Root Neck Research Articles

Производственно-биологические характеристики вегетативных подвоев яблони и груши

Research Institute of Fruit and Tea Growing of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic ofAzerbaijan, Quba, Azerbaijan to the "Program and methodology of variety study of fruit, berry and nut crops" of the All-Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding. The monthly growth dynamics for PB-4 was the most intense in August, and for M9 and 62-396 – in August-September. In M 9, 4-5 shoots with a height of 70-104 cm and a diameter of the root neck 8-10 mm were formed on the mother bush, MM 106 – up to 6 shoots with a height of 63- 82 cm and a diameter of the root neck 7-9 mm. In other rootstocks, the number of shoots ranged from 3 to 6, their height ranged from 63 to 111 cm, and the diameter of the root neck randed from 6 (PB-4) to 10 mm (62-396). In the M-9 rootstock, root formation was estimated at 4-5 points, in others – at 2-5. The results of this study help to better understand the similarities and differences in the biology and economically valuable traits of these rootstocks, which provides important clues for all players involved in the fruit growing sector. Key words: Azerbaijan, horticulture, vegetative rootstocks, growth and development, regenerative ability

Использование регулятора роста растений янтарной кислоты при укоренении одревесневших черенков сортов и форм груши

As a result of the conducted research, it was found that when treated with succinic acid, the plant growth regulator, the greatest rooting result was observed in the varieties of pear Svetlyanka (k), Memory Yakovleva, Yakovlevskaya, Chudelnitsa. This indicator ranged from 75.1 to 77.8%. Without the use of a plant growth regulator (from 60.0 to 65.7%), the pear varieties Svetlyanka (k), Memory Yakovleva, Yakovlevskaya, Chudelnitsa had the greatest rootability. According to Table 2, the highest height of increments (from 15.0 to 15.6 cm) when treated with plant growth regulator succinic acid were characterized by pear varieties Svetlyanka (k), Memory Yakovleva, Yakovlevskaya, Chudelnitsa. The largest diameter of the conditional root neck when using the plant growth regulator succinic acid was characterized by the varieties of pear Svetlyanka (k), Memory Yakovleva, Yakovlevskaya, Chudesnitsa. This figure was 1.4 cm. The largest number of roots (from 8.0 to 8.6 pcs.) when treated with plant growth regulator succinic acid were the varieties of pear Svetlyanka (k), Memory Yakovleva, Yakovlevskaya, Chudelnitsa. When using the plant growth regulator succinic acid, the pear varieties Svetlyanka (k), Memory Yakovleva, Yakovlevskaya, Chudesnitsa had the highest root length (from 11.0 to 11.6 cm). Without the use of a plant growth regulator, the highest growth height (from 13.0 to 13.8 cm) was characterized by the varieties of pear Svetlyanka (k), Memory Yakovleva, Yakovlevskaya, Chudelnitsa. The largest diameter of the conditional root neck without treatment with a plant growth regulator was possessed by the pear varieties Svetlyanka (k), Memory Yakovleva, Yakovlevskaya, Chudelnitsa. This figure was 1.2 cm. Without the use of a plant growth regulator, the varieties Grushisvetlyanka (k), Memory Yakovleva, Yakovlevskaya, Chudesnitsa had the largest number of roots (from 6.0 to 6.5 pcs.). The largest root length (from 8.0 to 8.7 cm) without the use of a plant growth regulator was characterized by pear varieties Svetlyanka (k), Memory Yakovleva, Yakovlevskaya, Chudelnitsa.

