Broad Bean Root Research Articles

Morphological, physiological, and transcriptomic analyses indicate that cell wall properties and antioxidant processes are potential targets for improving the aluminium tolerance of broad beans

Aluminium (Al) stress is the second-leading abiotic stress on crops. An improved understanding of the response mechanisms of plants to Al stress will provide scientific guidance for enhancing the crops’ tolerance to Al stress. In this study, Al stress (50–200 μM AlCl3) caused visible damage to broad bean (Vicia faba L.) roots rather than shoots, which was attributed to Al accumulation and distribution in different tissues. Root transcriptomic analysis revealed that Al stress altered cell wall properties by downregulating lignin synthesis and several xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase-, expansin- and peroxidase (POD)-encoding genes, which likely weakened cell extensibility to inhibit root growth. Additionally, Al stress impeded reactive oxygen species scavenging pathways involving POD activity and flavonoid biosynthesis, leading to oxidative damage characterised by malondialdehyde accumulation. These results indicate that optimising cell wall properties and/or enhancing antioxidant processes are crucial for alleviating Al toxicity to broad beans. Interestingly, exogenous application (500 and 1000 μM) of the flavonoid apigenin effectively alleviated Al toxicity in broad bean roots by partially improving the total antioxidant capacity of the roots. This study contributes to understanding the interaction between plants and Al and provides new strategies to alleviate Al toxicity in crops.

Comparison of Selenium Accumulation in Edible Parts of Wheat and Broad Bean

The concentration of selenium (Se) in agricultural products primarily depends on the concentration of Se in soil and the ability of plants to accumulate Se. Selenium deficiency not only leads to decreased body resistance, but also increases the risk of cancer. The form and concentration of bioavailable Se is important for diet. The present study was carried out via field experiment with wheat and broad beans in soil of different Se concentrations (0, 1.12, and 11.2 kg·ha−1), which was determined based on the national standard and the team’s previous experience. Results indicated that the concentration of Se in the edible organs of wheat was higher than in broad bean, while the enriched Se concentration in the root of broad bean was more than twice and three times higher than that of wheat at medium and high levels of Se, respectively. Selenomethionine, which accounted for over half of the total Se speciations, was the dominant species in the edible parts of the two crops, followed by Selenocystine and methylselenocysteine. Through the analysis of the rhizosphere soil, it was found that Fe-Mn oxide-bound Se exceeded 80% of the total Se. Additionally, there was a significant linear correlation between the Se content in the edible parts of the two crops and the Se content in the soil. Findings suggested that wheat was more favorable than broad beans as Se supplement crops in a Se-supplied field.

Phytotoxicity assessment study of gold nanocluster on broad bean (Vicia Faba L.) seedling

ABSTRACT In this study, we investigated the phytotoxicity of gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) on seed germination capacity, physiological response to stress and uptake, and the transport of gold nanomaterials in broad beans. Although similar findings were observed for AuNCs on broad bean root tip cells between micronucleus assays and traditional phytotoxicity experiments, the former was more sensitive and rapid. At experimental concentrations of 0–200 mg/L, the toxicity performance of broad bean seedlings showed an overall positive correlation with the concentration of AuNCs. AuNCs posed a potential risk to the environment at a concentration of 20 mg/L. Moreover, studies on the uptake and transport of gold nanomaterials showed that the smaller the particles entering the bean, the higher the transport coefficient, while materials not entering the bean were mainly adsorbed on the root surface of the bean seedlings by competition with potassium ions.

CaM-stimulated Ca2+-ATPase activity on the symbiosome membrane from broad bean root nodules and its sensitivity to chlorpromazine

