Roof Of Building Research Articles

Fine-Grained Building Classification in Rural Areas Based on GF-7 Data

Building type information is widely used in various fields, such as disaster management, urbanization studies, and population modelling. Few studies have been conducted on fine-grained building classification in rural areas using China’s Gaofen-7 (GF-7) high-resolution stereo mapping satellite data. In this study, we employed a two-stage method combining supervised classification and unsupervised clustering to classify buildings in the rural area of Pingquan, northern China, based on building footprints, building heights, and multispectral information extracted from GF-7 data. In the supervised classification stage, we compared different classification models, including Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) and Random Forest classifiers. The best-performing XGBoost model achieved an overall roof type classification accuracy of 88.89%. Additionally, we proposed a template-based building height correction method for pitched roof buildings, which combined geometric features of the building footprint, street view photos, and height information extracted from the GF-7 stereo image. This method reduced the RMSE of the pitched roof building heights from 2.28 m to 1.20 m. In the cluster analysis stage, buildings with different roof types were further classified in the color and shape feature spaces and combined with the building height information to produce fine-grained building type codes. The results of the roof type classification and fine-grained building classification reveal the physical and geometric characteristics of buildings and the spatial distribution of different building types in the study area. The building classification method proposed in this study has broad application prospects for disaster management in rural areas.

Impact of Ecological Thermal Roof Insulation on the Energy Efficiency of Conventional Buildings in a Semi-Arid Climate

The roof is the most exposed element of a building's envelope and significantly contributes to cooling loads in hot climates. Effective thermal insulation of the roof can substantially reduce energy consumption for cooling and help achieve sustainability goals. This theoretical study focuses on the thermal and energy performance of an eco-friendly insulation material, aiming to determine the optimal thickness for the roof of a traditional residential building in the semi-arid climate. The study evaluated the effectiveness of an insulation material composed of 60% cardboard and 40% straw, with varying thicknesses. TRNSYS software was used to simulate the thermal behavior of the building. The study's results reveal that the optimal thickness is 4 cm, providing the best thermal performance by reducing maximum indoor temperatures by 2.67°C during the hottest months, leading to a 37.93% reduction in annual cooling energy demand. Furthermore, the 4 cm panels represent the best compromise between thermal performance, resource efficiency, and economic feasibility. In conclusion, this study provides valuable insights for the design of more energy-efficient buildings through optimized thermal insulation. Future research should explore additional factors influencing building performance, such as the long-term durability of materials in different climates, as well as the impact of building occupancy and orientation. Although this study has certain limitations in its analysis of specific parameters and alternatives, it makes a significant contribution to understanding the performance of buildings with ecological insulation.

An improved Fuzzy multiple object clustering in remodeling of roofs with perceptron algorithm

The novel way is completely discrete technique to remodel the roof of old buildings from the real value related repetition. Pointed quantities of partition for most of the developing renovation or modifications at the roof via a strategy are some parameters simplifying a fuzzy multiple object technique, where every segment is linked to all clusters with specialized matching weights of roof segments. The strategy considers multiple objects of perceptron algorithm across the indepth joints and incorporates of 3 layers: (i) every part is featued with the leading direction of a vector of exact measures of the roof densities, (ii) most required factor of evaluation is completed to review the principle changes in lowing the outcomes of the clatter, and (iii) the squared Euclidean location most of the number one retained major components is used to c-arry out clustering through the equal vintage fuzzy Multiple object-approach using perceptron method. A perceptron technique, multiple object is applied strategy in this research and the image parts and its neighboring segments are added to form a cluster by using the use of immediate computation of the resulting fuzzy number and overall idea of the process of the technique is to compute the mapping concept of sequentially located from equally well-defined clusters. The fuzzy number is applied to multiple objects using perceptron algorithm of the segment and compared with fuzzy technique. The outcome is to bring the nearest neighbor of the fuzzy value,.

Ethnomathematics Exploration in The Architecture of Osing Traditional Houses: Revealing the Application of Mathematical Principles in Banyuwangi Culture

This research explores the application of mathematical principles in the architecture of Osing traditional houses in Banyuwangi through an ethnomathematics approach. Ethnomathematics is a study that examines the relationship between mathematics and culture within specific communities. By exploring this connection, the research aims to uncover the application of mathematical concepts in Osing culture, particularly in the context of their traditional house architecture. The study employs an ethnographic approach, using data collection techniques such as document studies, content analysis, and semiotic analysis. The findings reveal that the architecture of Osing traditional houses is rich in mathematical elements integrated with the cultural values of the Osing community. Geometric concepts are evident in roof shapes, decorative patterns, and building structures. Proportions and measurements are considered in the design of rooms and building elements. Numerical concepts and calculations are utilized in the construction process.These findings highlight the harmonious integration of mathematical knowledge and cultural values in the architecture of Osing traditional houses, where every building element holds symbolic meanings related to the beliefs and worldview of the Osing community. This research contributes to the preservation of Banyuwangi's cultural heritage and local wisdom while enhancing appreciation for mathematics within a cultural context.