Utilizing Biostimulator Grow–B for Increasing Tobacco Seeds Germination, Biometric Indicators of Seedling and Quality of Cured Tobacco

In 2020–2021, in the central zone of the Krasnodar Territory, a study was conducted on the effectiveness of a biostimulator based on triterpene acids Grow–B on tobacco of the promising variety Sheptalsky 63. According to the results of the use of a growth-stimulating agent with a fungicidal effect in laboratory conditions, it was found that pre-sowing soaking of tobacco seeds at a concentration of 0.05% for 6 hours increased the weight of tobacco seedlings by 43%. Sowing of treated tobacco seeds in a greenhouse together with additional double treatment of seedlings in the development phases “ears” and “fit for planting” with a solution of the biostimulator Grow–B in a concentration of 0.05% increased the number of leaves on plants by 18, the length of seedlings from the root neck to the point of growth – by 37, to the end of the elongated leaves – by 24, the diameter of the stem is by 30, the crude mass of the aboveground part and the root system is by 96 and 95%, respectively. The yield of standard seedlings per unit of greenhouse area increased by 29%. The survival rate of plants in the field reached 98, their height increased by 12 by the end of the harvesting period, the area of tobacco leaves of the middle tier – by 28, yield – by 37% compared with the control. Pre-sowing soaking of seeds and seedling treatment with the Grow–B biostimulator increased the amount of nicotine in tobacco raw materials by 34, carbohydrates by 68, and reduced the amount of proteins by 13%. The number of Schmuck (carbohydrate-protein ratio characterizing the quality of raw materials) increased by 89% against the background of a biostimulator.

Phenotype, Biomass, Carbon and Nitrogen Assimilation, and Antioxidant Response of Rapeseed under Salt Stress.

Salt stress is one of the major adverse factors affecting plant growth and crop production. Rapeseed is an important oil crop, providing high-quality edible oil for human consumption. This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of salt stress on the phenotypic traits and physiological processes of rapeseed. The soil salinity was manipulated by setting three different levels: 0 g NaCl kg-1 soil (referred to as S0), 1.5 g NaCl kg-1 soil (referred to as S1), and 3.0 g NaCl kg-1 soil (referred to as S2). In general, the results indicated that the plant height, leaf area, and root neck diameter decreased with an increase in soil salinity. In addition, the biomass of various organs at all growth stages decreased as soil salinity increased from S0 to S2. The increasing soil salinity improved the distribution of biomass in the root and leaf at the seedling and flowering stages, indicating that rapeseed plants subjected to salt stress during the vegetative stage are capable of adapting their growth pattern to sustain their capacity for nutrient and water uptake, as well as leaf photosynthesis. However, as the soil salinity increased, there was a decrease in the distribution of biomass in the pod and seed at the maturity stage, while an increase was observed in the root and stem, suggesting that salt stress inhibited carbohydrate transport into reproductive organs. Moreover, the C and N accumulation at the flowering and maturity stages exhibited a reduction in direct correlation with the increase in soil salinity. High soil salinity resulted in a reduction in the C/N, indicating that salt stress exerted a greater adverse effect on C assimilation compared to N assimilation, leading to an increase in seed protein content and a decrease in oil content. Furthermore, as soil salinity increased from S0 to S2, the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) and the content of soluble protein and sugar increased by 58.39%, 33.38%, 15.57%, and 13.88% at the seedling stage, and 38.69%, 22.85%, 12.04%, and 8.26% at the flowering stage, respectively. In summary, this study revealed that salt stress inhibited C and N assimilation, leading to a suppressed phenotype and biomass accumulation. The imbalanced C and N assimilation under salt stress contributed to the alterations in the seed oil and protein content. Rapeseed had a certain degree of salt tolerance by improving antioxidants and osmolytes.

