Root Canal Morphology Research Articles

Cone beam computed tomography evaluation of c-shaped canal morphology in mandibular premolar teeth.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and the morphology of c-shaped root canal(s) in mandibular premolars using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images. CBCT images of 1095 mandibular premolars were examined at coronal, middle, and apical levels of the root canals. The type, the level, and the position (buccal or lingual) of the c-shaped anatomy were recorded. Absolute counts and percentages of different groups and subgroups of C-shape morphologies were calculated. The Chi-square test was used to compare the prevalence of C-shaped morphology between mandibular first and second premolars. The Z-test for proportions in independent groups was used to analyze the differences in mandibular C-shaped premolar proportions between location (left and right side) and tooth (first or second premolars) (p=0.05). C-shaped root canal morphology was present in 44 teeth. The percentage of c-shaped morphologies was 6.9% and 1.6% in mandibular first and second premolars, respectively. Comparison of the first and the second premolars showed that C1 type (p=0.008) and C4b type (p=0.013) configurations are more common in the first premolars at the coronal level. In contrast, the C2 type configuration showed significantly higher prevalence in the second premolars (p=0.009). Additionally, the C4c type configuration was significantly frequent on the right premolars at the coronal level (p=0.038). C-shape canal morphology is a rare but complex anatomic feature in mandibular premolars. Therefore, clinicians should be aware of this complex root canal anatomy for the success of endodontic treatment in mandibular premolar teeth.

Role of endodontic treatment related signs for the forensic odontology practice considering real-life quality of comparable radiographs

Background. Real life quality of periapical radiographic images widely varies, while also periapical radiographs not always have been taken at the same angulation, especially in multirooted tooth cases, which in turn potentially may limit the value of obtained information received during endodontic treatment for the further comparative dental identification.
 Objective. To objectify possibility of using real-life quality periapical radiographs obtained during endodontic treatment for the comparative dental identification.
 Materials and Methods. Research was organized in the form of cross-sectional hospital-based study. Copies of ten pairs of selected radiographs were distributed for the Set 1 (simulation of ante-mortem images), which contained 10 radiographs of before root canal treatment, and Set 2 (simulation of post-mortem images), which contained 10 radiographs of after endodontic interventions. Set 1 and Set 2 images were randomized, and structured via Google Form, and five teaching assistants from the Department of Restorative Dentistry were asked to match the images through provided Google Form. 
 Results. The range of 50-80% correct pre- and post-treatment images matching levels were registered among five operators. The mean correct matching level reached 68.0 ± 7.2%. Experience within endodontics seems to be valuable regressor regarding outcome performance (p < 0.05), while additional Radiology specialization did not significantly improved performance level for matching pre- and post-treatment images (p > 0.05). Operator graded 5 out of 10 images pair as relatively easy to match, 2 images – as moderately difficult to match, and 3 images – as hard to match (Fig. 3), while their agreement on the obtained above-mentioned scores reached 0.8.
 Conclusion. Significance of endodontics within forensic odontology field in most cases dictated by using the results of periapical radiology as evidences of ante-mortem origin, while also considering the fact of root canal morphology uniqueness and individualized endodontic treatment pattern consistency both ante- and post-mortem even under the influence of various disturbing factors. On the other hand identification role of endodontic signs may be diminished within the absence of proper quality radiographs, or when such were provided at critically different angulations, while also when endodontic-related evidences could not be supported by dental records.

Worldwide Assessment of the Root and Root Canal Characteristics of Maxillary Premolars – A Multi-center Cone-beam Computed Tomography Cross-sectional Study With Meta-analysis