Building Roof Model Influenced by Environmental Climate

The roof is the main thing in a building that functions to protect the building and occupants. Indonesia has gable and trapezium roof models. Both have advantages and disadvantages. The advantages and disadvantages are managed to become a strength that complements the building. The roof consists of three parts, first the roof frame, second the roof covering frame and the covering material. The roof frame is often called the truss and is made of wood, iron, concrete or mild steel. The covering frame is often called a batten made of bamboo wood or mild steel. The roof is often called tiles made from clay, concrete or metal. Each roof construction has different slope requirements. The slope angle will affect the maintenance, durability and beauty of the building. Determining the angle must be careful and adjusted to the characteristics of the roof covering. The characteristics of the roof angle are influenced by the impermeability of the covering material. The more impermeable it is, the slower the angle will be. The climate also affects the existing roof model. The angle of the roof will be influenced by the environmental climate. The climate affects the use of roof angles.

Developing energy-efficient cool roof coatings using microencapsulated eutectic phase-change material and poly(methyl methacrylate-co-methacrylic acid) copolymer shell emulsion

ABSTRACT The rise in the construction of modern structures of buildings has increased the demand for energy sources to cool indoor and outdoor temperatures. Cool coating is a highly effective roofing technology for absorbing less heat and reflecting more sunlight than conventional coating. These coatings are made from a special type of material with high solar reflectance, allowing them to reflect more sunlight. The cool coating is applied over the building roofs, which gives an efficient way to cool the building inside passively and the surrounding environment. In this context, incorporating phase-change material (PCM) into cool coating enhances its capacity for regulating temperature by storing and releasing heat as required. Combining these two would improve the coating’s overall cooling capabilities, increasing its efficacy in maintaining a lower surface temperature and lowering the cooling energy consumption in buildings. There is a lack of research studies incorporating PCM into a cool roof coating. The present work fills this gap. In this study, we have developed an easy-to-maintain thermal storage cool roof coating using microencapsulated phase-change material (MPCM) latex and white cement. This coating integrates a cooling effect, making it ideal for building applications. Lauric acid (LA), palmitic acid (PA), and stearic acid (SA) eutectic PCM as core were microencapsulated with polymethyl methacrylate-co-methacrylic acid (PMMA-co-MAA) shell using oil-in-water emulsion polymerization. The microcapsule was prepared by altering the core-to-shell ratio. The microcapsules were characterized using various techniques such as thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), polarized optical microscopy (POM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The melting temperature of LA-PA-SA eutectic PCM, MPCM 1, and MPCM 2 was 32.66°C, 31.47°C, and 32.73°C, respectively. The TGA analysis indicates that the prepared microcapsules have good thermal stability and degrade in two steps. Microcapsules’ average particle size diameter was observed in the 3–9 µm range. The cool roof coating was fabricated by partially replacing the acrylic copolymer latex with prepared MPCM 1 latex. This study evaluates the influence of MPCM 1 latex loading on the coating’s mechanical and thermal properties. The temperature changes from the building’s exterior to the interior have been recorded using thermal energy transfer analysis. General coating properties such as water resistance, stain resistance, alkali resistance, and gloss were investigated. DSC result shows that the thermal storage enthalpy of the coating has been improved from 17.85 J/g to 37.45 J/g by partially replacing MPCM 1 latex with acrylic copolymer from 50 to 70 wt.%. Coating with 70 wt.% MPCM 1 latex reduced the rise in the room’s temperature, showing it to be a promising candidate for utilizing thermal energy within building technologies.

Numerical investigation the influence of solid and porous parapets on wind loads on low-rise buildings.

Several studies have shown that parapets mitigate the damage and economic losses due to wind action on buildings. Therefore, in this work, a computational analysis of the influence of different parapet geometries and heights on the wind flow on the roofs of low-rise buildings has been developed using the Ansys Workbench software. Solid and porous parapets were considered, and a decrease in the external pressure coefficient was observed as the height of the parapet increased, as well as a greater efficiency of porous parapets than solid ones.

