Root Channels Research Articles

Study of antiseptic properties of drugs used for antiseptic treatment of root canals

The study determined the antiseptic activity of modern drugs in the form of liquids presented on the territory of the Russian Federation, drugs were used for long-term antiseptic treatment of the root canal system of teeth. The need to use these drugs is justified by the microbial insemination of the root channels and the presence of various branches at all levels of the root channel. Thus, the obtained results make it possible to state that the degree of antiseptic activity of the preparations depends on the exposure time. The study established the strong antiseptic effect of the drug Kresotin No. 2. As follows from the analysis of the above materials, the antiseptic activity of Pulpevit No. 2, Gwayafen forte, Camforfen showed minimal results with respect to the microflora of the experimental part of the study.

Effect of industrial crop Jerusalem artichoke on the micro-ecological rhizosphere environment in saline soil

Salinity is not only a threat to organisms and ecosystems, but also a major factor restricting the development of agricultural production. This study aimed to explore the modification effect of in-situ Jerusalem artichoke (genotype NY-1) cultivation on the rhizosphere micro-ecological environment in the saline-alkali region along the southeast coast of China. We analyzed the change of carbon and nitrogen in the saline soil from a microbial perspective, through the quantification of the area of root channels, rhizosphere secretions and soil microbiome (cbbL, cbbM and nifH). The root channels of NY-1 not only improved the physical structure of saline soil, but also provided a living space for microorganisms, afforded basic conditions for the optimization of the soil micro-ecological environment. In addition, rhizosphere secretions (from roots of NY-1 as well as microorganisms), such as carbohydrates, hydrocarbons, acids, etc., could be considered as a way to improve the saline-alkali soil habitat. NY-1 increased the diversity and abundance of autotrophic and nitrogen-fixing bacteria in saline soil (rhizosphere > bulk soils), which should be a biological way to increase the amount of carbon and nitrogen fixation in soil. Moreover, some of the detected genera (Sideroxydans, Thiobacillus, Sulfuritalea, Desulfuromonas, etc.) participate in the carbon and nitrogen cycles, and in the biogeochemical cycle of other elements. In short, Jerusalem artichoke can improve not only the physical and chemical properties of saline-alkali soil, but also promote material circulation and energy flow in the micro-ecological rhizosphere environment of saline soils.

Porosity and organic matter distribution in jarositic phyto tubules of sulfuric soils assessed by combined µCT and NanoSIMS analysis

Acid sulfate soils contain hypersulfidic material, e.g. pyrite (FeS2). Under oxidizing conditions, it transforms to sulfuric material (pH < 4), which is accompanied with the formation of jarosite [KFe3(SO4)2(OH)6] along root channels (designated as jarositic phyto tubules). The encapsulation of root residues with jarosite can lead to reduced spatial availability of organic carbon which is necessary as substrate for microbes. This can limit microbial activity which might be crucial for prospective remediation success. We investigated jarositic phyto tubules by combining X-ray computed microtomography (µCT) and nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS), to elucidate the porosity and organic matter distribution at the spatial scale most relevant for microbial processes.We demonstrated that the jarosite can be differentiated into zones with either high or low jarosite concentrations at distances of < 0.5 mm and 0.5–1.9 mm from the relict root channel, respectively. The results showed a closer association between jarosite and organic matter in the zone with high jarosite concentration. However, the pore space in immediate vicinity of the root is almost completely filled by jarosite and the organic matter is completely encapsulated. We conclude that the overall poor accessibility of organic matter will strongly retard remediation processes of sulfuric soils after re-submergence.

The ability of selected filter materials in removing nutrients, metals, and microplastics from stormwater in biofilter structures.