Obtaining standard clonal rootstocks of the Maak cherry by green cuttings

The Maak cherry (Cerasus maackii Rupr.) has been studied for use as a scion in nursery production. The culture has such economically valuable features as resistance to diseases and pests, winter hardiness, fast regenerative ability, high rooting capacity of green cuttings. The article deals with the peculiarities of cultivation of the Maak cherry by green cuttings in the conditions of the Chelyabinsk region. The objective of the study was to evaluate the Maak cherry for the rooting ability and the possibility of obtaining a standard clonal scion. It has been found that using green shoots of the Maak cherry, 20, 30 and 40 cm long, the rooting capacity of cherry increases by 2.5; 12.5 and 19.1%, respectively, compared to the control variant (15 cm). The yield of standard rootstocks increases, when using longer cuttings 30–40 cm, when compared to the control (15 cm), or 2.5–3.4 times, respectively. Changes also occurred in the increase in the diameter of the conditional root neck, it increased by 9.3; 28.0 and 50.0% more than the control (3.2 mm). It has been proved by the experiment that at cutting length of green cuttings of the Maak cherry with the length of 40 cm, it is possible to get more than 150 pieces of clonal rootstocks suitable for winter grafting from 1m2 of the protected ground during one vegetation period. In green cuttings of the Maak cherry in a greenhouse equipped with a fogging unit, the length of green cuttings planted for rooting has a significant effect on rooting and yield of the uniform clonal rootstocks. When using 30–40 cm long annual shoots cut during the active growth period, rooting ability of the Maak cherry increased 1.3 times, the diameter of the conditional root neck – 1.5 times, the total yield of the suitable for grafting rootstocks – 3.4 times compared to the control variant (15 cm).

Hypergravity-exacerbated cracking in high-speed rotating 7075 aluminum blades

On Earth, high-speed rotating blades and rotors experience hypergravity, which is mainly derived from centrifugal force. Aluminum alloys are widely used in high-speed rotating machines. In particular, 7075 aluminum has excellent properties, providing it with great potential for application in high-temperature rotating parts. In this work, the cracking behavior and microstructural evolution characteristics of high-speed rotating blades under different stresses were studied. A specifically designed instrument and blades with multiple necks were assembled, and the stress was tuned by adding weight to the blade tip. Each rotating blade cracked on its root neck, indicating that the gradient hypergravitational force decreased from the root to the tip. The degree of high-temperature cracking obviously increased with a sawtooth-like tip, but the degree of low-temperature cracking did not obviously increase with a smooth tip. A comparison under a constant uniaxial force required a greatly increased ultimate cracking strength that was approximately 10–18 times greater than that under hypergravitational force at the same temperature. Force analysis indicated that the coupling of hypergravitational forces in the normal direction and torsional forces in the tangential direction accelerated cracking. A uniaxial force caused grains to extend along the blade direction. However, a tangential force cut these extended grains to accelerate cracking and grain refining. In this study, real-world simulated service conditions for commercial alloys rotating at high speeds and a new understanding of the mechanical properties of alloys under various severe conditions were provided.