Hybrid Active Slab with Outer PCM Panels – Geothermal Well to Reduce the Heat Gain of a Building Roof

In hot climates, excessive heat gain through building roofs significantly increases cooling loads and energy consumption. This study aims to reduce roof heat gain by developing an innovative hybrid active slab with phase change material (PCM) panels and a geothermal well (HASP-GW). The HASP-GW system incorporates PCM panels and an active concrete slab embedded with water pipes as heat exchangers. Water at a constant temperature of 22°C, sourced from a geothermal well, flows through these pipes to stabilize indoor temperatures. This research investigates the thermal performance of the HASP-GW with varying PCM transition temperatures and water flow rates using numerical simulations, validated against experimental results. The experimental setup involved two well-insulated test rooms (each 0.85 m × 0.85 m × 1 m); one equipped with the HASP-GW system and the other as a conventional comparison. Results showed that using the HASP-GW with a PCM transition temperature of 38-41°C and a water flow rate of 1 L/min reduced the heat flux on inner surface of the roof, decrement factor, and inner surface temperature by 90.13%, 0.127, and 16.24°C, respectively, compared to a traditional roof. These findings indicate the potential of HASP-GW for energy-efficient roof cooling in hot climates.

A Review on Innovative Nanomaterials for Enhancing Energy Performance of the Building Envelope

Abstract: The greatest threat of the 21st century is global warming. The building sector is a major contributor to energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. About 60% of the total energy consumed in the buildings is caused by HVAC systems. Nanotechnology is an emerging technology that can introduce innovative materials in the building sector which offers great potential for development of innovative building products to enhance performance and energy efficiency of the building. Nanomaterials are a promising candidate for building thermal insulation. This paper presents a theoretical overview of twenty case-based scenarios on the application of nanomaterials to reduce energy consumption in buildings. A comprehensive list of different nanomaterials is reviewed from the literature, as non-structural, insulation, and thermal energy storage materials to improve the insulation performance of the building. Extensive testing and simulation modelling have turned out to be the most popular in this area of research methods for experimental and theoretical studies. The combination of these methods can yield a reliable technique for studying nanomaterials. Finally, embedding nanomaterials into building walls, floors, and roofs can reduce energy consumption and enhance thermal performance of a building’s envelope.

Predictions of Wind-Induced Snow Redistribution on Long-Span Building Roofs Using Two-Way Coupled Simulations

Predictions of Wind-Induced Snow Redistribution on Long-Span Building Roofs Using Two-Way Coupled Simulations

Energy Efficiency Project for the Campuses of Unicamp

Unicamp is making progress in making its energy consumption more efficient through partnerships with companies in the electricity sector and projects carried out within the scope of the Coordination of Sustainability. Despite already being able to report a reduction of around 10% in energy consumption during the last four years, it is important for Unicamp to be able to accelerate the transition to a more sustainable operation. The Energy Efficiency Project aims to reduce the university's electricity consumption by 30% by 2030. For this purpose, it is divided into three sub projects aimed at saving energy, modernizing, and improving buildings and the university's sustainability indicators. The Unicamp 100% Led subproject foresees the replacement of conventional lamps by 18W LED tube lamps. The Sustainability in the Air subproject aims to replace old air conditioning equipment with efficient equipment. And the + Photovoltaic subproject aims to increase the generation of photovoltaic energy on the roofs of university buildings. The main goal of this is to report the implementation process of this project, its challenges, results achieved and indicators. The result of this explanation can be used as an example so that other universities can advance in the sustainable management of electric energy.

Stability Study of Single‐Layer Spherical Shell Roof Under Nonuniformly Distributed Snow Load

ABSTRACTAfter snowfall, the snow load distribution on building roofs is generally nonuniform, and most cases of large‐span structural collapse are related to nonuniform load. The existing regulations provide limited snow distribution coefficients for different roofs, and with the diversification of building forms, they can no longer meet the current calculation requirements for roof snow loads. This article conducts numerical simulations of wind‐induced snow drift on a spherical shell roof, which rise‐span ratio is 1/5. It is found that the friction velocity of the roof is distributed in a band shape and is higher in the windward direction, whereas the friction velocity on the leeward side is lower, which increases the possibility of snow accumulation. Based on this, a simplified snow load distribution model is proposed to improve the economic efficiency of the project. Based on the above research, the stability analysis of K6 single‐layer Kevitt mesh shell was carried out using ABAQUS finite element software. The results show that under uniformly distributed load conditions, the buckling modes of the structure are symmetrical, whereas under nonuniform snow load conditions, the first mode deforms more on the side with higher load, and the position of structural deformation is closer to the edge; when the snow cover range is the same, the larger the extreme snow load, the more unfavorable it is for structural stability; when the extreme snow load is the same, the smaller the snow coverage, the more unfavorable the initial defect is for structural stability.