Creative solutions to manage stormwater include ecologically based designs, such as biofilter structures. A laboratory experiment was established to study the ability of biofilters to remove nutrients, metals, total suspended solids (TSS), and total organic C originating from roadside stormwater as melted snow. Special attention was paid to the removal of P. In addition, the fate of microplastics (MPs) in the biofilters was followed. The materials selected for biofilters were (a) crushed light-expanded clay aggregates without biochar or amended with biochar, (b) Filtralite P clay aggregates, (c) crushed concrete, or (d) filter sand. A layer to support grass growth was placed above these materials. Stormwater was rich in TSS with associated P and metals, which were substantially retained by all biofilters. Filtralite and concrete had almost 100% P removal, but the high pH had adverse effects on plants. Light-expanded clay aggregates had lower retention of P, and, when mixed with biochar (30% v/v), the leaching of P increased and N retention was improved. None of the materials was ideal for treating both nutrients and metals, but sand was generally best. Vegetation improved N retention and stormwater infiltration. Plant roots formed preferential pathways for water and associated substances, evidenced by the accumulation of MPs along root channels. No MPs were found in discharge. Given the high loading of suspended solids and associated contaminants in snowmelt from traffic areas and their efficient retention in biofiltration, results of this study suggest the implementation of such stormwater management solutions along road verges.

Effect of Previous Crop Roots on Soil Compaction in 2 Yr Rotations under a No-Tillage System

Compacted soils affect global crop productivity and environmental quality. A field study was conducted from 2014 to 2020 in the northern Great Plains, USA, to evaluate the effect of various rooting systems on soil compaction in 2 yr rotations of camelina (Camelina sativa L.), carinata (Brassica carinata A.) and a cover crop mix planted in place of fallow with durum (Triticum durum D.). The study was designed as a randomized complete block with three replications in a no-tillage system. The soil was classified as Dooley sandy loam (fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, frigid Typic Argiustolls) derived from glacial till parent material. Three measurements of soil penetration resistance (PR) were taken with a penetrometer to a depth of 0–30 cm within each plot. Soil moisture contents were determined using a TDR sensor at the time of PR measurements. Both measurements were monitored prior to planting in spring and after harvest. Initial PR results from spring 2014 showed that all plots had an average of 2.244 MPa between the 8–20 cm depth, due to a history of tillage and wheel traffic caused by various field activities. Covariance analysis indicated that soil PR was not significantly affected by crop type and moisture content. After one cycle of the 2 yr rotation, the 2016 measurements indicated that the compacted layer existed at the same initial depths. However, after two and three cycles, soil PR values were reduced to 1.480, 1.812, 1.775, 1.645 MPa in spring 2018 and 1.568, 1.581, 1.476, 1.458 MPa in 2020 under camelina, carinata, cover crop mix, and durum treatments, respectively. These findings indicate that previous cover crop roots could effectively improve soil compaction by penetrating the compacted layer, decompose over time and form voids and root channels. Although these results are novel and significant, further research is needed on different soils and under cover crops with different root systems to support our findings prior to making any conclusion.

