Root Cultures Of Ginseng Research Articles

IBA와 NAA 처리에 의해 생성된 Ethylene이 인삼(Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) 부정근의 생장과 발달에 미치는 영향

The effect of IBA and NAA on adventitious root cultures of Panax ginseng C.A. Mater were investigated. Results indicated differences in growth and development of the roots according to 5mg/L IBA and 2mg/L NAA. IBA resulted in a normal root development and a higher growth compared to NAA. The roots formed on NAA-containing media were shorter and thicker than those in IBA, showing a hypertrophy of the root tip. NAA induced more than 1.6 times higher ethylene production compared to IBA, which caused inhibition of the root growth. Under the ventilation, in the other hand, on difference was observed in ethylene concentration and the root growth between IBA and NAA treatments. Under ventilation ethylene production was not detected until 10 days of culture, while detected from the initial stage under on ventilation. The results suggested the importance of ventilation during the culture for the growth and development of ginseng adventitious roots.

Lateral root development and saponin accumulation as affected by IBA or NAA in adventitious root cultures of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer

The effect of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) on lateral root formation was investigated in adventitious root culture of Panax ginseng. Lateral root formation was affected by IBA (24.6 μM) or NAA (9.8 μM). Lateral root primordia emerged from the explant root pericycle after about 7 d of culture when the roots were cultured on Schenk and Hildebrandt (SH) medium supplemented with 24.6 μM IBA or 9.8 μM NAA. However, no changes were observed in the explant root pericycle on auxin-free medium. The IBA treatment was more effective for lateral root induction and root growth compared to NAA. In morphological and histological aspects, the lateral roots formed under IBA treatment developed normally, while NAA-treated roots exhibited abnormal growth. The accumulation of total saponin was greater in roots treated with IBA than with NAA.

Biotransformation of umbelliferone by Panax ginseng root cultures

Panax ginseng root cultures biotransformed umbelliferone ( 1 ) to its 7- O-β- d-glucopyranoside ( 2 ), 7- O-β- d-glucopyranosyl (1→6) β- d-glucopyranoside ( 3 ), 7- O-β- d-xylopyranosyl (1→6) β- d-glucopyranoside ( 4 ) and 7- O-α- l-rhamnopyranosyl (1→2) β- d-glucopyranoside ( 5 ). The roots showed high glycosylation ability to the 7-hydroxycoumarin molecule. The glycosylation was catalyzed by glycosyltransferase rather than glycosidase, as was demonstrated by administration of inhibitors.

Jasmonic acid improves ginsenoside accumulation in adventitious root culture of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer

This study was initiated to investigate the impacts of jasmonic acid on the adventitious root growth of Panax ginseng and saponin synthesis during flask and bioreactor cultures. In flask culture, ginsenoside content increased significantly by the addition of 10 mg l −1 jasmonic acid. However, the root growth was strongly inhibited by increasing jasmonic acid concentration. Fresh weight, dry weight, and growth rate of the roots decreased as jasmonic acid concentration increased. The highest ginsenoside yield was obtained at 2.0 mg l −1 jasmonic acid. In a two-stage culture in a balloon type airlift bioreactor, the content of total ginsenoside and protopanaxadiol ginsenosides increased by over five times after 7 days of jasmonic acid treatment but the contents of Rg group ginsenosides increased insignificantly. The results suggested that the enzymes involved in biosynthetic pathway of Rb group ginsenosides are preferentially responded to jasmonic acid treatment. Further works are required to investigate these enzymes.

Improvement of ginsenoside production by jasmonic acid and some other elicitors in hairy root culture of ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer)

Hairy root cultures of Panax ginseng, established after the infection of root sections with Agrobacterium rhizogenes KCTC 2703, were cultured in phytohormone-free Murashige and Skoog (MS) liquid medium containing different concentrations of jasmonic acid and some other elicitors, in order to promote ginsenoside accumulation. Jasmonic acid in the range 1.0−5.0 mg l−1 (4.8–23.8 μM) strongly improved total ginsenoside production in ginseng hairy roots. Peptone (300 mg l−1) also showed some effect on ginsenoside improvement; however its effect was much weaker than that of jasmonic acid. Ginsenoside content and productivity were 58.65 and 504.39 mg g−1, respectively. The Rb group of ginsenoside content was increased remarkably by jasmonic acid, while Rg group ginsenoside content changed only slightly compared to controls. However, jasmonic acid also strongly inhibited ginseng hairy root growth.

Saponin production by hairy root cultures ofPanax ginseng CA meyer: Influence of PGR and polyamines

A culture of hairy roots ofPanax ginseng C.A. Meyer was set up in order to investigate the possibility of producing ginseng saponin. Roots cultured in 1/2 MS medium in the presence of 2 mg/L IAA and 0.1 mM spermidine showed the maximal growth rate, whereas other polyamines increased the growth of hairy roots only slightly or not at all. High saponin root contents were obtained in culture media supplemented with 0.5 mg/L GA and 1 mM putrescine.

