Root Extract Research Articles

Allelopathic Effects of Vachellia nubica, Vachellia tortilis and Hyphaene compressa on Germination and Seedling Growth of Prosopis juliflora

Background: Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC is an invasive species negatively impacting plant ecology and livelihoods in introduced areas. Native tree species may produce allelochemicals that can inhibit growth of invasive species, resulting in a natural management technique. Aim: This study aimed to determine allelopathic effect of three native tree species (V. tortilis, V. nubica, and H. compressa) on seed germination and early seedling growth of P. juliflora to identify the tree species that can be used to suppress P. juliflora invasion as part of its management strategy. Methodology: Crude Leaf and root extracts of the native trees at 0%, 1%, 2.5%, 5%, and 10% concentrations were prepared. P. juliflora seeds were subjected to 24 crude extract treatments and a control in a completely randomized design in Petri dishes. The seeds were uniformly moistened with 10 ml extracts daily in a germination chamber for 14 days, and germination counts were done after every 2 days. Shoot and root length and wet weight were measured after 14 days. The data were subjected to three-way ANOVA and means separated by Tukey. Results: Prosopis seed coats treated with V. tortilis and V. nubica leaf extracts turned darkish before germination while germination of seeds in 10% leaf extracts of V. nubica aborted. Seed germination percentage in 10% leaf extracts of V. tortilis (30%) and V. nubica (23%) were the lowest compared to control (90%). P. juliflora seedlings under 5% V. nubica and 10% V. tortilis died before the experiment period. Depending on crude extract concentrations, percent inhibition on germination characteristics were; percent germination (21-74%), wet weight (6-49%), plumule length (10-47%), and radicle length (7-86%) of germinating P. juliflora. Conclusion: The native tree species studied have allelopathic effects on the germination of P. juliflora and thus can be promoted to suppress invasiveness of P. juliflora.

Beneficial Effects of Ginger Root Extract on Pain Behaviors, Inflammation, and Mitochondrial Function in the Colon and Different Brain Regions of Male and Female Neuropathic Rats: A Gut-Brain Axis Study.

Neuroinflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction have been implicated in the progression of neuropathic pain (NP) but can be mitigated by supplementation with gingerol-enriched ginger (GEG). However, the exact benefits of GEG for each sex in treating neuroinflammation and mitochondrial homeostasis in different brain regions and the colon remain to be determined. Evaluate the effects of GEG on emotional/affective pain and spontaneous pain behaviors, neuroinflammation, as well as mitochondria homeostasis in the amygdala, frontal cortex, hippocampus, and colon of male and female rats in the spinal nerve ligation (SNL) NP model. One hundred rats (fifty males and fifty females) were randomly assigned to five groups: sham + vehicle, SNL + vehicle, and SNL with three different GEG doses (200, 400, and 600 mg/kg BW) for 5 weeks. A rat grimace scale and vocalizations were used to assess spontaneous and emotional/affective pain behaviors, respectively. mRNA gene and protein expression levels for tight junction protein, neuroinflammation, mitochondria homeostasis, and oxidative stress were measured in the amygdala, frontal cortex, hippocampus, and colon using qRT-PCR and Western blot (colon). GEG supplementation mitigated spontaneous pain in both male and female rats with NP while decreasing emotional/affective responses only in male NP rats. GEG supplementation increased intestinal integrity (claudin 3) and suppressed neuroinflammation [glial activation (GFAP, CD11b, IBA1) and inflammation (TNFα, NFκB, IL1β)] in the selected brain regions and colon of male and female NP rats. GEG supplementation improved mitochondrial homeostasis [increased biogenesis (TFAM, PGC1α), increased fission (FIS, DRP1), decreased fusion (MFN2, MFN1) and mitophagy (PINK1), and increased Complex III] in the selected brain regions and colon in both sexes. Some GEG dose-response effects in gene expression were observed in NP rats of both sexes. GEG supplementation decreased emotional/affective pain behaviors of males and females via improving gut integrity, suppressing neuroinflammation, and improving mitochondrial homeostasis in the amygdala, frontal cortex, hippocampus, and colon in both male and female SNL rats in an NP model, implicating the gut-brain axis in NP. Sex differences observed in the vocalizations assay may suggest different mechanisms of evoked NP responses in females.

Biochar addition enhances remediation efficiency and rapeseed yield in copper-contaminated soil.