IntroductionThis worldwide study examined the root and root canal characteristics of maxillary premolars and explored how demographic factors impact the outcomes. MethodsObservers from 44 countries assessed 26,400 maxillary premolars using cone-beam computed tomography and employed a standardized screening method to gather data on multiple canal morphology and 3-rooted configuration (primary outcomes), as well as secondary outcomes related to root and root canal anatomies. Demographic factors such as ethnicity, sex, and age were collected for each participant. The intra- and inter-observer tests ensured observer reliability. Primary outcomes were represented as odds ratios and untransformed proportions accompanied by 95% confidence interval (CI) forest plots. Meta-analysis compared sub-groups and identified sources of heterogeneity (α = 5%). ResultsThe overall prevalence of multiple canal morphology in the first premolar was 93.5% (95% CI, 93.3%–94.7%), while in the second premolar, it was 49.7% (95% CI, 44.9%–54.6%). The proportion of 3-rooted configuration was 1.8% (95% CI, 1.4%–2.1%) in the first premolar and 0.4% (95% CI, 0.3%–0.5%) in the second. Asian countries generally displayed fewer roots and root canals, while European nations showed higher counts (P < .05). Males exhibited higher percentages and odds ratios for both outcomes in both premolars. Younger patients demonstrated lower percentages of multiple root canal morphologies (P < .05). Factors such as tooth side, voxel size and field-of-view did not influence the outcomes (P > .05). ConclusionsThe worldwide assessment of root and root canal characteristics of maxillary premolars has revealed a discernible influence of various factors such as tooth type, geographical region, ethnicity, sex, and age.

Bibliometric analysis: Root and root canal morphology using cone-beam computed tomography.

This bibliometric analysis aimed to evaluate the leading nations, authors, journals, institutes, highly cited publications, and most commonly used keywords concerning scientific publications based on root and root canal morphology using the CBCT. For this bibliometric analysis, an extensive search was carried out onSeptember 25, 2023 using the Scopus database. Pertinent articles in the field were scrutinized after applying inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data were evaluated using Vosviewer and Microsoft Excel. A literature search revealed the initiation of scientific publication in 2008. Significant contributions made by Saudi Arabia, India, and China concerning the number of publications were seen. Similarly, Jazan University from SA was recognized as the leading institute. The Journal of Endodontics was the leading journal, while authors JNR Martinsand G Gambariniproduced the highest number of papers. This bibliometric analysis demonstrated that scientific publications have increased tremendously since 2008. Significant contributions have been made by developing and developed nations. The Journal of Endodontics and Jazan University have been identified as the leading journal and institute.

Influence of the incorporation of small-group practical seminars to a traditional lecture for the understanding of root canal morphology classification systems.

This study aimed to assess if the incorporation of small-group practical seminars into a traditional lecture format improved the understanding and learning of the root canal classification systems in undergraduate students. A small-group practical seminar was designed for 3rd year undergraduate students. The seminar consisted of the analysis of a guided summary of root canal morphology classifications, a participative discussion of several cases and drawing exercises of several internal anatomies based on the different classifications in templates presenting the external anatomy of different dental groups. Students were inquired about their perspectives on the different classifications and the learning strategies with an anonymous questionnaire. The knowledge acquired was assessed in an exam. The scores obtained were compared using the Mann-Whitney U-test with those obtained in the cohort of the previous year in which only the traditional lecture was delivered. Students' scores (mean = 7.7; SD = 2.5) were significantly higher (p = .006) than those from the previous cohort (mean = 6.9; SD = 2.3). Most students agreed that Ahmed's classification system was the most complete (98.8%) and intuitive (84%), but also the most difficult to understand (67%). All the students believed that the learning activity helped them understand the new classification system. The incorporation of small-group practical seminars into traditional lecture improved the understanding and learning of root canal configurations in undergraduate students. Students rated the classification system suggested by Ahmed etal. as the most complete and intuitive out of the three systems, but also the most difficult to learn.

Management of a Case of External Infection-related (Inflammatory) Root Resorption in Communication with the Root Canal System

Resorption is a physiological or pathological process resulting in the loss of dental hard tissue with or without bone loss. We present the case of a 19-year-old patient who presented with a discoloured and symptomatic mandibular canine tooth with complex root canal morphology. The tooth was located at the site of a previous alveolar fracture. Delayed presentation had led to severe external infection-related (inflammatory) root resorption. The protocol and rationale for non-surgical management of the case in a multi-visit approach is outlined. CPD/Clinical Relevance: The aetiology and presentations of external root resorption is useful information for clinicians

Prevalence of C-shaped canal morphology of first and second mandibular molars using Cone-Beam Computed Tomography