Relatively recently, we provided preliminary evidence for stimulating action of CaM on the activity of the symbiosome membrane (SM) Ca2+-ATPase from broad bean root nodules functioning, as to date found by us, as ATP-driven Ca2+/nH+ exchanger. In the present work, CaM effects on the enzyme studied in much more detail by following its catalytic and transport activities. It was found that the kinetics of both ITP hydrolysis by the SM vesicles and symbiosomes and two processes involved in the transport cycle of the Ca2+-ATPase, namely, Ca2+ uptake by symbiosomes and development within them of alkaline pH shift, is markedly accelerated in the presence of CaM and inhibited by its antagonist, chlorpromazine (CP). Based on the data obtained, it was concluded that under selected experimental conditions the observed modulation by CaM of the calcium pump activities is largely caused by the increase in Vmax of the enzyme rather than its apparent Km for Ca2+. These results are discussed in the light of the available literature data showing that the mechanism of CaM action on Ca2+-ATPases in eukaryotic cell membranes may be based not only on dissociation in the presence of Ca2+-CaM complex of the CaM-binding auto-inhibitory domain from their active center but also the use of some other mechanisms not involving any significant structural changes of CaM-binding target proteins.

Potential risks of nicotine on the germination, growth, and nutritional properties of broad bean

This study evaluated the allelopathy, uptake and accumulation, and potential agricultural and food safety risks of nicotine in broad bean (Vicia faba L.) during seed germination and seedling growth. Nicotine stress has an allelopathic inhibitory effect on seeds and a hormesis effect on germinated seeds and seedlings, which has an enhancement effect (<50 mg kg−1) and an inhibition effect (>100 mg kg−1) on the germinated seeds and an enhancement effect (<100 mg kg−1) and an inhibition effect (>200 mg kg−1) on the seedlings. Exogenous nicotine can be absorbed by broad bean roots from nicotine-contaminated soil and accumulated in the main organs of the seedlings, especially the leaves, which exceeded the maximum residue level (0.03 mg kg−1 DW) at 50 mg kg−1. Moreover, nicotine resulted in a bitter taste in the edible broad bean leaves, disrupting the balance of basic nutritional properties, decreasing sucrose, and increasing bitter substances such as choline and procyanidin. These results demonstrated that residual nicotine in the soil not only poses potential risks to sustainable agricultural development but also a food safety risk for consumers. The present study provides insight into the potential risks of nicotine in agroecosystems.

CdS nanoparticles in soil induce metabolic reprogramming in broad bean (Vicia fabaL.) roots and leaves

Plants reprogram the profiles of the antioxidative defense system to alleviate CdS nanoparticle-induced toxicity, at the cost of carbon and nitrogen assimilation.

Efficiency of Trichoderma spp. against of some pathogenic fungi causing of broad bean root rot disease

This study aims to a survey broad bean root rot disease in Babylon governorate (80 km south Baghdad-Iraq), and evaluation the antagonistic activity of the biological control agents Trichoderma harzianium and T. viride against pathogens. The result showed the distribution of the disease in all fields in percentage of disease incidence 65-100% and severity 22.50-68.75%. Results of isolation and identification showed the presence of 6 species of fungi associated with infected plants with variable percentage of presence. Fusarium solani and Rhizoctonia solani were present in most samples, whereas other fungi Macrophomina phasealina, Aspergillus niger, Trichoderma sp. and Penecillium sp. were found with a low rate. T. harzianums and T. viride fungi had highly antagonistic ability against of pathogenic isolates, and protect broad bean plant from infection by pathogenic fungi by reduced diseases incidence and severity and increased plant growth promoting compared to control (with pathogen). The bio-control agents T. viride, T. harzianium alone increased plant length to38.67, 39.79 cm and fresh weight to24.33,24.76 g and dry weight to 2.00, 2.27g respectively compared to control.

Сa2+-ATPase of the Symbiosome Membrane from Broad Bean Root Nodules: Novel Results Supporting the Mechanism of Transmembrane Translocation of Ca2+

On the preparations of symbiosomes isolated from broad bean (Vicia faba L.) root nodules, the transport activity of symbiosome membrane (SM) Ca2+-ATPase expressed as ITP- or Ca2+-dependent alkaline pH shift inside these structures as a function of pH of their incubation medium and calcium concentration in it, respectively, was investigated. The found pH and calcium concentration dependences are considered as novel evidence for close coupling of catalytic and transport activities of Ca2+-ATPase and its high affinity for Ca2+ ions. It was also shown that Cd2+ and Mn2+ ions added to symbiosome incubation medium instead of Ca2+ but at the same concentration do not result in dissipation of ∆pH on the SM generated by the symbiosome H+-ATPase providing evidence for incapability of the calcium pump to perform their translocation through the SM. All these data are discussed in the light of the results obtained earlier by the authors and others.