Soil contamination with copper (Cu) threatens ecological security and human health. Rapeseed demonstrates potential in remediating copper-contaminated soil, and biochar-assisted phytoremediation is increasingly being employed to improve remediation efficiency. However, the combined application of them has not been thoroughly studied in terms of the synergistic effects and the mechanisms of their interaction. In this regard, this study conducted a pot experiment to evaluate biochar-assisted remediation under Cu-contaminated soil with varying biochar application rates; Furthermore, the plant physiological mechanism and soil physicochemical properties involved in the biocharrapeseed system was explored. Our results showed that the exchangeable pool of copper in soil decreased by 10.0% and 12.3% with adding 5% biochar (BC1) and 10% biochar (BC2) relative to control (BC0), respectively, prior to rapeseed cultivation. The rapeseed cultivation for one season further reclaimed 4.9%, 9.0%, and 13.6% of the available copper in this soil by root extraction under the BC0, BC1, and BC2 treatments, respectively. The overall copper concentration in plants decreased by 23.7% under BC2 and 13.3% under BC1 compared to BC0. However, the plant's dry biomass at BC1 and BC2 treatments increased by 1.7-fold and 2.7-fold relative to BC0, which offset the negative impact of the decreased copper concentration on phytoremediation. Physiological analysis showed adding 10% biochar decreased the MDA content by 36% in the leaf and 49% in the root, compared to BC0. The transmission electron microscopy for cell wall ultrastructure in root tips showed that biochar addition in Cu-contaminated soil increased the mechanical strength of the celL wall, explicitly increasing the thickness of the secondary cell wall. Further cell wall components analysis revealed a remarkable increment of the pectin content in BC2 relative to BC0, increased by 56% in the leaf and 99% in the root, respectively. Additionally, 10% biochar application led to a roughly 2-fold increase in seed yield via ameliorating the soil physicochemical properties and increasing the rapeseed growth. These findings offer insights into synergistic rapeseed-biochar use for Cu-contaminated soil remediation.

Antibacterial Activity of Ocimum Basilicum L. and Thymus Vulgaris L. Extracts against Escherichia coli as a future method for decontamination and deodorization of compost-like mixtures

Ocimum basilicum L. and Thymus vulgaris L. are natural plant sources of antimicrobial activity, which is essential to determine their qualities as biological agents against pathogenic microorganisms. The aim of the study is the analysis of the antibacterial activity of plant extracts of basil and thyme against Escherichia coli for their subsequent application in agricultural practice as additives for decontamination and deodorization of compost-like mixtures. Plant extracts from roots, stems, leaves and whole plants of basil and thyme were obtained by various methods: decoction, tincture, medicinal vinegar, medicinal wine and medicinal oil. Agar diffusion method was used to determine the antimicrobial activity of the extracts against Escherichia coli. The analyzed essential oil cultures increase the microbiological and enzymatic activity of soils. Basil extracts showed stronger antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli than thyme extracts, differing for individual plant parts - roots variants showed higher antimicrobial activity compared to variants with leaves, stems and whole plant. In general, a lower antimicrobial activity of the plant extracts was found in the medicated wine and tincture variants (except for roots tincture), compared to the decoction, medicated vinegar and medicated oil variants. The antibacterial activity of the stem extracts depended significantly, and that of the root, leaf and whole plant extracts moderately, on the biogenicity of the soils. The analyzed essential oil cultures can be applied for decontamination (against Escherichia coli) and deodorization of compost-like mixtures. The use of basil and thyme extracts decontaminated composts from E. coli content in a repeated 4-month application.

Mitigating Hyperglycaemic Oxidative Stress in HepG2 Cells: The Role of Carica papaya Leaf and Root Extracts in Promoting Glucose Uptake and Antioxidant Defence

Background/Objectives: Diabetes often goes undiagnosed, with 60% of people in Africa unaware of their condition. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with insulin resistance and is treated with metformin, despite the undesirable side effects. Medicinal plants with therapeutic potential, such as Carica papaya, have shown promising anti-diabetic properties. This study explored the role of C. papaya leaf and root extracts compared to metformin in reducing hyperglycaemia-induced oxidative stress and their impact on liver function using HepG2 as a reference. Methods: The cytotoxicity was assessed through the MTT assay. At the same time, glucose uptake and metabolism (ATP and ∆Ψm) in HepG2 cells treated with C. papaya aqueous leaf and root extract were evaluated using a luminometry assay. Additionally, antioxidant properties (SOD2, GPx1, GSH, and Nrf2) were measured using qPCR and Western blot following the detection of MDA, NO, and iNOS, indicators of free radicals. Results: The MTT assay showed that C. papaya extracts did not exhibit toxicity in HepG2 cells and enhanced glucose uptake compared to the hyperglycaemic control (HGC) and metformin. The glucose levels in C. papaya-treated cells increased ATP production (p < 0.05), while the ∆Ψm was significantly increased in HGR1000-treated cells (p < 0.05). Furthermore, C. papaya leaf extract upregulated GPx1 (p < 0.05), GSH, and Nrf2 gene (p < 0.05), while SOD2 and Nrf2 proteins were reduced (p > 0.05), ultimately lowering ROS (p > 0.05). Contrarily, the root extract stimulated SOD2 (p > 0.05), GPx1 (p < 0.05), and GSH levels (p < 0.05), reducing Nrf2 gene and protein expression (p < 0.05) and resulting in high MDA levels (p < 0.05). Additionally, the extracts elevated NO levels and iNOS expression (p < 0.05), suggesting potential RNS activation. Conclusion: Taken together, the leaf extract stimulated glucose metabolism and triggered ROS production, producing a strong antioxidant response that was more effective than the root extract and metformin. However, the root extract, particularly at high concentrations, was less effective at neutralising free radicals as it did not stimulate Nrf2 production, but it did maintain elevated levels of SOD2, GSH, and GPx1 antioxidants.