Quantifying the Importance of Preferential Flow in a Riparian Buffer

HighlightsRiparian buffers and vegetative filter strips are uniquely susceptible to preferential flow.An innovative method is proposed to partition infiltration into matrix and macropore domains.Riparian buffer matrix and plot-scale infiltration experiments were simulated with HYDRUS-1D and VFSMOD.Preferential flow accounted for 32% to 47% of infiltration depending on hydrologic conditions.Preferential flow mechanisms should be incorporated into riparian buffer design tools and models.Abstract. Riparian buffers are uniquely susceptible to preferential flow due to the abundance of root channels, biological activity, and frequent wetting and drying cycles. Previous research has indicated such susceptibility and even measured the connectivity of preferential flow pathways with adjacent streams and rivers. However, limited research has attempted to partition the riparian buffer infiltration between matrix and preferential flow domains. The objectives of this research were to develop an innovative method to quantify soil matrix infiltration at the plot scale, develop a method to partition infiltration into matrix and macropore infiltration at the plot scale, and then use these methods to quantify the significance of macropore infiltration at a riparian buffer site. This research further demonstrated the importance of considering preferential flow processes in design tools and models to evaluate riparian buffer effectiveness. Sprinkler and runon field experiments were conducted at an established riparian buffer site with sandy loam soil. Trenches were installed and instrumented with soil moisture sensors along the width of the riparian buffer (i.e., along the flow path toward the stream) for detecting non-uniform flow patterns due to preferential flow. Riparian buffer parameters, including soil hydraulic parameters, were estimated using HYDRUS-1D for the sprinkler experiments and VFSMOD for the runon experiments. This research partitioned the infiltration into matrix and preferential flow domains by assuming negligible exchange of water between the soil matrix and preferential flow pathways in comparison to the magnitude of soil matrix flow. For these experimental conditions with 0.20 to 0.48 L s-1 of runon and initial soil water contents of 0.29 to 0.32 cm3 cm-3, preferential flow accounted for at least 27% to 32% of the total runon water entering the riparian buffer. This corresponded to approximately 32% to 47% of the total infiltration. While increasing the riparian buffer plot soil hydraulic conductivity in single-porosity models can adequately predict the total infiltration and therefore the surface outflow from the buffer, design tools and models should specifically consider preferential flow processes to improve predictive power regarding the actual infiltration processes and correspondingly the non-equilibrium flow and solute transport mechanisms. Keywords: Flow partitioning, HYDRUS, Matrix flow, Preferential flow, Riparian buffer, VFSMOD.

Some important elements of soil-water relationship in managing oil palms planted on acid sulfate soils

Oil palms (Elaeis guineensis) are generally able to grow economically and feasibly on various soil types, mostly in tropical countries. However, oil palms planted on acid sulfate soils were producing lesser Fresh Fruit Bunches (FFB) as compared to those on non-acid sulfate soils. The poor performance of oil palms planted on acid sulfate was mainly attributed to the presence of excess sulfates, which limits the FFB yields and vegetative growth.1 Generally, acid sulfate soils have significant amounts of free and absorbed sulfate. Jarosite generally occurs as pale yellow mottles along old root channels and on ped faces in acid sulfate soils. pH in these horizon is less than 4.0.2,3 These soils often are also high in Aluminium (Al), Al saturation and often with phosphorus (P) fixation capacity. These acid sulfate soils are known for having poor values for organic matter, bases, cation exchange capacity, water retention, water holding capacity and microbial activity, which contributes towards their low soil fertility and hence limitations in soil productivity. Of these limitations, Al toxicity and excess sulfates are two major constraints to FFB yields in oil palms. The important relationship of soil and water for managing a sustainable productivity of oil palms on acid sulfate soil are discussed in details in this paper.

Precrops alleviate soil physical limitations for soybean root growth in an Oxisol from southern Brazil

The impact of soil compaction on soybean root growth and grain yield can be alleviated by the presence of biopores and root channels in the soil profile. We hypothesize that cover crops (ruzigrass and oats) are better than grain crops (wheat and maize) to reduce the soil physical limitation to soybean root growth. We aimed to identify which precrops have higher potential to reduce the mechanical and water stresses resulting from soil compaction and soil desegregation, and to enhance soybean (Glycine max L) root growth and yield in an Oxisol (Rhodic Eutrudox), with clayey soil texture. Soybean was grown after four precrops (ruzigrass, oats, wheat, or maize), under four soil compaction levels [soil chiselling (MTC), no-tillage (NT), NT additionally compacted with four passes of a tractor (NTCT), and NT additionally compacted with eight passes of a grain harvester (NTCH)]. Soil physical attributes (bulk density, macroporosity, water-filled pore space and soil penentration resistance) in the soil profile (0−50 cm) and soybean components (grain yield, cumulative root length density and root dry mass) were investigated. Soil physical attributes were improved over time due to the combined effects of natural wetting-drying cycles and biopores created by the roots of precrops. Ruzigrass increased soybean root biomass and length density, mainly at deeper soil layers of compacted treatments (NTCT and NTCH). The rate of increase of soybean root length density in the soil profile was higher after ruzigrass cultivation in comparison with maize and oats. Soil compaction effects on grain yield were partially (NTCH) or totally (NTCT) alleviated after two years and ruzigrass intensified the mitigation process. Ruzigrass also resulted in higher soybean yields in comparison with maize, whereas NTCH and MTC reduced yields in approximately 400 kg ha−1 (∼13 %) compared to NT and NTCT. Soil strengthening was more evident after ruzigrass and oats cultivation than maize or wheat cropping. Soil compaction in clayey Oxisols can be alleviated over time as a result of root channels provided by precrops combined with natural wetting-drying cycles. Among the evaluated precrops, ruzigrass is of particular interest, as it provides the most suitable soil physical environment for soybean root growth and grain yield. In contrast, chiselling was demonstrated to be a non-viable strategy to mitigate soil physical constraints for root growth and grain yields.