Formaldehyde assimilation through coordination of the glyoxylate pathway and the tricarboxylic acid cycle in broad bean roots

Formaldehyde (HCHO) assimilation in broad bean (Vicia faba L. cv. YD) roots was investigated using 13C-labeled HCHO followed by 13C-NMR analysis. Results revealed that H13CHO was first oxidized to H13COOH in the roots treated with 2 mM H13CHO in a time-dependent manner. Subsequently, a massive signal peak of [2, 4–13C]citrate (Cit) and a signal peak of [2, 3–13C]succinate (Su) were observed in accompany with an enhancement in the signal intensity of [3–13C]Cit. The data suggested that the glyoxylate pathway and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle functioned simultaneously in the subsequent assimilation of H13COOH. The yield of [2, 4–13C]Cit accounted for more than 80% of the total metabolites. The activity of isocitrate lyase (ICL), a key enzyme in the glyoxylate pathway, was stimulated by HCHO in a dosage-dependent manner. As a result, [2, 4–13C]Cit production was increased significantly in YD roots treated with high concentrations (4 and 6 mM) of H13CHO. Moreover, induction of the ICL activity by methanol resulted in a simultaneous elevation in the production of [2, 4–13C]Cit and [3–13C]Cit in methanol-pretreated roots under 2 mM H13CHO stress. Pretreatment of roots with cyclosporin A, which hinders the transport of 13C-enriched compounds into mitochondria, caused a notable decline in the signal peak and yield of [2, 4–13C]Cit and consequently induced a notable accumulation of [2, 3–13C]Su and an increase in the HCO3− production (generated from H13COOH oxidation) in H13CHO-treated roots. These results suggested that the glyoxylate pathway and the TCA cycle function coordinately in HCHO assimilation in broad bean roots.

Olive mill wastewater spreading and AMF inoculation effects in a low-input semi-arid Mediterranean crop succession

ABSTRACTThe study aimed to evaluate, in a marginal semi-arid Mediterranean agro-ecosystem (Sicily-Italy), the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculation and raw olive mill wastewater (OMW) (40 and 80 m3 ha−1) on forage (durum wheat-snail medick intercropping) yield, and grain production of broad bean and chickpea. AMF inoculation significantly increased (+13.6%) forage dry biomass and durum wheat nitrogen (+22.8%) and phosphorus (+32.5%) uptake. AMF inoculation, significantly promoted broad bean phosphorus uptake (+11.5%) and root nodule number (+13.9%) in the absence of OMW. OMW spreading reduced weeds in the forage (−31.3%), root nodule number (−29.7%) and dry weight (−22.7%) in broad bean. OMW also significantly increased snail medick dry biomass (+19.3%) as compared to control treatments (0, 40 and 80 m3 H2O ha−1, average production 361 g m−2), and broad bean grain yield with a production of 2.46 ± 0.12 and 1.94 ± 0.09 Mg ha−1 with and without OMW, respectively. During the experiment AMF colonization was not affected by OMW volumes. The results obtained showed that in a marginal Mediterranean agro-ecosystem: 1) OMW, notwithstanding spreading volumes, is a valuable amendment to maximize legume yield while 2) AMF inoculation is a valuable practice to improve biomass production and N and P uptake in wheat.

Ca2+-ATPase in the symbiosome membrane from broad bean root nodules: further evidence for its functioning as ATP-driven Ca2+/H+ exchanger