Nanotherapy for Cancer and Biological Activities of Green Synthesized AgNPs Using Aqueous Saussurea costus Leaves and Roots Extracts.

Background/Objectives: Nanoparticles derived from medicinal plants are gaining attention for their diverse biological activities and potential therapeutic applications. Methods: This study explored the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumoral, and antimicrobial properties of green synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using the aqueous leaf and root extracts of Saussurea costus (S. costus). The physicochemical characterizations of both biosynthesized AgNPs using the aqueous leaf extract (L-AgNPs) and root extract (R-AgNPs) were examined using UV spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, dynamic light scattering, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The antioxidant activity measured using ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP assays showed that AgNPs, particularly from roots, had higher activity than aqueous extracts, attributed to phenolic compounds acting as capping and antioxidant agents. Results: Enzyme inhibition studies indicated that AgNPs exhibited remarkable anti-inflammatory effects, inhibiting COX-1, 5-LOX, and secreted PLA2 enzymes by over 99% at 120 µg/mL, comparable to standard drugs. The anti-tumoral effects were evaluated on the human cancer cell lines HCT-116, LoVo, and MDA-MB-231, with AgNPs inhibiting cell proliferation dose-dependently and IC50 values between 42 and 60 µg/mL, demonstrating greater potency than extracts. The AgNPs also showed enhanced antimicrobial activities against various microbial strains, with IC50 values as low as 14 µg/mL, which could be linked to nanoparticle interactions with microbial cell membranes, causing structural damage and cell death. Conclusions: These findings suggest that S. costus-derived AgNPs are promising natural, biodegradable agents for various biological applications and potential new therapeutic agents, necessitating further research to explore their mechanisms and applications.

Enhancing Herbal Efficacy: Synthesis and Evaluation of Nanosuspension from Withania somnifera Root Extract

Background: Ayurveda emphasizes the balance of mind, body, and spirit, drawing on ancient texts that highlight the medicinal properties of herbs like Withania somnifera, known for its wide range of therapeutic applications and pharmacological benefits. Commonly referred to as Indian ginseng or Ashwagandha, Withania somnifera, demonstrates a variety of therapeutic effect , including anti-inflammatory, antitumor, sedative, hypnotic, deobstruent effects, narcotic, antioxidant, tonic, antistress, diuretic, aphrodisiac, immunomodulatory, and rejuvenating properties. Nanotechnology, particularly through the development of nanosuspensions, offers a significant advancement in medicine, addressing challenges like poor solubility and low bioavailability of lipophilic drugs. Nanosuspensions can enhance drug safety and efficacy by improving solubility and altering pharmacokinetics. Methods: This study focuses on formulating and characterizing a nanosuspension using an ethanolic extract of Withania somnifera roots. The nanosuspension (NSWS) underwent comprehensive characterization, utilizing techniques such as FT-IR spectroscopy, particle size analysis, zeta potential measurement, polydispersity index (PDI) assessment, Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray diffraction analysis, pH measurement, and stability testing. This study seeks to explore the potential of nanosuspensions, aiming to integrate nanotechnology with herbal medicine to improve the safety and efficacy of herbal formulations. Results: The nanosuspension (NSWS) shown particle size about 133.09 nm, and its uniform particle distribution was indicated by a Polydispersity Index (PDI) about 0.27. Stability and uniformity were further supported by the zeta potential, particle size, and PDI values. Conclusion: Nanosuspension formulations represents a versatile strategy to improve the therapeutic efficacy of hydrophobic drugs across various routes of administration. Keywords: Withania somnifera, Nanosuspension, Characterization, FT-IR, PDI, FESEM

Multiple mechanisms enable broad-spectrum activity of the Pelargonium sidoides root extract EPs 7630 against acute respiratory tract infections.