The interaction between wheat roots and soil pores in structured field soil.

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) root growth in the subsoil is usually constrained by soil strength, although roots can use macropores to elongate to deeper layers. The quantitative relationship between the elongation of wheat roots and the soil pore system, however, is still to be determined. We studied the depth distribution of roots of six wheat varieties and explored their relationship with soil macroporosity from samples with the field structure preserved. Undisturbed soil cores (to a depth of 100 cm) were collected from the field and then non-destructively imaged using X-ray computed tomography (at a spatial resolution of 90 µm) to quantify soil macropore structure and root number density (the number of roots cm–2 within a horizontal cross-section of a soil core). Soil macroporosity changed significantly with depth but not between the different wheat lines. There was no significant difference in root number density between wheat varieties. In the subsoil, wheat roots used macropores, especially biopores (i.e. former root or earthworm channels) to grow into deeper layers. Soil macroporosity explained 59% of the variance in root number density. Our data suggested that the development of the wheat root system in the field was more affected by the soil macropore system than by genotype. On this basis, management practices which enhance the porosity of the subsoil may therefore be an effective strategy to improve deep rooting of wheat.

Physiotherapeutic methods of processing root channels with application of light exposure in dentistry

Aim. Substantiate the use of light exposure as physiotherapeutic methods of root canal treatment.Materials and methods. For the study, 93 human teeth were taken, all teeth were divided into 3 groups of 31 samples. Optical microscopy was used as the main research method.Results. The effect of laser radiation on biological structures depends on the wavelength of the energy emitted by the laser, the energy density of the beam, and the temporal characteristics of the beam energy. The processes that can occur in this case are reflection, absorption, scattering and transmission. The interaction of laser light and tissues occurs with optical proximity between them. This interaction is specific and selective, based on absorption and diffusion. The smaller the approach, the more light will be reflected or transmitted.Conclusions. Currently, in endodontics, diode lasers are the best systems for disinfecting the root canal system due to their ability to penetrate the dentinal tubules. The optical proximity of their wavelengths to bacteria leads to the destruction of the latter due to the photo-thermal effect.