ВОЗДЕЙСТВИЕ РЕГУЛЯТОРА РОСТА РАСТЕНИЙ КОРНЕВИНА НА УКОРЕНЯЕМОСТЬ СОРТОВ И ФОРМ ГРУШИ В УСЛОВИЯХ ИСКУССТВЕННОГО ТУМАНА

Pear is a seed crop that grows and is consumed all over the world, grows on trees and is harvested in the Northern Hemisphere from late summer to October. Plant growth regulators are such chemicals that are capable of various green and lignified cuttings to increase the root system, they are also able to increase yields. Kornevin is an effective plant growth regulator (phytohormone). It is a biological product that stimulates root formation. The drug has a mild effect, is not phytotoxic, eliminates overdoses. It has a long-lasting prolonged effect. Green pear cuttings K-1, K-2, OHF 333, Piro II had the greatest rootability when using the plant growth regulator kornevin (30.0 mg/l) (from 85.0 to 87.7%). Without the use of plant growth regulators, the forms K-1, K-2, OHF 333, Piro II had high rooting rates of green pear cuttings (from 70.5 to 75.9%). The highest growth height when using the plant growth regulator kornevin (30.0 mg/l) was possessed by the rootstock forms of the Caucasian pear, 4-26, 4-39, K-1, K-2, OHF 333, Piro II, this indicator varied from 12.5 to 14.0 cm. The largest diameter of the conditional root neck (from 1.3 to 1.6 cm) had the forms of pears Caucasian, 4-26, 4-39, K-1, K-2, OHF 333, Piro II and varieties ‘Pervomayskaya’, ‘Yakovlevskaya’, ‘Avgustovskaya Rosa’, ‘Irista’, ‘Chudesnitsa’, ‘Fevral'skiy Suvenir’. The largest number of roots (from 7.5 to 8.5 pcs.) were demonstrated by the forms of the Caucasian pear, 4-26, 4-39, K-1, K-2, OHF 333, Piro II. The largest root length (from 9.0 to 9.8 cm) was possessed by the rootstocks of the Caucasian pear, 4-26, 4-39, K-1, K-2, OHF 333, Piro II and varieties ‘Nika’, ‘Avgustovskaya Rosa’, ‘Irista’, ‘Fevral'skiy Suvenir’. Without the use of plant growth regulators, the largest plant height (from 10.0 to 12.0 cm) was possessed by the forms of Caucasian pear, 4-26, 4-39, K-1, K-2, OHF 333, Piro II. The largest number of roots (from 5.0 to 6.6 pcs.) had pear shapes 4-39, K-2, OHF 333, Piro II and varieties ‘Svetlyanka (k)’, ‘Nika’, ‘Pervomayskaya’. The largest root length without the use of plant growth regulators was characterized by the forms of the Caucasian pear, 4-26, 4-39, K-1, K-2, OHF 333, Piro II and varieties ‘Nika’, ‘Fevral'skiy Suvenir’, this indicator varied from 7.0 to 7.8 cm.

Cultivation and Study of Varieties, Forms of Pears and Quinces in Conditions of Artificial Fog

In this article, studies of green cuttings of varieties and clonal rootstocks of pear and quince were carried out using artificial fog. Experiments to study the rootability of green cuttings of pear varieties – Hera, Severyanka krasnoschekaya, Extravaganza, Autumn Yakovleva, Tenderness, Allegro, Yakovlev’s Favorite, Skorospelka from Michurinsk, clone rootstocks of pear PG 12 (k), PG 2, PG 17-16 and Northern quince, VA 29, No. 21, Provencal were carried out in a greenhouse with a fi lm a coating equipped with a fog-forming installation. In the future, the following were grown and studied: the number of rooted rootstocks; the average length of the increments; the diameter of the conditional root neck; the average number of roots; the length of the roots. As a result, clonal rootstocks of pears PG 12 (k), PG 2, PG 17-16, Northern quince were isolated, which had the highest rootability over 60.0%.

Influence of growth stimulants on the cultivation of annual Mongolian oak (Quercus Mongolian Fisch. ex Ledeb.) seedlings

Growth stimulants are substances that provide the growth and development of plants. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of growth stimulants Albit, Energen and Epin-Extra on the cultivation of annual seedlings of Mongolian oak (Quercus mongolica Fisch. ex Ledeb.) in a forest nursery of Primorye Territory. These stimulants were used as a pre-sowing seed treatment in various concentrations of solutions. Control – seeds which have not been treated with preparations. At the end of the growing season, the parameters of seedlings were determined: height, diameter of the root neck, length of the root system, number of leaf blades, leaf surface area and dry mass. It was revealed that the growth stimulator Albit had a more positive effect on the height of seedlings, and Epin-Extra was more effective on the diameter of the root neck. The total dry mass was influenced by Energen. The rest of the parameters were within the control group, or their decrease was observed. In the future, it is planned to study the effect of these stimulants on the subsequent growth of oak seedlings.

Влияние стимуляторов на рост и развитие двулетних сеянцев кедра корейского (Pinus koraiensis Siebold et Zucc.)