There is clinical evidence showing that the Pelargonium sidoides root extract EPs 7630 is a safe and effective treatment for a range of acute infectious respiratory illnesses. Moreover, EPs 7630 has been shown to reduce the use of antibiotics, which is important in the context of rising antibiotic resistance levels. A wide range of mechanisms appears to contribute to the beneficial effects of EPs 7630, e.g. antibacterial, antiviral, immunomodulatory, and epithelial barrier effects. This broad spectrum of pharmacological activities seems to enable the clinical activity of EPs 7630 against multiple respiratory infections. In particular, the combination of antiviral and immunomodulatory effects may enable EPs 7630 to tackle acute viral respiratory infections both in early stages of the disease process, which are driven by virus replication, as well as in later stages, which are caused by an overshooting immune response. Hence, EPs 7630 is a prime example of a plant extract with evidence-based clinical efficacy, including a solid understanding of the underlying mechanisms of action. The example of EPs 7630 demonstrates that plant extracts have a potential role as evidence-based clinical treatments and that they deserve pre-clinical and clinical testing and investigation in the same way as any other drug class.

ANTI-OXIDANT, ANTI-BACTERIAL, AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF Scutellaria baicalensis ROOT SUPERCRITICAL FLUID EXTRACTS

Scutellaria baicalensis (S. baicalensis) root extract has been used for a long time in Oriental medicine and the cosmetics industry due to its natural anti-oxidant properties in disease treatment. However, comprehensive studies comparing the physiological activities of different S. baicalensis root extracts are lacking. Specifically, there is a need to compare S. baicalensis root hydrothermal extract (SBHE), S. baicalensis root 75% ethyl alcohol extract (SBAE), and S. baicalensis root supercritical fluid extracts (SBSEs) simultaneously. In this study, we extracted S. baicalensis roots using three different methods: hydrothermal, 75% ethyl alcohol, and supercritical fluid extraction. We then evaluated their radical scavenging activities, SOD-like activity, anti-bacterial activities, and the production of inflammatory factors. Among the extracts tested, the S. baicalensis root supercritical fluid 35°C extract (SBSE35) exhibited superior overall physiological activities. Notably, only the SBSEs demonstrated anti-bacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, whereas SBHE and SBAE did not. SBHE and SBAE increased interleukin (IL)-6 levels (p ≤ 0.05). Additionally, SBHE and SBAE showed a slight decrease in IL-8 at low concentrations, but an increase in IL-8 production in a concentration-dependent manner. In contrast, SBSE35 significantly reduced both IL-6 and IL-8 levels (p ≤ 0.05). These findings suggest that SBSE35 has greater potential for improving human health in the cosmetics and pharmaceutical fields. Keywords: Scutellaria baicalensis root; supercritical fluid extraction; anti-oxidant; anti-bacterial; anti-inflammation

Ginger Phytotoxicity: Potential Efficacy of Extracts, Metabolites and Derivatives for Weed Control

The negative implications for weeds encourage the finding of novel sources of phytotoxic agents for sustainable management. While traditional herbicides are effective, especially at large scales, the environmental impact and proliferation of resistant biotypes present major challenges that natural sources could mitigate. In this study, the potential of ginger metabolites as phytotoxic agents has been investigated for the first time. Root extracts, prepared via various extraction techniques, showed phytotoxicity in wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Burgos) coleoptile bioassays at 800–100 ppm, and the most active extract (prepared by sonication with ethyl acetate) was purified by chromatographic methods, yielding seven compounds: five phenolic metabolites with gingerol and shogaol structures, β-sitosterol, and linoleic acid. Some of the major phenolic metabolites, especially [6]-shogaol and [6]-gingerol, exerted phytotoxicity on wheat coleoptiles, Plantago lanceolata and Portulaca oleracea (broadleaf dicotyledon weeds). This promoted the study of a collection of derivatives, revealing that the 5-methoxy, oxime, and acetylated derivatives of [6]-shogaol and [6]-gingerol had interesting phytotoxicities, providing clues for improving the stability of the isolated structures. Ginger roots have been demonstrated to be a promising source of bioactive metabolites for weed control, offering novel materials with potential for the development of agrochemicals based on natural products.