(Invited) Atmospheric Corrosion of Metals in Cold and Snowy Region

Metallic materials such as steels and aluminum alloys are widely used as structural materials from subtropical regions to cold snowy regions. It has been believed that the corrosion rate of metallic materials would be slow in cold and snowy regions since atmospheric corrosion of metals is an electrochemical reaction. However, recent research have reported that corrosion rate change of metallic materials in cold and snowy regions exhibit opposite trend from what would be expected based on temperature [1-3]. The results indicate that severe corrosive environments which expected from the temperature is existed in cold and snowy regions. The possible reason for this severe corrosion environment is accumulated snow on the metals. Due to heating from sunlight and other heat sources, accumulated snow on the metals may melt to form a thin solution layer with concentrated salt for long time. Because, snow is solid and its nuclei of the snow crystal are often salt from sea.It is well known that corrosion is the main factor for the deterioration of metallic structures such as bridges and automobiles. There is a demand for establishing proper understanding of the corrosion behavior of metals, especially in cold and snowy regions. To elucidate of corrosion behavior, proper data such as corrosion rate of certain materials in actual environments, electrochemical data of metals at low temperature solutions, relationship between corrosion behavior of metals and environmental are required. Therefor, sensing of corrosion rate in several cold and snowy regions, electrochemical observation at subzero temperature, and inspection of corrosion situation of more than 50 years exposed structure and its environmental situation were carried out.The corrosion sensing using resistance type corrosion senser at Sapporo and Kitami, Hokkaido, Japan, are carrying out form March 2023. The sensing material was iron sheet. The place were selected based on amount of snow and average temperature in winter season. Amount of snow in Sapporo is larger than that in Kitami, while average temperature (form 1991 to 2020) in Kitami is about 5 ˚C lower than Sapporo. In last 30 years average precipitation at Kitami is 70% that of Sapporo. The senser was set on the roof of building and sensing face was faced to south. The senser position was higher than pile up snow fall at each exposure side, therefore senser might not be under the snow for long time. In dependent of exposure site, the corrosion rate of iron was increased after October. The amount of corrosion in Sapporo was larger than that of Kitami. From the polarization measurements, oxygen diffusion limiting current was observe independent of sample, temperature, and immersion time. The oxygen diffusion limiting current did not decreased with temperature. This result suggested that if the corrosion is governed by oxygen reduction, corrosion rate at low temperature is not low. The inspected metal structure was made by withering steel and its height was 100 m. The structure was located in the park and more than 10 km from Japan sea coast. In the winter season, the amount of sea salt flown by strong wind form west was almost same as near the ocean side. However, rust formed on weathering steel was in good situation.Reference[1] T. Shinohara, A. Tahara, and T. Dara: Proc. of the 5th Asian Materials Data Symposium, Publication House for Science and Technology, Hanoi, 85(2016).[2] T. Shinohara, T. Tatsuoka, M. Sakairi, K. Azumoi and N. Ohtsu, Proc. of Zairyo-to-Kankyo 2020, Tokyo (2020).[3] T. Tatsuoka, H. Ichiji, T. Shiaishi, N. Ohtsu, M. Sakairi, T. Shinohara, Proc of Discussion meeting of Zairyo-to-Kanyo, Kurume (2022).

A predictive large-eddy simulation framework for the analysis of wind loads on a realistic low-rise building geometry

The accuracy of large-eddy simulations (LESs) for predicting wind-induced pressure loads remains an important topic of inquiry. This paper aims to advance this topic by validating an LES workflow for predicting wind pressures on a realistic low-rise building model exposed to a suburban neutral surface layer. We compare two wind tunnel data sets and LES predictions, obtained using a two-step workflow. First, we ensure that an accurate representation of the surface layer wind flow is obtained at the building location. Next, we assess the resulting wind loads on the building model. Using this workflow, we demonstrate consistent agreement between LES predictions and wind tunnel tests, where the discrepancies between the LES and wind tunnel results mimic the discrepancies between the two wind tunnel tests. This finding underscores that the pressure signals in certain locations are sensitive to inevitable, small differences in the approach flow. LES-based flow visualization uncovered that the most negative pressure peaks, which occur on the building roof, arise from hairpin-like vortices that are lifted from the separation region near the upstream roof edge. The results shed light on the complex dynamics of wind-induced pressure loads and contribute to quantifying the reliability of LES for wind load estimation.