Field observations of soil hydrological flow path evolution over 10 millennia

Abstract. Preferential flow strongly controls water flow and transport in soils. It is ubiquitous but difficult to characterize and predict. This study addresses the occurrence and the evolution of preferential flow during the evolution of landscapes and here specifically during the evolution of hillslopes. We targeted a chronosequence of glacial moraines in the Swiss Alps to investigate how water flow paths evolve along with the soil-forming processes. Dye tracer irrigation experiments with a Brilliant Blue FCF solution (4 g L−1) were conducted on four moraines of different ages (30, 160, 3000, and 10 000 years). At each moraine, three dye tracer experiments were conducted on plots of 1.5 m ×1.0 m. The three plots at each moraine were characterized by different vegetation complexities (low, medium, and high). Each plot was further divided into three equal subplots for the application of three different irrigation amounts (20, 40, and 60 mm) with an average irrigation intensity of 20 mm h−1. The day after the experiment five vertical soil sections were excavated, and the stained flow paths were photographed. Digital image analysis was used to derive average infiltration depths and flow path characteristics such as the volume and surface density of the dye patterns. Based on the volume density, the observed dye patterns were assigned to specific flow type categories. The results show a significant change in the type of preferential flow paths along the chronosequence. The flow types change from a rather homogeneous matrix flow in coarse material with high conductivities and a sparse vegetation cover at the youngest moraine to a heterogeneous infiltration pattern at the medium-age moraines. Heterogeneous matrix and finger flow are dominant at these intermediate age classes. At the oldest moraine only macropore flow via root channels was observed in deeper parts of the soil, in combination with a very high water storage capacity of the organic top layer and low hydraulic conductivity of the deeper soil. In general, we found an increase in water storage with increasing age of the moraines, based on our observations of the reduction in infiltration depth as well as laboratory measurements of porosity. Preferential flow is, however, not only caused by macropores, but especially for the medium-age moraine, it seems to be mainly initiated by soil surface characteristics (vegetation patches and microtopography).

Сравнение антимикробного действия силеров для корневых каналов до и после полимеризации

Сравнение антимикробного действия силеров для корневых каналов до и после полимеризации

Soil Organic Matter as Catalyst of Crop Resource Capture

The positive effect of soil organic matter (SOM) on crop yield has historically been attributed to the ability of SOM to supply crops with nitrogen and water. Whether management-induced increases in SOM meaningfully supplement water supply has received recent scrutiny, introducing uncertainty to the mechanisms by which SOM benefits crops. Here, we posit that SOM does not need to increase the supply of a growth-limiting resource to benefit crops; it only needs to facilitate root access to extant resource stocks. We highlight evidence for the ability of SOM to alleviate negative impacts of waterlogging and compaction on root development. Waterlogging restricts root aeration and, even if transient, can cause permanent downregulation of root biosynthesis. Management practices that promote SOM reduce the risk or duration of waterlogging by accelerating water infiltration, forestalling ponding, and promoting drainage. Compaction as a restriction to root development manifests in drying soils, where mechanical impedance inflates the photosynthate required to extend root tip into soil, leading to short, thick, and shallow roots. Soil organic matter reduces mechanical impedance in dry soils and is associated with root channels to the subsoil, granting crop access to deep soil water. In this framework, crop response to SOM depends on the interaction of a) crop susceptibility to waterlogging or compaction, b) soil moisture during crop maturation, and c) ‘baseline’ drainage and compaction status of soil. By exploring proposed mechanisms, future research may better constrain the context and magnitude of crop yield improvements to be expected from SOM management.

Rhizoliths in Devonian and Early Carboniferous Paleosols and Their Paleoecological Interpretation

Collected in situ rhizoliths (>20) from Devonian and Early Carboniferous paleosols in the southern part of the Russian Platform (Kaluga, Belgorod, and Voronezh oblasts) were studied by means of scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, XRF and mass spectrometry. In Devonian paleosols developed from volcanic–sedimentary deposits, rhizoliths are represented by petrified individual roots of different plants, rooting systems, and their diagenetically transformed products—ferruginous concretions and wedges. Mineralogically, they are dominated by goethite and siderite in different proportions. Some of them include charcoals and/or pyrite-substituted plant tissues. This kind of rhizoliths was developed under reducing conditions in (semi)hydromorphic paleosols or under flooding during the soil burial stage. In the Carboniferous period, paleosols developed from marine limestones contained several types of rhizoliths: casts (predominate), imprints and root channels (less abundant), and few rhizocretions with arbuscular mycorrhiza. All of them are characterized by complete mineralization of plant tissues. Casts and rhizocretions are substituted with calcite. The isotopic composition of C in the latter is within –5.68 < δ13C < –1.16‰. The data obtained show that rhizoliths are important sources of information on biodiversity, physiology of plants, and paleoenvironments at different scales, including the global scale. The volume of information depends on the type of rhizolith.