Introduction: Due to the importance of familiarity with root canal morphology in order to completely clear the canal and achieve treatment success, the aim of this study was to use Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) images to evaluate the frequency and anatomy of C-shaped canals in the first and second mandibular molars. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, CBCT images of 209 patients (435 teeth) were evaluated to determine the presence of C-shaped canals and their anatomical morphologies along the root, based on Fan classification. Bilateral or unilateral occurrence of C-shaped canals and their relationship with gender, age and tooth location were examined and statistically analyzed using the chi-square test and SPSS 17 software. The significance level was P &lt; 0.05. Results: CBCT images from 209 patients, 103 patients (49.3%) were female and 106 (50.7%) were male. Out of 435 teeth (157 mandibular first molars and 278 mandibular second molars) evaluated, 33 specimens (7.5%) including the 2 first molars (1.27%) and 31 second molars (11.15%) had a C-shaped canal system which were from 25 patients (2 first molars in 2 patients and 31 second molars in 23 patients). The prevalence of bilateral C-shaped canals was among the 97 patients with bilateral second molars (6.18%). There was also no significant relationship between teeth position, gender and the prevalence of C-shaped canals. Conclusion: The configuration of C-shaped canals extensively changes along the length of the root and should be considered during preparation and obturation of root canal system.

A Study of Root Canal Morphology of Human Deciduous Maxillary Molars using Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT): An in Vivo Study

Aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate the root canal morphology of the primary maxillary right first and second molars using CBCT according to Vertucci &amp; New root canal classification system given by Ahmed HMA et al., Method: 60 Patients aged 3-9 years were taken in the study. The CBCT of maxillary right quadrants of study subjects were taken at imaging centre and evaluated on CBCT scans according to Vertucci &amp; Ahmed HMA et al.,’s classification both. Result: The most common canal configuration for right primary maxillary 1st and 2nd molar was Vertucci Type I except mesio-buccal canal in right maxillary second molar was Vertucci Type IV. Conclusion: As deciduous molar teeth exhibit thin torturous canals and ribbon like roots a thorough knowledge of the root canals can improve the outcome of pulp treatment in pediatric patients.

Cone-beam computed tomography assessment of the root canal morphology of primary molars

BackgroundThis study aimed to assess the root canal morphology of primary molars using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT).MethodsThis cross-sectional study evaluated 60 maxillary and mandibular primary first and second molars on CBCT scans of patients retrieved from the archives of Hamadan School of Dentistry between 2018–2020. The teeth were evaluated regarding the number of roots and canals, canal type according to the Vertucci’s classification, and root surface concavities. Data were analyzed descriptively and by independent t-test.ResultsThe most frequent number of canals and roots in the maxillary right and left first molars was 3 canals (60%) and 3 roots (80%). These values were 4 canals (80%) and 5 canals (50%) with 3 roots in the maxillary right and left second molars, respectively, 4 canals (100%) and 2 roots (50%), and 3 canals (60%) and 2 roots (50%) in mandibular right and left first molars, respectively, and 4 canals (92.3%) and 3 roots (61.5%) in mandibular right and left second molars. Vertucci’s type IV was the most common canal type in mesial and distal canals, type I was the most common in mesiobuccal, mesiolingual, distobuccal, and distolingual, and types I and II were the most common in the palatal canal. The maximum and minimum concavities were noted in the buccal (26.7%) and mesial (8.3%) surfaces, respectively.ConclusionsA wide variation exists in the number of roots and canals of maxillary and mandibular primary molars, which calls for further attention in treatment of such teeth.

Radix molaris is a hidden truth of mandibular first permanent molars: A descriptive- analytic study using cone beam computed tomography.

Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) could be more beneficial in clinical situations that involve the determination of root canal morphology. The aim of the study was to ascertain the prevalence of radix molaris (paramolaris-RP and entomolaris-RE) in a subpopulation of Saudi Arabia using CBCT. A total of 700 CBCT scans of mandibular permanent first molars were included in this study. All CBCT scans were interpreted by two trained dentists and an endodontist. Mandibular permanent first molars with fully developed roots and closed apices were only included. Computed Tomography scans were obtained from the dental college record. The anatomic characteristics which were checked included: the prevalence of radix molaris in both RE and RP and the prevalence of radix molaris according to the patient's gender and age. All CBCT images were processed and reconstructed using OnDemand3DTM imaging software. Of the 700 patients included, 651 (93.0%) did not have radix molaris, 46 (6.6%) had radix entomolaris and 3 (0.4%) had radix paramolaris in the study group. There was no statistically significant difference between the genders and age in the incidence of RE and RP (P-value < 0.05). The study showed that RE prevalence is more compared to RP in the first lower molars in the population studied. It is important to identify extra roots and associated canals to perform successful root canal treatment and avoid failure.