Clausena harmandiana root extract ameliorates Aβ1-42 induced cognitive deficits, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in rats

BackgroundClausena harmandiana (CH), commonly known as song fa dong, was a medicinal plant traditionally used to treat illnesses and as a health tonic. CH root extract (CHRE) exhibited various bioactivities, including neuroprotective, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer effects. However, CHRE data on neuroprotective in AD-like animal models were still scarce.ObjectivesThis study aimed to investigate the effects of CHRE on Aβ1-42-induced cognitive deficits, free radical damage, and neuronal death in rats.MethodsForty-eight adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (250–300 g) were classified as sham control (SC), V+Aβ, Vit C+Aβ, CHRE125+Aβ, CHRE250+Aβ, and CHRE500+Aβ (n = 8 in each group). Animals were orally administered with 0.5% sodium carboxymethylcellulose, vitamin C (200 mg/kg BW), or CHRE (125, 250, and 500 mg/kg BW) and were untreated for 35 days. On day 21, all treated rats were injected with 1 µl of aggregated Aβ1-42 (1 µg/µl) into the lateral ventricles, bilaterally, whereas untreated rats were injected with sterilized normal saline (NS). The Morris water maze test estimated the rat’s learning and memory one week later. At the end of the treatment, all rats were sacrificed, and their brains were removed and divided into two hemispheres. On the left, morphological changes and neuronal density were observed in hippocampal CA1 and CA3 regions. While, on the right, changes in free radical damage markers (SOD, CAT, GPx, MDA, and Nrf2) and protein expression of active caspase-3 were evaluated in the hippocampus.ResultsPretreatment with CHRE at all doses could alleviate spatial learning and memory defects. CHRE also improved morphological changes and a decrease in neuronal density in CA1 and CA3 regions. Additionally, CHRE significantly increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, GPx) and Nrf2 expression. This was coupled with significantly decreased MDA levels and active caspase-3 expression in the hippocampus of Aβ1-42-induced rats, which was similar to vitamin C exposure.ConclusionsOur findings suggested that CHRE ameliorated cognitive deficits and exhibited neuroprotective effects by reducing free radical damage and mitigating neuronal abnormality and neuronal death.

Preparing a Phytosome for Promoting Delivery Efficiency and Biological Activities of Methyl Jasmonate-Treated Dendropanax morbifera Adventitious Root Extract (DMARE).

(1) Background: Methyl jasmonate-treated D. morbifera adventitious root extract (MeJA-DMARE), enriched with phenolics, has enhanced bioactivities. However, phenolics possess low stability and bioavailability. Substantial evidence indicates that plant extract-phospholipid complex assemblies, known as phytosomes, represent an innovative drug delivery system. (2) Methods: The phytosome complex was created by combining MeJA-DMARE with Soy-L-α-phosphatidylcholine (PC) using three different ratios through two distinct methods (co-solvency method: A1, A2, and A3; thin-layer film method: B1, B2, and B3). (3) Results: Initial evaluation based on UV-Vis, entrapment efficiency (EE%), and loading content (LC%) indicated that B2 exhibited the highest EE% (79.98 ± 1.45) and LC% (69.17 ± 0.14). The phytosome displayed a spherical morphology with a particle size of 210 nm, a notably low polydispersity index of 0.16, and a superior zeta potential value at -25.19 mV. The synthesized phytosome exhibited superior anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting NO and ROS production (reduced to 8.9% and 55.1% at 250 μg/mL) in RAW cells and adjusting the expression of related inflammatory cytokines; they also slowed lung tumor cell migration (only 2.3% of A549 cells migrated after treatment with phytosomes at 250 μg/mL), promoting ROS generation in A549 cell lines (123.7% compared to control) and stimulating apoptosis of lung cancer-related genes. (4) Conclusions: In conclusion, the MeJA-DMARE phytosome offers stable, economically efficient, and environmentally friendly nanoparticles with superior inflammation and lung tumor inhibition properties. Thus, the MeJA-DMARE phytosome holds promise as an applicable and favorable creation for drug delivery and lung cancer treatment.

Capparis sepiaria-Loaded Sodium Alginate Single- and Double-Layer Membrane Composites for Wound Healing.

Background: Effective wound dressing is the key solution to combating the increased death rate and prolonged hospital stay common to patients with wounds. Methods: Sodium alginate-based single- and double-layer membranes incorporated with Capparis sepiaria root extract were designed using the solvent-casting method from a combination of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), Pluronic F127 (PF127), and gum acacia. Results: The successful preparation of the membranes and loading of the extract were confirmed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The prepared membranes were biodegradable and non-toxic to human skin cells (HaCaT), with high biocompatibility of 92 to 112% cell viability and good hemocompatibility with absorbance ranging from 0.17 to 0.30. The membrane's highest water vapor transmission rate was 1654.7333 ± 0.736 g/m2/day and the highest % porosity was 76%. The membranes supported cellular adhesion and migration, with the highest closure being 68% after 4 days compared with the commercial wound dressings. This membrane exhibited enhanced antimicrobial activity against the pathogens responsible for wound infections. Conclusions: The distinct features of the membranes make them promising wound dressings for treating infected wounds.