To date, it has been established that the symbiosome membrane (SM), i.e., plant-derived membrane of symbiosomes, nitrogen-fixing compartments of legume root nodules, is equipped with Ca2+-ATPase transporting Ca2+ ions through the SM from the cytosol of infected cells into the symbiosome space (SS). Earlier in the experiments on the SM vesicles isolated from broad bean root nodules some data indicating the action of the Ca2+-ATPase as ATP-driven Ca2+/H+ antiporter were obtained. In the present work performed on isolated symbiosomes from the same plant object, further evidence in favor of calcium-proton countertransport mechanism of the pump operation was obtained. These were expressed in vanadate-sensitive alkalinization of the SS coupled with Ca2+ uptake by symbiosomes catalyzed by the SM Ca2+-ATPase, stimulation of the kinetics of the latter process in the response to artificial acidification of the SS and expectable modulation of ITP-hydrolyzing activity of this enzyme caused by the variation of pH within this compartment. The above findings are discussed in the framework of the model describing the mechanism of Ca2+-ATPase operation as an ATP-driven Ca2+/H+ exchanger and on this base allow us to put forward the hypothesis about the involvement of this enzyme in symbiosome signaling in a Ca2+- and pH-dependent manner.

The Potential Role of Osmotic Pressure to Exogenous Application of Phytohormones on Crop Plants Grown under Different Osmotic Stress

The osmotic pressure represented as a sign of plant tolerance or sensitive to salinity stress. In the following plants, the increase in OP seems to be a manner of defense mechanism to survive. OP increased in shoots of maize, shoot and root of wheat and cotton plants was concomitant with shoot soluble sugar, root soluble protein and shoot and root amino acids of maize plants. However, in wheat the increase in OP was related with increase of root soluble sugar and protein of shoots and roots. In cotton plants, the elevation of OP was run parallel with increase soluble sugar of shoots and roots, shoot soluble protein and root amino acids. The increase in OP was related with a marked and significant reduction in the water content of these plants. However, the decrease in OP of shoot and root of broad bean was related with the reduction of shoots and roots soluble sugar, protein and root amino acids of broad bean. While the OP becomes more or less unchanged in shoots and tended to decrease in root of parsley plants, this concomitant with unchanged trend in the shoots amino acids and reduction in root soluble sugar and root amino acids. Run with previous trend values of OP and metabolites of parsley plants were related with stable values in shoot water content and reduction in root water content. With GA3 and kinetin treatments mostly increase the values OP which parallel with increase and soluble sugar, soluble protein and amino acids contents of shoots and roots of maize, wheat, cotton, broad bean and parsley plants with NaCl increasing. This related with increase water uptake by roots in these plants. The results indicated that kinetin had a more effective to shoot maize, both organs of wheat, broad bean and parsley plants in response to salinity stress while GA3 was more effective on cotton plants especially at higher levels of salinity. Thus plants strategy differed in their tolerance to salinity stress according to their species and differed also according to the different organs of the same plants and kinetin treatment induced highly positively affect than GA3 treatments.

The Physiological Role of Proline and Sodium as Osmotic Stress Signal Components of Some Crop Plants

The increase of Na + and proline content in maize, wheat, broad bean, cotton and parsley plants indicated that the proline content may act as an indicator of Na + uptake and allow the identification of tolerant plants, which effectively exclude Na + from plant either by exclusion or compartmentalization. In maize and cotton plants while Na + increased in shoots and roots, proline content decreased in these organs of these plants. This concomitant with reduction of dry matter of both organs of the maize and cotton plants. Sodium can be considered as osmotic stress marker component in these plants, especially in shoots of cotton. The percent accumulation of proline in both organs of wheat and parsley plants, shoots of broad bean run parallel with the reduction in dry matter of these plants. This strategy of proline and dry matter was concomitant with the increase of Na + content of these plants. Pytohormonal treatment with either GA 3 or Kinetin 200 ppm was mostly decreased the accumulation of both osmotic stress markers (sodium and proline ) at all levels of salinity in shoots and roots of maize, wheat, cotton, broad bean and parsley plants. Phytohormonal application was significant reduced mostly the accumulation both stress markers sodium ion and proline in shoots and roots of maize, wheat, cotton, broad bean and parsley plants. This can be reflected on the accumulation of metabolities which finally affected on the production of dry matter in shoots and roots of the five tested plants.