Biotransformation of 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid by ginseng hairy root culture

On administration of 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid to hairy root cultures of Panax ginseng, three new biotransformation products, 30- O-[β- d-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-β- d-glucopyranosyl]18 β-glycyrrhetinic acid, 30- O-(6- O-malonyl-β- d-glucopyranosyl)18β-glycyrrhetinic acid and 3- O-[6- O-malonyl-β- d-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-β- d-glucopyranosyl]18β-glycyrrhetinic acid, were isolated together with three known compounds. Ginseng hairy roots showed the biotransformation abilities of glycosylation and malonylation to 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid.

Biotransformation of aromatic carboxylic acids by root culture of Panax ginseng

Root culture of Panax ginseng is able to convert aromatic carboxylic acids into glucose and/or sophorose substituted conjugates. 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl) Propionic acid is converted into its R and S glucosyl esters and glucosides; its ethyl ester into a glucoside and a small amount of a glucosyl ester; (4-hydroxyphenyl)acetatic acid into its glucoside; tropic acid into its glucose esters and glucosides; and 2-(3-benzoylphenyl)propionic acid and 2-[2-(6-methoxy)-naphthyl] propionic acid, into their glucosyl and sophorosyl esters. These conversion products are all new compounds. The conversion ratio and binding sugars depend on the properties of the administered substrate, in particular, its polarity and toxicity. Unless the root culture is injured by substrate toxicity,the conversion ratio from substrates having smaller polarities are higher and in some cases 100%. Among the conversion products, the excretion ratio of glycosyl esters into the medium decreased in proportion to the quotient of the M r divided by the RR t of substrate in a reversed phase HPLC. In the conversion of ( RS)-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid into its glucoside [(2 R)-2-(4-O-β- d-glucopyranosylphenyl)propionic acid], the root culture selectivity converted the R isomer, although the formation of glucosyl esters was not selectively performed.

Glycosylation of phenolic compounds by root culture of Panax ginseng

A root culture of Panax ginseng was able to convert 3,5-dimethoxyphenol (taxicatigenin) into its glucoside (taxicatin), primeveroside and gentiobioside, methyl salicylate into its glucoside and gentiobioside, p-hydroxy-acetophenone into its glucoside (picein), and coniferyl alcohol into dihydroconiferin [3-(3-methoxy-4- O-β- d-glucopyranosylphenyl)propan-1-ol]. The conversion ratio and the excretion ratio of the conversion products from methyl salicylate were higher than those from the more polar p-hydroxyacetophenone, 3,5-dimethoxyphenol and coniferyl alcohol. Among the conversion products, in particular, the excretion ratio (ER) of a glucoside into the medium decreased in proportion to the quotient of substrate's M r divided by its RR t on reversed phase HPLC ( - ER α M r / RR t ).

Biotransformation of 2-phenylpropionic acid in root culture of Panax ginseng

Root cultures of Panax ginseng are able to convert ( RS)-2-phenylpropionic acid into ( RS)-2-phenylpropionyl β- d-glucopyranoside, (2 RS)-2- O-(2-phenylpropionyl)- d-glucose, (2 S)-2-phenylpropionyl 6- O-β- d-xylopyranosyl-β- d-glucopyranoside and a myo-inositol ester of ( R)-2-phenylpropionic acid. The primeverosyl ester and myo-inositol ester were formed stereoselectively at C-2 from the racemic mixture. The conversion into glucosyl esters was very high at ca 90% and the total conversion reached 100% at day three. About a half of the products were excreted into the medium. Compared with the root culture, the callus showed lower glycosylation ability.

Therapeutic selectivity of vinca alkaloids: A role for guanosine 5′-triphosphate?

Panax ginseng root and cell cultures were shown to biotransform paeonol (1) into its 2-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (2). P. ginseng root cultures were also able to biotransform paeonol (1) into its 2-O-β-d-xylopyranoside (3), 2-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl(1 → 6)-β-d-glucopyranoside (4) and 2-O-β-d-xylopyranosyl(1 → 6)-β-d-glucopyranoside (5), and its demethylated derivate, 2′,4′-dihydroxyacetophenone (6). Compounds 3 and 4 are new glycosides. It is the first example that the administrated compound was converted into its xylopyranoside by plant biotransformation.

Saponin production by cultures of Panax ginseng transformed with Agrobacterium rhizogenes

Hairy root culture of Ginseng (Panax ginseng) was established after roots were induced on callus following infection with Agrobacterium rhizogenes. The transformed cultures of ginseng could be subcultured as an axenic root culture in the absence of phytohormones, and grew with extensive lateral branches more rapidly than the ordinary cultured roots induced by hormonal control from ginseng callus. The hairy roots synthesized the same saponins, ginsenosides, as those of the native root, up to about 2.4 times in the quantity, and up to about 2 times in comparison with that of the ordinary cultured roots, on dry weight basis.