The object of research is represented by biennial seedlings of Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis Siebold et Zucc.), grown in a forest nursery in the GTS (Mountain Taiga Station) – a branch of the Federal Scientific Center for Biodiversity of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences of Primorsky Krai. The influence of stimulants Zircon, Krezacin, Epin-Extra on the biometric parameters of seedlings was studied. Stimulants are used in the form of root dressing in different concentrations of solutions. The height of the trunks and the length of the roots, the diameter of the root collar, as well as the dry mass are estimated. It was revealed that the use of top dressing in the form of the noted stimulants at a solution concentration of 0.01% provides a better increase in the aerial part of Korean pine. It is also noted that the development of roots is activated. It was found that during the study period, the height was at the level of 8.1 to 12.9 cm, the diameter of the root neck was from 3 to 3.5 mm, the length of the roots was from 10.8 to 14.2 cm, the dry weight was from 1.1 to 1.62 g. An increase in indicators was found (in comparison with the samples of the control group), respectively, by 28.6‑104.8; 30.1‑71.1; 11.1‑29.6 and 57.1‑131.4%. According to the current Rules for Reforestation (Order of the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia dated December 04, 2020 No. 1014 “On Approval of the Rules for Reforestation, the Composition of the Reforestation Project, the Procedure for Developing a Reforestation Project and Making Changes to It”; hereinafter referred to as the Reforestation Rules), Korean pine seedlings in the Far East reach standard sizes in 2‑3 years. In our experiments, seedlings treated with the growth stimulator Zircon, fed with a solution concentration of 0.01%, reached the age of planting material quality after 2 years.

Опыт выращивания посадочного материала Thuja occidentalis ᾽Smaragd᾽ с ЗКС по технологии «Контейнер в контейнере»

In the Russian nursery industry, there are certain standards for planting material developed for all types of plants that dictating clear requirements for nursery products, in case of deviation from which, the competitive-ness of the nursery in the plant market decreases. In order to grow healthy planting material that meets all the required standards, it is necessary to apply modern cultivation technologies that provide all the conditions for the uniform development of the aboveground and underground parts of the plant, without any disease. This article discusses the experience of growing Thuja occidentalis ‘Smaragd’ planting material with a closed root system in containers. Observations on the condition of 180 containerized seedlings on three experimental sites in the nursery - an open area, a shaded area and a "Pot-in-pot" technology area were made. Measurements of substrate temperature in containers throughout the day, biometric indicators of seedlings – plant height, root neck diame-ter, root length and density were analyzed. All the advantages and disadvantages of the "Pot-in-pot" system, dif-ferences from the classical cultivation are shown, and the influence of this method on the physiology and productivity of plants is determined.

Влияние стимулятора роста растений (янтарной кислоты), сроков черенкования на укореняемость зеленых черенков груши и айвы

The article highlights the research results on the rooting of green pear and quince cuttings in the first and second decades of June. Green cuttings were taken from mother shrubs and treated with the plant growth stimulator of succinic acid. As the pear and quince cuttings took roots, we determined the rooting ability of rootstocks, number of standard rootstocks, height of the rooted rootstocks, diameter of the conditional root neck, number of roots, length of the root system. The rootstocks of pear PG 12 (k), PG 2, PG 17-16, PG 333 and quince VA 29, Severnaya demonstrated the best indicators of rooting ability, number of standard rootstocks, diameter of the conditional root neck, number and length of roots.

The prolonged influence of stimulants on the growth of three-year-old Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis Siebold et Zucc.) seedlings

Relevance. Currently, one of the main tasks in forestry is to obtain high–quality planting material. Studies are being conducted on accelerated cultivation of coniferous and deciduous plants in forest nurseries with the use of growth stimulants that positively affect seed germination, the growth of biometric indicators, the safety and survival of plants. In this regard, the use of plant growth stimulants, which also include “Zircon” and “Ferovit”, is relevant.Methods. The effect of root feeding with Ferovit and Zircon preparations on morphometric parameters of three-year-old Korean cedar seedlings (Pinus koraiensis Siebold et Zucc.) was studied. Venue: nursery of the Mountain Taiga Station — branch of the Federal Research Center for Biodiversity of Terrestrial Biota of East Asia FEB RAS in 2019—2022. Parameters such as the height of seedlings, height gain, root neck diameter, root length and biomass were studied.Results. It was found that a significant effect is provided by a variant of root fertilization of seedlings with the use of “Zircon” and “Ferovit” at a concentration of 1.5 ml / 3 l of water solution. The indicators of the height of seedlings compared to the control increased by 126.1%, height increase — by 136.7%, root neck diameter — by 20%, root length — by 21.8%, biomass — by 252.1%.