Up-regulation and interaction of the plasma membrane H+-ATPase and the 14-3-3 protein are involved in the regulation of citrate exudation from the broad bean (Vicia faba L.) under Al stress

Our previous study showed that citrate excretion coupled with a concomitant release of protons was involved in aluminum (Al) resistance in the broad bean. Furthermore, genes encoding plasma membrane (PM) H(+)-ATPase (vha2) and the 14-3-3 protein (vf14-3-3b) were up-regulated by Al in Al-resistant (YD) broad bean roots. In this study, the roles of PM H(+)-ATPase (E.C. 3.6.3.6) and the 14-3-3 protein in the regulation of citrate secretion were further investigated in Al-resistant (YD) and Al-sensitive (AD) broad bean cultivars under Al stress. The results showed that greater citrate exudation was positively correlated with higher activities of PM H(+)-ATPase in roots of YD than AD. Real-time RT-PCR analysis revealed that vha2 was clearly up-regulated by Al in YD but not in AD roots, whereas the transcription levels of vf14-3-3b were elevated in a time-dependent manner in both YD and AD roots. Immunoprecipitation and Western analysis suggested that phosphorylation and interaction with the vf14-3-3b protein of the VHA2 were enhanced in YD roots but not in AD roots with increasing Al treatment time. Fusicoccin or adenosine 5'-monophosphate increased or decreased the interaction between the phosphorylated VHA2 and the vf14-3-3b protein, followed by an enhancement or reduction of the PM H(+)-ATPase activity and citrate exudation in both cultivars under Al stress conditions, respectively. Taken together, these results suggested that Al enhanced the expression and interaction of the PM H(+)-ATPase and the 14-3-3 protein, which thereby led to higher activity of the PM H(+)-ATPase and more citrate exudation from YD plants.

Occurrence of broad bean (Vicia faba L.) diseases in Olsztyn-Elbąg and Bydgoszcz Provinces

During the years 1981-1985, there were conducted studies of the healthiness of broad bean,'Nadwiślański' variety, cultivated in different soil and climate conditions of the two regions: i.e. Bydgoszcz - comparatively warmer and drier, and Olsztyn-Elbląg - colder and moister. It was found that the main reason for a premature broad bean leaves dry in up in the Olsztyn-Elbląg Region was caused by the fungi &lt;i&gt;Cercospora&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;Botrytis&lt;/i&gt;, and in the Bydgoszcz Region - the root rot which occurs here to a greater extent. Root gangrene was greater intensity in drier and lighter soils. Rotting broad bean roots were most frequently occupied by the fungi of the &lt;i&gt;Fusarium family&lt;/i&gt; (ca. 70%). The prevailing species were &lt;i&gt;Fusarium oxysporum&lt;/i&gt;, next &lt;i&gt;F. solani&lt;/i&gt; and more rarely &lt;i&gt;F. culmorum&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;F. avenaceum&lt;/i&gt;. Climate conditions and soil species affected considerably the species composition of the root fungi.

Biochemical characteristics of the Ca2+ pumping ATPase in the peribacteroid membrane from broad bean root nodules

Ca(2+)-ATPase in the peribacteroid membrane (PBM) of symbiosomes isolated from Vicia faba root nodules was characterized in terms of its hydrolytic and transport activities. Both activities were found to be pH-dependent and exhibit pH optimum at pH7.0. Translocation of Ca(2+) through the PBM by the Ca(2+)-ATPase was shown to be fueled by ATP and other nucleotide triphosphates in the following order: ATP > ITP ≅ GTP ≅ UTP ≅ CTP, the K m of the enzyme for MgATP being about 100μM. Ca-dependent ITP-hydrolytic activity of symbiosomes was investigated in the presence of the Ca-EGTA buffer system and showed the affinity of PBM Ca(2+)-ATPase for Ca(2+) of about 0.1μM. The transport activity of Ca(2+)-ATPase was inhibited by erythrosin B as well as orthovanadate, but markedly stimulated by calmodulin from bovine brain. These results allowed us to conclude that this enzyme belongs to IIB-type Ca(2+)-ATPases which are present in other plant membranes.