A real scene 3D Model-Driven sunlight analysis method for complex building roofs

A real-scene 3D model of complex buildings, derived from UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) surveys, can significantly improve the accuracy of sunlight analysis for the arrangement of photovoltaic panels. We propose a method for sunlight analysis of complex building roofs driven by the real-scene 3D model, which includes generating and optimizing the 3D model and a parameterized sunlight analysis algorithm. The generation and optimization method involves: reducing the number of model meshes by selecting a lower level of detail and proposing a mesh simplification algorithm to simplify the model; reconstructing the structure of the model meshes to smooth them and solve the pseudo-occlusion problems caused by the model’s triangular structures by transforming triangular meshes into quadrilateral meshes; improving the accuracy of the obstacles’ 3D models on the roof by completing high-precision obstacle modeling and superimposing it on the simplified model. Subsequently, a parameterized sunlight analysis algorithm suited to the optimized 3D model is presented based on the Grasshopper parameterized software platform. We design a complete set of sunlight analysis algorithm programs by exploring the geographical location, time range, time step, and other parameters of the real-scene 3D model. Finally, the method’s feasibility is verified through a case study of a complex building.

Building Thermal Insulation Performance and economic benefits

Three different insulating scenarios were investigated using Energy-plus software, to study the effect of using expanded polystyrene boards on building energy consumption at the Libyan Center for Solar Energy Research and Studies. The three insulation scenarios with different polystyrene insulation thicknesses and densities were investigated. Polystyrene total cost, Payback period, total and net money saving using insulation, as well as the percentage gain were calculated for each case in the three investigated scenarios for 50 years. The most money saving scenarios after 50 years is by insulating the building roof and external walls with an average insulation thickness of 7 cm, reaching about 78000 L.D and a tariff of 0.9261 L.D /kWh. While the least money saving is the roof scenario with an insulation thickness of 2.5 cm, reaching more than 29000 L.D and the same tariff. The highest percentage gain values are 76 %, 103 % and1090 % at the roof scenario, 2.5 cm insulation thickness and energy tariffs of 0.15 L.D /kWh, 0.1732 L.D/kWh and 0.9261 L.D/kWh, respectively. While the lowest percentage gain values are about 17.5 %, 35.7 % and 725 % at the wall scenario 10 cm insulation thickness and energy tariffs of 0.15 L.D/kWh, 0.1732 L.D/kWh and 0.9261 L.D/kWh, respectively. the payback period of total insulation cost is significantly dependent on insulation thickness and energy tariff. These results show that low energy tariff (current energy tariff) values economically are not cost effective regarding the payback period. Consequently, prices do not motivate residents to save energy with the use of thermal insulation unless actual energy prices are considered.

Aerodynamic and codification study of low-rise buildings: Part II – Partially elevated structures

This study constitutes part II of an extensive study where the aerodynamics of elevated buildings is investigated using large-scale wind tunnel testing. Part II focuses on the case of elevated buildings with partially enclosed spaces beneath the elevated floor. For this purpose, four 1:10 scaled models of elevated single-story gable-roof buildings were selected, three of which were partially elevated with enclosed regions covering areas ranging from 19% to 54% of the model footprint. The tests aimed to examine the effect of the enclosed regions below the floor on the distribution of the localized peak pressure coefficients on the walls, floor, and roof surfaces of the models. Furthermore, the study evaluates the ASCE 7–22 provisions and the proposed provisions, presented by the authors in Part I, for estimating external wind pressure coefficients acting on the floor, roof, and walls of elevated buildings. The results indicate that enclosed regions below the floor significantly alter the aerodynamics of elevated low-rise buildings and could increase the wind-induced loads on the roof and walls of such structures, with the increase in some cases exceeding 80%. Furthermore, the results align well with the proposed modifications by the authors in Part I to the ASCE 7 provisions for estimating the external pressure coefficients for the various zones of low-rise buildings, addressing the underestimation issues previously identified within the current ASCE standard.