Comparative analysis of phytochemical constituents in different parts of Aspilia africana: A potential medicinal plant for therapeutic applications

BackgroundAmong the diverse array of plants used in traditional medicine, Aspilia africana is highly valued due to its high efficacy against many ailments and its well-noted potential for wound healing. The plant has been widely used to cure illnesses in traditional medicine, which is practiced throughout much of Africa, where an estimated about 80 % of the population gets their main healthcare from this source. PurposeThis study aimed to qualitatively screen the phytochemical constituents of Aspilia africana to confirm its therapeutic properties and generate scientific proof that justifies its usage in traditional medicine. Study designAspilia africana stem, roots, and leaves were screened qualitatively for phytochemical components using pet-ether extracts and distilled water, and qualitative data was generated. MethodExtraction of phytochemicals was done by using the cold maceration method, 150 g of each of the dried parts were taken and packed into 3 separate glass jars containing 500 ml of each solvent (distilled water and pet-ether solvents) and allowed to stand for 24 h. ResultsThis study found 15 phytochemicals which include tannins, phlobatannins, alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonols, glycosides, phenols, steroids, anthraquinones, saponins, phytosterols, proteins and amino acids, coumarins, cardiac glycosides, and flavonoids in A. africana. The occurrence of the therapeutic components in the aqueous extract of roots, leaves, and stem were nine (9), nine (9), and eight (8) respectively, and that of the pet-ether extract were nine (9), eight (8), and seven (7) in roots, leaves, and stem respectively. ConclusionThe presence of these phytochemicals indicates prospective uses in the pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries, as well as supports the use of Aspilia africana in traditional medicine. To completely understand and make use of the plant's medicinal qualities, further investigations are required on its anti-microbial activities.

RESPONSE OF TWO MUSKMELON HYBRID TO SEAWEED AND LICORICE ROOT EXTRACT FOLIAR FERTILIZERS

A field experiment was conducted at Malta Dohuk government research farm in Dohuk province to investigate the impact of licorice root extract at three concentrations (0, 8, and 16 g.L-1) and Maxi Grow at three concentrations (0, 5, and 10 ml.L-1) on two muskmelon hybrids (ES 3111 F1 and ES 335 F1). Both hybrids received foliar sprays, and their combined effects on the growth and yield of the hybrids were examined. The experiment adhered to a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates. The results demonstrated that the influence of the muskmelon hybrids on growth and yield was not significant, except for Total Soluble Solids (TSS), which was higher in the hybrid ES 3111 F1 compared to ES 335 F1. In contrast, Maxi Grow at (10) ml.L-1 exhibited significant positive effects on all studied traits compared to the control group. Similarly, foliar application of licorice root extract at 16 g.L-1 significantly enhanced vegetative growth parameters (number of leaves per plant, number of branches per plant, with no effect on chlorophyll content), as well as stem diameter and yield-related traits such as the number and weight of fruits per plant. Notably, the combined interaction of licorice root extract at 16 g.L-1 and Maxi Grow at 10 ml.L-1 had the most favorable impact on the studied characters, particularly when applied to the ES 335 F1 hybrid. The results suggest that the use of licorice root extract and Maxi Grow is recommended for the organic production of the ES 335 F1 hybrid.

Exploring the active components and potential mechanisms of Rhodiola heterodonta for alleviating T2DM based on network pharmacology

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), a metabolic disease that poses a serious threat to human health, is characterized by sustained hyperglycemia due to dysregulated insulin secretion. Rhodiola heterodonta (R. heterodonta) is an edible plant, and its root is a popular herbal tea for lowering blood sugar in Tajikistan's folk remedy. However, R. heterodonta has not received much attention outside of the former Soviet Union. Furthermore, the hypoglycemic components of R. heterodonta and their underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. In this study, we extracted R. heterodonta roots and obtained R. heterodonta root extract (RHRE) through preliminary purification. RHRE significantly inhibited the activities of α-glucosidase (α-GAA) and protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B), thus highlighting its powerful hypoglycemic effect. Twenty-six compounds were identified in RHRE by LC-MS/MS analysis, with flavonoids and phenolic acids existing as the predominant components. Network pharmacology further predicted that the PI3K/AKT pathway is crucial for the anti-T2DM effects of RHRE, and molecular docking suggested the significant binding affinities between the key components of RHRE and PTP1B. Importantly, RHRE exerted its hypoglycemic effect by modulating the PTP1B/PI3K/AKT/GSK3β pathway in insulin-resistance L6 and L02 cells. Additionally, RHRE exhibited antioxidant activity and potent DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging abilities. Ferroptosis, an emerging modality of cell death driven by ROS-induced lipid peroxidation, is considerably linked to the progression of T2DM. RHRE alleviated oxidative stress and inhibited ferroptosis through the activation of the Nrf2/HO-1/SLC7A11/GPX4 axis and the downregulation of ACSL4 expression. In conclusion, our study indicates that RHRE is a potential source of antioxidant and hypoglycemic bioactive compounds and can be used for the development of health products and functional foods for the prevention of T2DM.