Evaluation of roots, root canal morphology, and bilateral symmetry of maxillary first molars in a Syrian subpopulation using cone beam computed tomography.

Successful endodontic treatments require a comprehensive knowledge of the root canal anatomy, so this study aimed to investigate the number of roots, configurations of root canals, and their bilateral symmetry of maxillary first molars in the Syrian subpopulation, and also the effect of gender on this symmetry. The study sample consisted of 250 cone beam computed tomography images (140 for females; and 110 for males), including 500 maxillary first molars. Images were investigated by two endodontists. Root number and canal configuration in each root were recorded, according to Vertucci classification, by studying the image atall levels (axial, coronal, sagittal, oplique, and three-dimensional) to assess the bilateral symmetry and its relation to gender. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS and the χ2 test was used to compare the bilateral symmetry in males and females. The most common shape of the maxillary first molars was three roots (97.6%). All the roots are symmetrical by 100% in both genders. The root canal configuration was mainly Vertucci type I classification in the distobuccally (73.6%), and palatal root (98%). While the most common types in mesial root were type II (33.3%), this root showed all different types of Vertucci classifications except type VIII, and the proportion of symmetry was (37.2%) without significant difference between the gender (p = .441). Most maxillary first molars in a Syrian population were three-rooted with fourroot canals (type II), the numbers of roots achieved perfect symmetry 100%, and higher than symmetry ratios in the number of canals and canals configurations (37.2%).

Ex vivo detection of mandibular incisors’ root canal morphology using cone-beam computed tomography with 4 different voxel sizes and micro-computed tomography

BackgroundIn recent years, cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) has been widely used to evaluate patients’ root canal anatomy due to its high resolution and noninvasive nature. As voxel size is one of the most important parameters affecting CBCT image quality, the current study evaluated the diagnostic potential of CBCT with 4 different voxel sizes in the detection of double root canal systems and accessory canals (ACs) in permanent mandibular incisors.MethodsA total of 106 extracted mandibular permanent incisors were collected from the dental clinics, and then were scanned by using micro-CT with a voxel size of 9 μm. The teeth were then fixed in the tooth sockets of human dry mandibles and scanned by using a CBCT device with 4 different voxel sizes (300, 200, 250, and 125 μm). Four observers detected in blind the root canal morphology of the teeth according to the CBCT images, and the presence or absence of a double root canal system, and the presence or absence of ACs, were scored according to a 5-point scale, respectively. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed, and DeLong test was used to compare the area under the curve (AUC) values and the micro-CT data was taken as a gold standard.ResultsAmong 106 sample teeth, 25 specimens with a double root canal system were identified by the micro-CT. ROC curve analysis of the data obtained by the four observers showed that in the detection of double root canal systems, the AUC values ranged from 0.765 to 0.889 for 300 μm voxel size, from 0.877 to 0.926 for 250 μm voxel size, from 0.893 to 0.967 for 200 μm voxel size, and from 0.914 to 0.967 for 125 μm voxel size (all p < 0.01). In general, we observed a trend that the AUC values, sensitivity, and specialty increased with the decrease in the voxel size, and significantly higher AUC values were detected in 125 μm voxel size images. In the detection of ACs, ROC curve analysis showed that among the four observers, the AUC values ranged from 0.554 to 0.639 for 300 μm voxel size, from 0.532 to 0.654 for 250 μm voxel size, from 0.567 to 0.626 for 200 μm voxel size, and from 0.638 to 0.678 for 125 μm voxel size. CBCT images at a voxel size of 125 μm had a weak diagnostic potential (AUC: 0.5–0.7, all p < 0.05) in the detection of AC, with a lower sensitivity ranging from 36.8 to 57.9% and a higher specialty ranging from 73.6 to 98.8%.ConclusionsCBCT with 300 μm voxel size could only provide moderate diagnostic accuracy in the detection of a double canal system in mandibular incisors. CBCT with a voxel size of 125 μm exhibited high diagnostic value in the detection of double canal systems, while showing low but statistically significant value in the detection of ACs.

Comparative Evaluation of Microhardness, Smear Layer Removal Efficacy and Depth of Penetration Using Punica granatum, Emblica officinalis and Sodium Hypochlorite As Endodontic Irrigants: An In Vitro Study.

