study is to examine whether changes in interest rates have an impact on the market efficiency in Indonesia. The daily market returns of Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) indices from January 3rd, 2022, until October 9th, 2023 are employed. To examine the market efficiency in weak form, this study conducts the normality test by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, the unit root problem test by Augmented Dickey-Fuller test, and the variance ratio test. This study finds that most market indices experienced a decline in returns and were less volatile when interest rates shifted to higher levels. This study also finds that most market indices tend to remain efficient in weak form at both low and high interest rates. The finding implies that those indices tend not to be influenced by policy changes in interest rates. However, the findings also show that several market indices experience changes in conditions when interest rates shift. As the studies on the relationship between changes in interest rates and market efficiency are scarce, the novelty of this study is the use of event windows to get specific impact of changes in interest rates on market efficiency.

Comprehensive assets-based approach for neighborhoods that are under-resourced in Jakarta (case study: Keagungan Sub-district in West Jakarta, Indonesia)

Neighborhoods that are under-resourced are one of the main problems that almost always accompany the growth of big cities, especially in developing countries, including Jakarta. This research aims to examine the application of the Comprehensive Assets-Based Approach (CABA) as an alternative solution to the problem of neighborhoods that are under-resourced in Jakarta. The research was conducted using a descriptive qualitative method by examining one of the structuring concepts as an alternative solution to settlement problems in Jakarta, which is directed at achieving liveable housing variables. Data on houses and settlements were obtained directly from Keagungan sub-districts, including neighborhoods that are under-resourced in Jakarta. The first step is to analyze settlement data to formulate the main problems in the neighborhoods that are under-resourced. The second step is to analyze the application of the CABA method to the problems that have been obtained before. The results of the research found that one of the primary root problems in the neighborhoods that are under-resourced in Jakarta is the interweaving of economic and social problems, which include lack of income, lack of knowledge and adherence to building regulations, as well as the lack of knowledge on the criteria for liveable housing. We, therefore, conclude that it is very likely to apply the CABA method for solving neighborhoods that are under-resourced in Jakarta based on community empowerment.

The Research on the International Police Cooperation Mechanism in Cross-border Cybercrime

With the arrogance of criminals abroad increasing, new cases including overseas fraud, drug smuggling, smuggling, and trafficking of women from various countries are emerging one after another. International police cooperation is inevitably the trend. This article mainly studies the problems in the international police cooperation mechanism, which are manifested in the inadequate establishment and coordination of police agencies. The root problem lies in the differences in legal systems, cultural concepts, and social backgrounds among countries. This paper uses the research method of case analysis to study these problems and contradictions. The main measures are to establish a new seminar mechanism, strengthen the construction of the data information sharing mechanism, and carry out regular exchanges. Therefore, countries can learn from each other, take its essence, and discard its dregs. These measures can achieve consensus on cooperation, achieve multilateral win-win, and make international police cooperation becomes more successfully.