Eco-friendly Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Elephantorrhiza elephantina: Characterization and Antimicrobial Activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Surrogate Models

The emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively-drug resistant (XDR) Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) strains have scampered efforts to arrest the tuberculosis (TB) pandemic due to treatment failures based on current drugs. The need for novel therapeutics has never been more urgent. Research is leaning towards alternative composite antimicrobials such as silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Elephantorrhiza elephantina (E. elephantina) is an indigenous Southern African rhizomatous plant which has been used for eons in African traditional medicine for the management of TB. The purpose of this study was to biosynthesize and characterize AgNps using E. elephantina, and to evaluate their antimicrobial effectiveness against surrogate MTB species. The study also sought to screen for the participating secondary metabolites in E. elephantina acting as bio reducing, capping and stabilising agents; and to determine the toxicity of the lyophilised root extract in vivo. Qualitative phytochemical screening techniques confirmed the presence of bioactive secondary metabolites with functional groups capable of mediating in the biosynthesis of AgNPs. UV-Vis spectrometry established the identity of the nanostructures as AgNPs. Transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering confirmed the AgNPs to have an average size of 44 nm, with spherical and cubic morphologies. The biosynthesised AgNPs were potent inhibitors of the model MTB species with an MIC of 19.53 µg/mL, and inhibition zones of 20mm and 18mm against Mycolicibacterium aurum and Mycolicibacterium smegmatis respectively at their MICs. Oral toxicity evaluations based on OECD guideline 425 determined the LD50 of the lyophilised E. elephantina root extract to be safe above 4000mg/kg body weight. The study concluded that biosynthesized AgNPs from E. elephantina root extract, using a one-pot green-synthesis technique, were both safe and effective, offering a promising alternative therapeutic strategy for combating multidrug-resistant TB.

In vitro evaluation of Morinda lucida root extracts against multi-drug resistant bacterial pathogens isolated from diabetic foot ulcers

Background: The continuous rise in microbial resistance to orthodox antimicrobial drugs has led to the search for alternative sources with proven efficacy to solve the challenges of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The preferred alternatives are plant sources, and this has led to the evaluation of constituents and potency of medicinal plants to provide scientific justification for their use. Methodology: The root of Morinda lucida plant was dug up from the ground, washed clean, and cut into smaller pieces and dried. The root was then ground into fine powder and extracted with water (aqueous), methanol, ethyl acetate and n-hexane. Multi-drug resistant (MDR) Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were isolated from wound swab samples collected from patients with diabetic foot ulcers using conventional cultures, biochemical identification, and antimicrobial susceptibility tests. The phytochemical and proximate contents of the extracts were assessed by standard technique. The in vitro antimicrobial activities of the extracts were determined at a concentration of 200mg/ml of the extract using the agar well diffusion technique. The minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations were determined by serial doubling dilution. The methanol extract time-kill assay was performed to determine the time of kill of the bactericidal concentration. Results: The phytochemical analysis showed that M. lucida root contains essential secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, alkaloids, tannin, saponin, glucosides, anthraquinone and quinine. The methanol and aqueous extracts showed higher in vitro antibacterial activity, producing the highest zone of inhibition of 27mm against S. aureus but a lower activity of 18mm with n-hexane extract against all isolates except S. aureus. The MIC ranges from 3.125mg/ ml and 25mg/ml. The time-kill assay of methanol extract at 2x and 3x MIC showed that bactericidal activity occurred within 0-8 hours of incubation, indicating high activity. Conclusion: The antibacterial potency of M. lucida root extract and the phytochemical components from this study shows that it can serve as a source of alternative antimicrobial agent that may be effective in the treatment MDR bacterial infections.

GC-MS Profiling, Pharmacological Predictions, Molecular Docking, and ADME Studies of Different Parts of Thymus Linearis against Multiple Target Proteins in Wound Healing.