Introduction Root canal morphology tends to be complicated by natureand dealing with this intricacy can be challenging because it makes it difficult to completely disinfect the root canal space.The success of root canal therapy is also determined by the biomechanical preparation of the canal with the application of instruments and irrigating solutions.Due to the fact that the root dentin surface continues to interact with the irrigating solution during preparation, it's critical to evaluate the mechanical characteristics and smear layer removal. Though sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) is the most commonly used irrigant due to its tissue-dissolving abilities, it has certain drawbacks which include the inability to remove the smear layer and also affects the mechanical properties of root dentin. To overcome these limitations, a variety of herbal substitutes likePunica granatumand Emblica officinaliswhich possess anti-bacterial and anti-fungal properties can be used as endodontic irrigants.Several studies on the anti-bacterial properties of natural irrigants of pomegranateand amla were reported. However, the mechanical properties and smear layer removal of Punica granatum and Emblica officinalis have not been explored in the field of endodontics. Aim The main aim of this in vitro study is to compare and evaluate microhardness, smear layer removal efficacy and depth of penetration of herbal and conventional irrigants. Materials and methods Thirty-six palatal roots of maxillary molars were decoronated and instrumented up to F3. These roots were sectioned longitudinally and divided into three test groups: Group 1: 12.5% Punica granatum;Group 2: 6.25% Emblica officinalis; control: Group 3: 2.5% NaOCl. All specimens were irrigated with 5ml of each irrigant for 5 minutes. Microhardness of root dentin was measured using a Vickers diamond intender, smear layer removal using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and depth of penetration using a stereomicroscope. The data was analyzed using one-way ANOVAand the inter-group comparison using Tukey's post hoc test. Results Statistical analysis was done using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's post hoc test using SPSSsoftware version 17.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago ). The highest microhardness was seen in Group 1(cervical: 53.8375±1.35956, middle: 53.9875±1.01761, apical: 53.6875± 1.63133)while Group 2(cervical: 43.2750±1.73596, middle: 43.3125±1.17648, apical: 43.8000± ​​​​​​​1.32665) and Group 3 (cervical: 42.7250±​​​​​​​2.93391, middle: 41.9625±​​​​​​​1.66985, apical: 42.0250±​​​​​​​2.21085) showed significant reduction in root dentin hardness. Regardingsmear layer removalGroup 1 (1.3750±​​​​​​​0.51755), and Group 2 (1.2500±​​​​​​​0.46291) reveals greater smear removal in the middle third of the root dentin compared with Group 3 (2.3750±​​​​​​​0.51755), which showed the least smear layer removal. A greater depth of penetration was seen in Group 1 (0.5488± 0.05222) and Group 2 (0.5263±​​​​​​​0.05181)than in Group 3 (0.3087±​​​​​​​0.05743). Conclusion The present study reveals that the least reduction of microhardness was seen in Punica granatum followed by Emblica officinalis and NaOCl. The smear layer removal efficacy and depth of penetration were greater in Punica granatum and Emblica officinalis than in NaOCl. It was concluded that as these herbal irrigants are biocompatible agents, they can be considered for future use in root canal treatment.

Analysis of C- Shaped Root Canal Morphology in Mandibular Second Molar using Cone Beam Computed Tomography

Objective: To analyse the C-shaped canal configuration in the mandibular second molar in a Pakistani subpopulation using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT).&#x0D; Study Design: Cross-sectional study.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: Department of Radiology, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi Pakistan, from Feb to Jul 2020.&#x0D; Methodology: Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans of the mandibular second molar that were taken for some other purpose were included in the study. One hundred fifty mandibular second molar teeth were assessed for C-shaped canal morphology. The c-shaped canal was then further examined at three different levels classifying according to Fan criteria, a modification of Melton's classification. Differences between gender left and right sides, unilateral and bilateral, were determined.&#x0D; Results: Out of 150 mandibular second molars, a C-shaped canal was found in 13(8.7%) of the teeth examined, in which 9(69.2%) were in females, and 4(30.8%) were in males. Bilateral distribution was found to be 11(92.3%).&#x0D; Conclusion: A high frequency of C-shaped canal in the mandibular second molars was observed in the present study. Therefore the variations in the morphology of the root canal system of the mandibular second molars should be considered when performing root canal treatment.