Key agronomic management factors for maximising oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) yields on acid sulphate soils in Malaysia and Indonesia

In Malaysia, approximately 110,000 ha of acid sulphate soils are estimated to occur mostly along the west coast, while about 102.80 million ha are under acidic nature in Indonesia. Acid sulphate soils generally have significant amounts of free and absorbed sulphate, pale yellow mottles of jarosite along old root channels and on ped surfaces with pH (in water) below 4. These soils are high in Aluminium (Al) and phosphorus (P) fixation capacity, contributing towards their low fertility which limits the normal growth of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.). However, Fresh Fruit Bunch (FFB) production in oil palm was improved significantly when water level in the field drains was maintained up to 60cm from soil surface mainly to cover jarosites and pyrite layers. Application of organic fertiliser mainly of Empty Fruit Bunches (EFB) and Palm Oil Mill Effluents (POME) to oil palm land proved to be beneficial as significant FFB yield up to 35 ton/ha/year was obtained in field trials. Maintaining water table in the drains to cover the pyritic horizon in order to inhibit further oxidation would be an important management tool for managing oil palms on acid sulphate soils.

Impact of short‐rotation coppice with poplar and willow on soil physical properties

AbstractAs the land area of short‐rotation coppice (SRC) increases, their soil physical impacts have to be evaluated. The objective of this study was to detect the effects of long‐term SRC with poplar and willow on the vertical distribution of soil physical properties (bulk density, water retention, penetration resistance) and on solute transport patterns. An 18‐year‐old SRC located in northeastern Germany was compared to an adjacent continuous arable cropping system by means of soil sampling, penetrologger measurements and dye tracer experiments. The topsoil's bulk density was significantly lower under SRC than under cropland. This effect was especially pronounced in the uppermost 10 cm, where also the air capacity and the plant‐available water content were higher under SRC. The penetration resistance in 25–50 cm depth was reduced under SRC compared to the cropland, indicating a loosening of the plough pan. Dye tracer experiments showed that the importance of preferential flow was higher under SRC due to tree root channels and an increasing colonisation with invertebrates. SRC has ecologically advantageous effects on soil physical properties of the topsoil, however, combined with an enhanced risk of preferential solute transport upon application of agrochemicals.

Volume‐related quantification of organic carbon content and cation exchange capacity of macropore surfaces in Bt horizons

AbstractIn structured soils, earthworm burrows, root channels, shrinkage cracks, and interaggregate spaces form complex macropore networks relevant for preferential transport, turnover processes, and root growth. Macropore walls are often coated with organomineral material, which determine physicochemical properties such as wettability, sorption, and the cation exchange capacity (CEC). The objective here was to identify volume‐averaged mean macropore coating properties of larger intact soil cores (∼7,500 cm3) from Bt horizons of Luvisols developed from loess and glacial till. The quantification of organic C (OC) content and CEC of macropore surfaces was based on three‐dimensional images of X‐ray computed tomography (XRCT) of 231‐μm voxel resolution and a vesselness procedure to distinguish between biopores and cracks. Macropore surface areas were combined with millimeter‐scaled data of OC contents and CEC of macropore coating material. The surface of macropores that accounted for 5.6 % (loess‐Bt) and 4.6 % (till‐Bt) of the samples’ volumes represented approximately one‐third of the OC content and CEC of the bulk soil. Among the macropores, surfaces of larger biopores contributed most to OC content of the soil cores. The contribution of coated cracks and pinhole fillings to OC content was larger for the till‐Bt than for the loess‐Bt. Locally higher OC contents and CEC values emphasize the role of macropore surfaces in Bt horizons of Luvisols as geochemical hotspots and for mass exchange, especially during preferential flow and transport. Volume‐based coating properties may help improving macroscopic‐scale two‐domain flow and transport models.