Thymus linearis from the Himalayan woodlands of Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan, is a phytomedicine that has not been well-studied. Traditionally, it is recognized for its potential in treating conditions such as dermatitis, psoriasis, weight loss, and discomfort. The study investigates the wound-healing properties of methanolic extracts from the plant's stems, leaves, and roots. GC-MS disclosed cadaverine, dihydroxy-3,3-dimethyl-3-hydroxy-N-isopropylbutyramide, phthalic acid-di(2-propylpentyl)ester, and benzo[h]quinolone-2,4-dimethyl in stem along with betamethasone velerate, 17-pentatriacontene, 1,1-cyclobutanedicarboxmide, heptadecane-9-hexyl, cyclohexanol-2-methylene-3(1-methylethenyl) and pentacyclo[12.3.0.0(1,13).0(2,10).0(5,9)]hepatodecane-6-ol-15-one in leaf extracts and 2-myristynonyl pantetheine, 7,8-epoxylanostan-11-ol-3-acetoxy, heneicosane (1-(1-ethyl propyl)), 2-piperidinone-N-[4-bromobutyl] and 1-monolinoleoylglycerol trimethyl silyl ether in the root extract. The antioxidant activity was assessed using several assays including DPPH, bound iron %, ABTS, total flavonoid content, and total phenolic content. The methanolic stem extract (MSE) showed the highest antioxidant capacity compared to the leaf and root extracts. The stem extract demonstrated the highest wound-healing potential, followed by leaves and roots in albino mice. The findings were supported by computational analysis, which revealed that the binding interactions of phytochemicals from stem have more affinity than leaf and root with specific receptor sites. The in-silico analysis ascertains that dihydroxy-3,3-dimethyl-3-hydroxy-N-isopropylbutyramide from MSE is the most effective wound-healing agent. Moreover, ADME predictions demonstrated the drug-like properties of the hit compounds.

5074 Licorice Root Supplement As A Cause Of Hypokalemic Hypertension

Abstract Disclosure: G. Gill: None. S.M. Harman: None. L.A. Robles: None. A 67-year-old female Veteran presented to an emergency room with a one-day history of high blood pressure, chest tightness, and exertional dyspnea. Her blood pressure was 162/90 mm Hg, pulse regular at 71 BPM, and pain level 5/10. She had a history of hypertension, stable on hydrochlorothiazide alone, hyperlipidemia, anxiety, and depression. Physical exam was benign. EKG revealed normal sinus rhythm at 60 BPM, normal axis, a prolonged QT interval of 510 ms, and no ST changes. Lab evaluation showed a low potassium of 2.4 mEq/L, sodium 145 mEq/L. Other lab measurements (CBC, liver function tests and cardiac enzymes) were within laboratory reference ranges. Medications included topiramate for migraine and over-the-counter supplements for constipation, “thyroid health,” and a topical “testosterone booster” prescribed by a non-allopathic practitioner. Her hypokalemia was attributed to hydrochlorothiazide and topiramate and both were discontinued. She was started on nifedipine for blood pressure control and 40 mEq/day of potassium for hypokalemia. Within 2 weeks of discharge, she presented again with elevated blood pressure and a plasma potassium of 4.0 mMol/L. Further history revealed that her constipation supplement consisted of licorice root (glycyrrhiza glabra) extract 900 mg per capsule, of which she took 3 to 4 capsules daily. The patient was advised to discontinue all supplements. Thyroid function tests were within normal limits. Due to a suspicion of hyperaldosteronism, the ED physician requested an abdominal CT scan which showed a 1 cm, -17.5 Hounsfield unit, right adrenal nodule. Also consistent with hyperaldosteronism, plasma renin activity (PRA) was suppressed at 0.07 ng/mL/hr. However, a serum aldosterone level was less than 1 ng/dL. Her 24-hour urinary metanephrines were normal and a 24-hour urine free cortisol was 31.6 mcg/dL. Morning plasma cortisol was 5.1 mcg/dL. A tentative diagnosis of licorice-induced hyperaldosteronism was made and the patient was treated with a taper of spironolactone. After discontinuing spironolactone, blood pressure was 116/70mmHg and serum potassium was 4.5 mMol/L with a PRA of 0.66 ng/mL/hr and serum aldosterone of <5.0 ng/dL. The syndrome of factitious hyperaldosteronism due to licorice consumption has been well described. The mechanism, inhibition of renal (type 2) 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase by glycyrrhizic acid, allowing cortisol to exercise its considerable mineralocorticoid action, is well understood. Most prior reports have been in patients habitually consuming licorice candy, usually imported, since conventional licorice sold in the U.S. is artificially flavored. Our report illustrates the importance of obtaining a history of use of over-the-counter supplements and assessing their ingredients and the fact that presence of an adrenal nodule and a low PRA does not always indicate endogenous hyperaldosteronism. Presentation: 6/2/2024