A cone-beam computed tomography study of the root and root canal morphology of maxillary first premolars in young Peruvians

Introduction: Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) is an important diagnostic tool today as it allows the evaluation of the internal structures of hard tissues. This study investigated the internal root morphology of the maxillary first premolars by CBCT in a population of young Peruvians. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional, retrospective, observational, descriptive study, in which CBCT of 307 scans from patients fulfilling the selection criteria were evaluated. External and internal anatomical characteristics were evaluated in sagittal, coronal, and axial sections at different levels of the root portion, and tooth location and gender were recorded. Results: Only 52.1% presented one root and 49.2% presented two canals. In the analysis of internal morphology according to the Vertucci classification, type IV was the most frequent, with 39.4% in both men and women, being 41.4% on the right side and 37.4% on the left side. Similarly, type IV was significantly more frequent in men (51.1%) than women (30.5%). The most frequent number of roots was one root, and the number of canals was 2 (49.2%), followed by one canal (47.9%) and three canals (2.9%). Conclusions: The maxillary first premolars showed a predominance of one root and two canals, and the most frequent internal root morphology was Vertucci type IV in both the left and right sides in both genders.

Root canal morphology and bifurcating/merging sites of permanent mandibular incisors in 9- to 12-year-old children: An in-vivo 3D visualization analysis in China

ObjectiveThis retrospective study aims to analyze the root canal morphology of permanent mandibular incisors and the bifurcating/merging sites of root canal systems in children aged 9–12 in a Chinese subpopulation.DesignCone-beam computed tomography scans of 976 healthy, untreated and fully developed mandibular incisors were collected. Root canal morphology was identified by Vertucci's classification. Combined three-dimensional reconstruction and visualization techniques were used to locate bifurcating/merging sites in root canals. ResultsVertucci I was the most common classification of mandibular central incisors (42.3%) while Vertucci III was most common in mandibular lateral incisors (37.9%). Females more frequently showed Vertucci I classification (49.5% central incisors and 36.7% lateral incisors) while Vertucci III was most common among males (44.5% central incisors and 41.0% lateral incisors). The difference in canal classification by sex was statistically significant (p < 0.05). 58.7% of Vertucci V canals bifurcated in the apical third (AT) in central incisors, while 69.5% bifurcated in the middle third (MT) in lateral incisors. Bifurcating and merging in AT (44.3%) was the most common style of Vertucci III canals in central incisors, while bifurcating in MT and merging in AT (53.8%) was the most common in lateral incisors. ConclusionThe root canal morphology of mandibular incisors in children aged 9–12 was different from that reported in previous studies on adults, and closely related to sex. Males had significantly greater canal variability than females. Lateral incisors had greater canal variability than central incisors. The bifurcating/merging sites were closely related to tooth type.

Direct and residual antimicrobial effect of 2% chlorhexidine gel, double antibiotic paste and chitosan- chlorhexidine nanoparticles as intracanal medicaments against Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans in primary molars: an in-vitro study

BackgroundThorough disinfection of root canals in primary molars may be complicated by the complex root canal morphology. This in-vitro study aimed to compare direct and residual antimicrobial effect of 2% chlorhexidine (CHX) gel, 500 mg/ml double antibiotic paste (DAP) and chitosan-chlorhexidine nanoparticles (CS-CHX NPs) as intracanal medicaments against Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) and Candida albicans (C. albicans) in primary molars.MethodsMesial roots of 63 mandibular second primary molars were infected with E. faecalis and C. albicans. Teeth were divided into 9 groups: Ia: (CS-CHX NPs), IIa: (CHX), IIIa: (DAP), IVa: chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) in which medicaments were placed for 3 days, groups Ib: (CS-CHX NPs), IIb: CHX, IIIb: (DAP), IVb: (CSNPs) in which medicaments were placed for 7 days, and Group V (control): teeth were infected, irrigated with saline, and sampled 3- and 7-days post-infection. Microbiological samples were obtained after infection, 3, and 7 days after medicament placement and 7 days after medicament removal for both time points. One-way ANOVA, Tukey’s post hoc test and paired t-test were used at p < 0.05.ResultsCS-CHX NPs had the highest anticandidal effect which was comparable to CHX and significantly higher than other medicaments (p < 0.001) at both time points. CS-CHX NPs had the highest effect against E. faecalis which was comparable to DAP and significantly higher than other medicaments (p < 0.001) at 3 days. All medicaments showed similar effect against E. faecalis after 7 days. The 7-days placement significantly increased the antimicrobial effect against both micro-organisms in all groups, except CS-CHX NPs which showed an insignificant increase. CS-CHX NPs showed the highest residual effect against both micro-organisms that increased with 7-days placement.ConclusionCSNPs and CHX combination showed a synergistic effect against both micro-organisms. CS-CHX NPs displayed a higher effect at a shorter period compared to other medicaments, yet its residual effect was higher with 7-days placement.