An Experimental Study on the Effect of Nano Zinc Oxide on Reflective Coatings and Building Roof Temperatures

Most roofs on Earth are made of dark materials. Dark roof surfaces can retain heat better than light ones; in Iraq, summer time temperatures on the roofs of dark buildings reached 70–80 degrees Celsius in July and August. The effects of this temperature rise are detrimental to cooling and energy consumption. To lessen heat transfer into the building, use reflective surfaces that can reflect infrared radiation waves. Cool roofs have both short-term and long-term advantages. They can reduce a building's annual air conditioning energy consumption by up to 15%, extend the life of the roof and its service life, improve the energy efficiency of roofs particularly those with inadequate insulation at the front of the roof improve thermal comfort in buildings without air conditioning, and lower greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution. Solar heat is one of the main factors affecting the durability of roofing membranes, according to research and real-world experience with the deterioration of these materials over time. High solar reflectance materials can reflect more sunlight and maintain their coolness in the sun. This study examines a low-cost composite cool coating that uses 60% calcium carbonate and demonstrates a 15°C drop in surface concrete temperature for roof buildings when compared to an uncoated surface. Additionally, compared to 30%wt CaCO3, the effect of 60%CaCO3 in composite coating reduces adhesion strength. According to the study, the weight of CaCO3 in the composite coating increases while adhesion strength, surface roughness, and particle homogeneity distribution decrease. Conversely, the maximum weight of CaCO360% weight percent exhibits good IR reflectance and less tribological properties. While preserving good infrared reflectance, adding 10% ZnO to the coating solution (60% CaCO3/PVac) improves tribological properties. The adhesion strength of the 60% calcium carbonate polymer composite paint increased from 10.9 MPa to 40.2 MPa when the nanomaterial was present, while this material maintained the superior optical qualities of infrared reflection. The coefficient of thermal expansion varies between concrete and coating solutions. For instance, the coating that has 10% weight added ZnO has a peel resistance coefficient of 8*10-6 1/K. The 60%CaCO3/10%ZnO/PVac coating effectively lowers the temperature by 15–12 °C when applied to a building roof.

On the Stresses in Thin-Walled Channels Under Torsion

Thin-walled channel beams such as cold-formed steel purlins are primarily used to withstand wind forces in the roofing and walling systems of buildings. Traditionally, these types of members are usually designed for bending moments, with the effects of torsion ignored. However, the loading on thin-walled channels can be much more complicated than simple bending actions. Because of the position of the shear centre outside the section, channels can undergo bending and torsion when subjected to vertical load on the top flange. The applied torsion may cause significant stresses in the channel, which may need to be accounted for in design. There appears to be no research on quantifying the effects of torsion on thin-walled channels subjected to a uniformly distributed load acting on the top flange. In this paper, a theoretical solution is derived for calculating the longitudinal stresses in thin-walled channels subjected to torsion caused by a uniformly distributed load acting on the top flange. The theory is validated by modelling the channels in a finite-element analysis. The theoretical results include calculations of the twist rotation, bimoment, sectorial coordinate and longitudinal stresses, while the results from the finite-element analysis include the twist rotation and longitudinal stresses. The results show that the longitudinal stresses caused by torsion can significantly exceed those caused by the bending moment. Practical advice is also given for engineers on how to minimize torsion in cold-formed steel purlins.

Game-theoretic optimization strategy for maximizing profits to both end-users and suppliers in building rooftop PV-based microgrids

Rooftop photovoltaic (PV) with battery storage offers a promising avenue for enhancing renewable energy integration in buildings. Creating microgrids with backup power from closely spaced solar buildings is widely recognized as an effective strategy. Nevertheless, a notable gap exists between the preferences and priorities of electricity consumers residing in these solar-powered buildings and the interests of microgrid investors. The electricity consumers focus on decreasing the levelized cost of energy, while the microgrid investors focuses on achieving high net profit. This study proposes a novel game theory-based microgrid optimal design approach for designing power generations of the microgrid system and PV installation with battery storage on the building roofs, considering the different requirements and interests of electricity consumers and microgrid investors. The design optimization is framed around the Nash Equilibrium of the Stackelberg game, incorporating a bi-level optimization cycle that addresses the conflict and cooperation of electricity consumers and microgrid investors. A win-win situation can be yielded using the developed optimal design approach compared to conventional optimal design approaches. The results demonstrate a significant improvement, with the microgrid power generation yielding a large net profit (up to 0.08 USD/kWh) and concurrently reducing the levelized cost of energy by approximately 14 %.