Относительная высота деревьев в изолированных популяциях сосновых древостоев

The study of relative tree height in lingonberry, bilberry and sphagnum pine forests on Bolshoy Solovetsky Island was carried out. The island is the largest by area in the Solovetsky Archipelago and in the White Sea. The archipelago is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Relative height is an important indicator characterizing the growth of woody plants and reflecting how many centimeters of height growth for each centimeter of diameter. We laid 34 sample plots in the most widespread forest types – lingonberry, bilberry, and sphagnum pine forests, occupying 82.0 % of the total pine forest area. At each sampling area we selected survey trees (64 trees each), measured heights, diameters, and took cores with an age drill at the root neck to determine the age. A total of 2176 trees were used in the relative height analysis. The average relative height in lingonberry, bilberry and sphagnum pine forests on Bolshoy Solovetsky Island is 62.5; 61.5 and 54.7 cm/cm, respectively. This relative height is noticeably lower than in pine forests on the mainland in the Arkhangelsk Oblast. There, the values are 84.9; 84.9 and 79.2 cm/cm for the respective forest types. It is not possible to use the existing growth progress tables developed on the basis of mainland trees for island pine forests. Equations for determining the relative height of pine forests on Bolshoy Solovetsky Island were obtained. It is proposed to use tree diameter rather than age as an input parameter, since the determination of age is much more difficult than that of diameter at breast height. For citation: Sobolev A.N., Feklistov P.A., Neverov N.A., Makarov S.S. Relative Tree Height in Isolated Populations of Pine Stands. Lesnoy Zhurnal = Russian Forestry Journal, 2023, no. 6, pp. 102–113. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2023-6-102-113

Responses of Growth and Root Vitality of Fokienia hodginsii Seedling to the Neighbor Competition in Different Heterogeneous Nutrient Environments

Fokienia hodginsii is characterized by shallow and developed lateral roots with no obvious taproot. It can be used as a pioneer tree species for opening up barren land and as a mixed species for creating plantation forests. During the growth process of F. hodginsii seedlings, they are often exposed to heterogeneous nutrient environments and competition for nutrients, water, and space from neighboring plants, which have significant impacts on the growth of F. hodginsii. These impacts are most directly reflected in the root vitality of F. hodginsii, whose physiological changes embody the plant’s adaptability to different heterogeneous nutrient environments and neighbor competition. Herein, high-quality one-year-old F. hodginsii seedlings were subjected to three planting patterns to simulate different competition patterns. The three planting patterns were also exposed to three heterogeneous nutrient environments and a homogeneous nutrient environment (control) to determine the differences in the F. hodginsii seedling growth and root vitality under different heterogeneous nutrient environments and planting patterns. The F. hodginsii seedling height, ground diameter (root neck diameter), and root biomass under the heterospecific neighbor condition were significantly higher than under the single-plant condition. Across heterogeneous nutrient environments, the average seedling height in the N heterogeneous environments was higher than in the P and K heterogeneous environments. The root biomass in the P heterogeneous environment was slightly higher than in the N heterogeneous environment and significantly higher than in the homogeneous and the K heterogeneous environments. Moreover, the average F. hodginsii seedling root vitality under the heterospecific neighbor was the highest, and the root vitality in the N heterogeneous environment was the highest under each planting pattern. The F. hodginsii root catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) activities under the competition patterns were significantly higher than under the single-plant condition. Additionally, the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity under single-plant was higher than under the competition patterns. At the same time, the F. hodginsii root malondialdehyde (MDA) content was the highest under the conspecific neighbor. Relative to the homogeneous environment, the root CAT, SOD, and POD activities were increased in the N and P heterogeneous environments. The CAT, SOD, and POD activities were highest in the P heterogeneous environment, while the K heterogeneous environment had the highest average MDA content. From the results of principal component analysis, when F. hodginsii seedlings were in N and P heterogeneous nutrient environments and heterospecific neighbor, their growth, root biomass accumulation, and root activity indexes reached better levels.