EVALUATING THE VARIATION IN ROOT CANAL MORPHOLOGY OF MANDIBULAR PREMOLARS USING CONE BEAM COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY IN NORTH INDIAN POPULATION - AN IN VITRO STUDY

Aim:This invitro study aimed to evaluate the variation in root canal morphology of Mandibular premolars using CBCT in North Indian population. Methods and Material:In this invitro study 120 single rooted extracted mandibular first premolar teeth free of any root caries were included. The teeth were stored in 5.25% sodium hypochlorite for 30 minutes, then cleaned using ultrasonic scalers and finally stored in 10% formalin. The sample was subjected to 3D scan and images were obtained and evaluated to check root canal configuration using Vertuccis classification, shape of canal orifice and length of tooth. Statistical analysis used: The software used for the statistical analysis were SPSS (statistical package for social sciences) version 25.0 and MedCalc software. The statistical tests used were One-way ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) test and chi square test. Results: The results were drawn, and Type I was found to be maximum (80.0%) followed by Type V, Type II, Type IV, Type III. Type VI was minimum (0.8%). There were no samples found for Type VII and Type VIII. Maximum of oval shape was found with a percentage of 31.7% and minimum of 2 orifices in 2.5% of samples. The overall length of mandibular first premolar in north Indian population with a maximum of 25.60 mm and a minimum length of 17.30 mm. Conclusions: Hence concluding that mandibular premolar still stands a mystery in varied region and population in every single case attempted for endodontic treatment and thorough knowledge of the canal anatomy is must for successful endodontic treatment.

Evaluation of mesiobuccal root canal morphology and interorifice distance in maxillary first molar teeth: a CBCT study on Southeast Anatolian population

Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate the mesiobuccal root canal morphologies and interorifice distances of maxillary first molars using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). &#x0D; Methods: CBCT images of 477 patients who had undergone CBCT for various reasons were examined and 654 maxillary first molars were included in the study according to the study criteria. &#x0D; Results: The most common canal configuration observed in mesiobuccal roots was type II (p &lt; 0.05). The median interorifice distance was 2.28 mm in roots with type II canal configuration, while it was measured as 2.55 mm in roots with type IV canals, and a significant difference was found depending on the presence of canal in the apical third of the root (p &lt; 0.001). The median interorifice distance was found to be 2.58 mm in males and 2.34 mm in females, and a significant difference was detected (p &lt; 0.001). &#x0D; Conclusion: Various canal variations can be observed in the mesiobuccal roots of maxillary first molars, and the length of interorifice distance can predict the canal type. This information can increase the success rate of endodontic treatment.

Morfologjia e rrënjëve dhe kanaleve të molarëve të tretë të poshtëm në popullatën e Mitrovicës – studim in vitro

For successful endodontic therapy, full knowledge of the morphology of the root canal is required, especially for complex cases such as lower third molars. The aim of this study was to investigate the root and canal morphology of mandibular third molars in Mitrovica. From our dental office in Mitrovica, 175 extracted mandibular third mo- lars were randomly selected. Each tooth was meticulously cleaned before the root canal anatomy and morphology were carefully examined. Under dental loupe at a 2.5x magnification, mandibular third molars were examined for root number and morphology, number of canals per root, root canal configuration according to the Vertucci classification, incidence of dilacerated roots, and C-shaped canals. 16.43% of the 175 mandibular third molars exam- ined had a root. Sixty-eight percent of the teeth had two roots. Three roots were present in 11% of the teeth. In this study, 4% of the teeth had four roots, while in 4% of cases the C-shaped canals were reported. Also, 6.5% of cases had a dilacerated root. Despite the fact that the anatomy and morphology of the root canal of the mandibular third mo- lar is quite different, these teeth generally have two roots in most cases.