BioVision Tracker: A semi-automated image analysis software for spatiotemporal gene expression tracking in Arabidopsis thaliana.

Fluorescence microscopy can produce large quantities of data that reveal the spatiotemporal behavior of gene expression at the cellular level in plants. Automated or semi-automated image analysis methods are required to extract data from these images. These data are helpful in revealing spatial and/or temporal-dependent processes that influence development in the meristematic region of plant roots. Tracking spatiotemporal gene expression in the meristem requires the processing of multiple microscopy imaging channels (one channel used to image root geometry which serves as a reference for relating locations within the root, and one or more channels used to image fluorescent gene expression signals). Many automated image analysis methods rely on the staining of cell walls with fluorescent dyes to capture cellular geometry and overall root geometry. However, in long time-course imaging experiments, dyes may fade which hinders spatial assessment in image analysis. Here, we describe a procedure for analyzing 3D microscopy images to track spatiotemporal gene expression signals using the MATLAB-based BioVision Tracker software. This software requires either a fluorescence image or a brightfield image to analyze root geometry and a fluorescence image to capture and track temporal changes in gene expression.

Soil water infiltration after oilseed crop introduction into a Pacific Northwest winter wheat–fallow rotation

Rapid water infiltration is important for improving water storage and reducing erosion potential in arid and semiarid areas. Taprooted crops are sometimes credited with improving water infiltration. In a study repeated over three years, we tested whether adding a single brassica crop year to the traditional wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i>)–summer fallow rotation would improve water infiltration. We found significantly faster rates of ponded water infiltration in subsequent wheat crops following canola (<i>Brassica napus</i>; 29.68 ± 19.83 mm h^–1 [1.17 ± 0.78 in hr^–1], <i>n</i> = 24) and mustard (<i>Brassica carinata</i>; 25.27 ± 17.32 mm h^–1 [0.99 ± 0.68 in hr^–1], <i>n</i> = 19) as compared to wheat following winter wheat (21.14 ± 15.78 mm h^–1 [0.83 ± 0.62 in hr^–1], <i>n</i> = 24). The greater infiltration rates measured following brassicas compared to wheat were not attributed to root channels due to the lack of visible channels. Crop diversification with oilseeds can increase water infiltration after only a single crop year.

Сравнительная характеристика степени апикальной транспортации и центрирующих свойств никель-титановых инструментов в аустенитной и мартенситовой фазах

Abstract. The purpose of this in vitro study was to compare the degree of root channel transport and the level of centering of the three most practical endodontic nickel-titanium rotary systems HyFlex EDM, Protaper NEXT and M-two using conical beam computed tomography data. In total, we selected 45 removed from periodontological indications of the first upper jaw molars with fully formed apical sections for the study. A prerequisite for the study was the presence of МВ1 and МВ2 in the anterior buccal root. We randomized all teeth into 3 groups (n = 15) and prepared samples using the files HyFlex EDM, Protaper NEXT and M-two. We evaluated the centering capacity and volume of channel transport by comparing preoperative and postoperative micro-CT scans. We used ANOVA tests, the classification trees method, and the forecast deviation calculation for statistical analysis. The significance level was at 0.05. The channels prepared by means of HyFlex EDM showed the minimum values of extent of transportation of root canals at all three levels (3, 5 and 7 mm from an apical konstriktion) that it connects with a unique design of cross section of a working part of the tool. Maximum channel transport was with M-two in the coronary (7 mm) and middle (5 mm) third. When analyzing centering abilities, channels prepared using the HyFlex EDM and Protaper NEXT system showed maximum values at all three levels compared to M-two files. The channels prepared by means of HyFlex EDM had the minimum values of transportation of the channel at all three levels of a root canal. Optimal mechanical preparation of root channels for the parameters studied at all levels was achieved using the tools HyFlex EDM and Protaper NEXT.