THE PROLONGED INFLUENCE OF ROOT TOP DRESSING OF KOREAN PINE (PINUS KORAIENSIS) ANNUAL-BIENNIAL SEE DLINGS WITH GRO WTH STIMULANTS ON THEIR BIOMETRIC INDICATORS AT EIGHT YEARS OF AGE

In the article the analysis of the prolonged influence of root top dressing of annual and biennial Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis Siebold et Zucc.) seedlings with the growth stimulants Сrezacin, Zircon and Epin-Extra on their biometric indicators at eight years of age is presented. It was established, that root top dressing with the growth stimulants Krezacin and Zircon had the greatest stimulating effect on the growth of height, increase in height and diameter of the root neck of seedlings. Epin-Extra is less effective.

FEATURES OF THE CREATION OF THE MACLURA TRICUSPIDATA (CARRIÈRE) BUREAU COLLECTION PLANTING IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE KHOROL BOTANICAL GARDEN

An introductory study of Maclura tricuspidata (Carrière) Bureau in the Khorol Botanical Garden is shown. It is singled out as an important stage of the creation of a collection plantation, which is used to establish the degree of stability of the species in new conditions of growth and the prospects of its distribution and cultivation both in the research region – in the Poltava Region, and in the natural and climatic zone - the Forest Steppe of Ukraine.
 It is noted that in the process of developing plants, seeds soaked for one day were sown in a nursery with a substrate of one part of the soil and two parts of river sand, where the soil fertility was about 40%, and the growth during the growing season was 15–20 cm. After growing, the seedlings were grafted by the method of improved copulation and split into the varieties ‘Che Seedless’, ‘Norris’ and pollinator. Grafting was done in the root neck, which allowed the seedling to be transplanted to a permanent place of growth in a botanical garden with a depth of 15 cm at the site of grafting into the soil in order to preserve varietal characteristics in case of loss of the aerial part of the plant due to damage by frost with critical sub-zero temperatures for the species.
 The expediency of protecting the root system from the effects of low temperatures in the cold season, when the lower part of young plants and the circle around the stem are covered with a thick layer of fallen leaves, and with this agrotechnical method, the soil around the root system does not freeze to depth, which has a positive effect on the state of wintering - plants do not freeze.
 For visual identification by external features of the M. tricuspidata samples available in the collection, photofixation of the leaves, linear measurements of the leaf blade and spines as lateral elements of the shoot, and description of the shape of the leaf blade were made.
 In this way, a collection plantation of M. tricuspidata was established using the varieties of foreign selection ‘Che Seedless’, ‘Norris’, their pollinator and seedling form. Further enrichment of the collection with a variety of introductory material will contribute to the successful implementation of selection research tasks on the selection of local resistant forms.