Exogenous application of salicylic acid to alleviate the toxic effects of insecticides in Vicia faba L

The present study investigated the possible mediatory role of salicylic acid (SA) in protecting plants from insecticides toxicity. The seeds of Vicia faba var IIVR Selection-1 were treated with different concentrations (1.5, 3.0, and 6.0 ppm) of the insecticides alphamethrin (AM) and endosulfan (ES) for 6 h with and without 12 h conditioning treatment of SA (0.01 mM). Insecticides treatment caused a significant decrease in mitotic index (MI) and induction of different types of chromosomal abnormalities in the meristematic cells of broad bean roots. Pretreatment of seeds with SA resulted in increased MI and significant reduction of chromosomal abnormalities. SA application also regulated proline accumulation and carotenoid content in the leaf tissues. SA resulted in the decrement of insecticides induced increase in proline content and increased the carotenoids content. These results illustrate the ameliorating effect of SA under stress conditions and reveal that SA is more effective in alleviating the toxic effects of insecticides at higher concentrations than that at lower concentrations.

CONTENIDO Y TRASLOCACIÓN DE PLOMO EN AVENA (Avena sativa, L.) Y HABA (Vicia faba, L.) DE UN SUELO CONTAMINADO

A greenhouse experiment was established to determine the concentration of lead (Pb) in soil, root and aerial part of broad bean and oats. The bioconcentration and translocation factors in the two species were calculated, and 50, 100 and 150 mg•Pb•kg-1of soil, including a control, were tested. Plants were collected 60 days after sowing and plant height (PH), root volume (RV) and total dry biomass (TDB) were measured, as well as Pb content in soil, root and aerial part. The quantification of Pb was performed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The soil cultivated with broad bean presented 28.48 % PbEDTA. The PH, RV and TDB variables were not drastically affected by the Pb concentrations tested. The broad bean and oat plants absorbed a total of 55 mg•kg-1 and 45.3 mg•kg-1, respectively, which are considered toxic concentrations for cultivated plants. The results can serve as a base to expand knowledge of Pb content absorbed and translocated in broad bean and oat plants, as the ability to tolerate and absorb Pb is specific to the species, including the variety of plant.

Screening of Rhizobacteria for Their Plant Growth Promotion Ability and Antagonism Against Damping off and Root Rot Diseases of Broad Bean (Vicia faba L.)

Development of microbial inoculants from rhizobacterial isolates with potential for plant growth promotion and root disease suppression require rigorous screening. Fifty-four (54) fluorescent pseudomonads, out of a large collection of rhizobacteria from broad bean fields of 20 different locations within Imphal valley of Manipur, were initially screened for antifungal activity against Macrophomina phaseolina and Rhizoctonia solani, of diseased roots of broad bean and also three other reference fungal pathogens of plant roots. Fifteen fluorescent pseudomonas isolates produced inhibition zone (8-29mm) of the fungal growth in dual plate assay and IAA like substances (24.1-66.7μg/ml) and soluble P (12.7-56.80μg/ml) in broth culture. Among the isolates, RFP 36 caused a marked increase in seed germination, seedling biomass and control of the root borne pathogens of broad bean. PCR-RAPD analysis of these isolates along with five MTCC reference fluorescent pseudomonas strains indicated that the RFP-36 belonged to a distinct cluster and the PCR of its genomic DNA with antibiotic specific primers Phenazine-1-carboxylic acid and 2, 4-diacetyl phloroglucinol suggested possible occurrence of gene for the potent antibiotics. Overall, the result of the study indicated the potential of the isolate RFP 36 as a microbial inoculant with multiple functions for broad bean.

The influence of intercropping broad bean with phacelia on the occurrence of weevils (Sitona spp.) and broad bean beetles (Bruchus rufimanus Boh.)

Abstract A study of the influence of intercropping broad bean with phacelia on the occurrence of weevils and broad bean beetles was conducted in the years 2006-2009. The harmfulness of Sitona spp. beetles feeding on the leaves (the number of U-shape notches and the number of damaged leaves) and the harmfulness of the larvae, as well as the feeding on the broad bean root nodules was taken into account. The harmfulness of the broad bean beetle was determined by assessing the condition of the seeds. The influence of phacelia on the presence of weevils (Sitona) and broad bean beetles (Bruchus rufimanus) as broad bean pests was not observed. A smaller amount of broad bean seeds damaged by the broad bean beetle was determined only in some of the years of the study in the plots in which the phacelia was intercropped with broad bean.