Optimal treatment against Athelia rolfsii rot in processing tomatoes using pesticide and rootstock against key stages of the disease

The soilborne fungus Athelia rolfsii (synonym Sclerotium rolfsii) causes stem or collar rot in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). We aimed to develop an optimal treatment for A. rolfsii in processing tomatoes in Israel through an understanding of the key developmental stages of the plant that are susceptible to disease development. We tested two approaches: best timing for pesticide application, and grafting onto a tolerant rootstock. The fungus attacked processing tomatoes at two stages: (i) immediately after planting, when the root neck is attacked and the young plant wilts, and (ii) in the last month of growth, when the humidity under the foliage increases, temperatures are high, and the root neck, shoot and fruit, which are lying on the ground, are susceptible to pathogen attack. The number of infected plants was significantly reduced after incorporating azoxystrobin at 2.5 and 5 L a. i./ha in the soil preplanting, and applying the combination fungicide Nativo (a.i. tebuconazole and trifloxystrobin) at 0.75 kg/ha in the drip-irrigation system (chemigation) once, 60–90 days after planting. This treatment enhanced total yield by up to 35.2% and marketable yield by up to 33.7% relative to untreated plots. Grafting to a resistant rootstock significantly reduced plant wilting in the first weeks of growth to less than 1% of the plants, and enhanced fruit yield up to four fold. In soil with a history of infestation, A. rolfsii infection should be treated during the plants’ susceptible stages: preventive azoxystrobin treatment preplanting, and a single treatment of Nativo later on to prevent infection and decay, especially for late harvest; grafting to a resistant rootstock can also reduce infection in the early stages of growth and enhance yield. In this study, we show for the first time that A. rolfsii infection in processing tomato can be dramatically decreased with minimal pesticide application against key stages of the disease and rootstocks.

Ensuring the Quality of Control of the Crankshaft of the ZMZ Engine at Repair Enterprises

An assessment of the quality of control of the parameters of the crankshaft of the ZMZ engine at the repair company was carried out. The metrological support system of the enterprise must guarantee the accuracy and quality of the repair of the crankshaft of the ZMZ engine, excluding the possibility of marriage during subsequent assembly. When the engines are repaired, the crankshafts are defective, after which they are replaced with new ones or processed for repair size. After processing the crankshaft for the repair size, it is necessary to carry out control according to six parameters. It was revealed that in order to measure the diameters of the main and connecting rod necks of the crankshaft, as well as their ovality, it is necessary to replace the micrometer 75-0.01 used at the enterprise, the maximum measurement error of which is twice as large as the permissible one, with a lever bracket 75- 0.002, in order to reduce the measurement error and improve the quality of control. To control the greatest beating of the second, third and fourth root necks relative to the first and fifth root necks, the hour-type indicator used at enterprises fully satisfies the specified conditions, the maximum error does not exceed the permissible one. To control the axial clearance of the already assembled crankshaft along the thrust bearing, 10-0.01 is also used, which provides the specified measurement accuracy with a three-fold margin. When measuring the length of the third root neck, the use of a caliper 125-0.05 leads to an excess of the permissible measurement error by 3 times, but there are no other more accurate universal measuring instruments for monitoring this parameter, because control is carried out by special sponges for measuring holes that are available only for calipers. It is recommended to design a gauge for the purpose of measuring the length of the third root neck.

Varietal screening for identification of postharvest physiological deterioration tolerance in storage roots of cassava

ABSTRACT Postharvest physiological deterioration (PPD) is a constraint in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) and a threat to effective utilization of cassava roots. This study determined the magnitude of variability for PPD tolerance among cassava genotypes and identified new sources of tolerance to PPD. Seventy-six cassava genotypes were evaluated for PPD tolerance at postharvest evaluation intervals of 3, 5, 7, 10, 15, or 20 days after harvest. Repeated measure analysis indicated that differences for PPD reliably depend on time in conjunction with genotype and years. The genotypes were categorized into nine classes using rank-sum statistics involving standardized mean range, PPD, and PPD per day. Nineteen genotypes were tolerant and three were free of symptoms up to 20 days postharvest. Released varieties had tolerance to PPD compared to local varieties and pre-breeding lines. The PPD symptoms were mostly found in peripheral regions and in proximal and distal ends rather than in the mid-region of the root. The presence of the root neck reduced deterioration. Root length, weight, and dry matter content were positively correlated with PPD. The new sources of tolerance may improve the adoption and utilization of cassava.