Treaty Of Rome Research Articles

Increasing Extraterritorial Intrusion of European Union Authority into U.S. Business Mergers and Competition Practices: U.S. Multinational Businesses Underestimate the Strength of the European Commission from G.E.-Honeywell to Microsoft

In dealing with Europe in business matters, the U.S. has played a dominant role for many years. The Europe of today, however, is more united economically, socially, and politically than ever. The new order requires that U.S. corporate managers adopt a different attitude in dealing with the European Union (E.U.), which is steadily increasing its power. The genesis of increasing European power with respect to the U.S. began imperceptibly in 1957 with the signing of the initial Treaty of the European Economic Community (EEC Treaty or Treaty of Rome), and has culminated recently in a refinement of the supranational concept of the E.U. through the single monetary system instituted in twelve countries in 2002, the pending adoption of a European constitution, and the addition of ten additional Member States in 2004. Consequently, a more powerful entity is now being created in which there is an increasing extraterritorial intrusion of E.U. authority into U.S. business policies.

The European level in EU governance: territory, authority and trans-scalar networks

This article offers an analysis of the emerging scalar configuration of the governance of the European Union. It discusses how European integration stands for a move from a collection of territorially homogenous systems of rule towards a new assemblage of territories, authorities and rights. The paper first questions the stretchy territoriality of the seemingly obvious European level. Second it analyses the sectoral differences in the evolution of the width and the depth of integration, measured as the transfer of competencies to the EU level between the Rome Treaty (1958) and the Lisbon Treaty (200y). Third it turns to the day-to-day decision-making to assess the relations between players in EU governance and finally it looks more closely at the administrative wheels of the EU machinery.

Avance y repercusión del regadío sostenible en las zonas rurales de Alicante: reto y oportunidades

La única agricultura productiva, rentable, exportadora, generadora de empleo y fijadora de población en el medio rural de la provincia de Alicante es la de regadío necesitada de garantía de agua en cantidad y calidad. La Política Agrícola Común del Tratado de Roma de 1957 tenía como objetivos crear una agricultura productiva y productivista para asegurar el abastecimiento de alimentos mediante la explotación familiar y precios razonables. Esta política ha transformado la escasez de alimentos en excedentes generando impacto ambiental por el uso excesivo e inadecuado de fertilizantes y pesticidas, afectando al suelo y al agua. Este modelo de agricultura productivista tiene vigencia hasta 1992. La alternativa al modelo productivista se realiza mediante el nuevo paradigma de desarrollo sostenible. Éste integra el crecimiento económico con la protección medioambiental y la equidad social. La agricultura sigue siendo la base fundamental de la actividad económica y del tejido social en la mayor parte de las zonas rurales. Ésta goza de una serie de condiciones objetivas y ventajosas que unidas a sus técnicas agrícolas más avanzadas (invernaderos, riego localizado, eficiencia, regeneración de aguas depuradas y desalinización, etc.) la convierten en sostenible. Nueva agricultura que constituye un reto y a la vez una oportunidad para ser motor de desarrollo económico, social y medioambiental aunque no constituya una solución definitiva para resolver los problemas de desequilibrio territorial de las comarcas de Alicante.

Specialist training in psychiatry in Europe – Results of the UEMS-survey

According to the aim of the Treaty of Rome from 1957 which postulated the free movement of workers throughout the European Union, the European Board of Psychiatry in the UEMS (European Union of Medical Specialists) carried out a comprehensive survey of training in psychiatry, including all member countries in order to evaluate the present state of training in psychiatry in each. The survey should indicate whether the training requirements [UEMS Section Psychiatry. Charter on training of medical specialists in the EU: requirements for the speciality psychiatry. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 1997;247(Suppl.):S45–7; UEMS Section Psychiatry. Charter on training of medical specialists in the EU: requirements for the speciality psychiatry. <www.uemspsychiatry.org/board/reports/Chapter6-11.10.03.pdf>; 2003 [last revision]] have had an impact on the actual conditions of training in psychiatry in the member countries. We gathered 22 questionnaires from 31 national representatives involved and 424 questionnaires completed by the chief of training and the representative of trainees at the responding training centres from 22 countries. The results give an overview about the practice of training in psychiatry in many European countries. While there are great differences between the training centres in different countries, apparent progress towards developing high standards in training in psychiatry has been made.

ローマ条約50年

The European Union is today the most developed integration body in the world with the single market and the single currency. What effects did the Rome Treaty signed in 1957 have on this integration development?The Rome Treaty was based on free competition principles and oriented towards a common market. It had a structure with a systematic economic constitution. But, it was impossible to create a common market with four freedoms, since national independence was regarded as the most important objective in Western Europe. In the 1960's, the European Economic Community created only a customs union and an agricultural common market.When the European Community faced a true economic crisis in the 1980's, it could jump to the internal market integration, namely common market building. As the Rome Treaty was formulated along a common market building, the Treaty was easily reorganized with the simple Single European Act of 1986. Since the Rome Treaty included several clauses to abolish non-tariff barriers (NTBs), the EC could make preliminary practices in the 1970's and in the first half of the 1980's. As the Treaty was so systematic for abolitions of NTBs, the treaties after it could be formulated by adding new clauses to the Treaty or correcting old clauses. It made the development of the single market integration easier.After 50 years from the Rome Treaty, the EU economy looks very strong, even in comparison with the American economy. What are reasons? The present paper regards the three epoch-making economic integration after the 1980's as the most important: internal market building, monetary integration and the eastern enlargement, The three integrations revitalized the old European economy by a kind of creative destruction in the Schumpeterian sence. The western European companies and banks organized a pan-European production networks by marching into Eastern Europe, where they organized a production bases for the western European companies. There has been a reaction, which stimulated economic innovation in Western Europe and it made the whole European economy competitive in the world.In the 21st century, emerging market economies have been rising. They want their economies to be modernized, mechanized and equipped with better infrastructure. As the American economy was too developed towards service economy, the country cannot reply to the needs of the emerging economies. Europe can do, because it keeps its heavy and chemical industries strong. The present paper has a prospect that Europe will be able to compete in the world in the beginning of the 21st century.

50 Jahre Europäische Ordnungspolitik: ordnungs- und konstitutionenökonomische Anmerkungen / 50 years of European „Ordnungspolitik”, remarks from a constitutional economics perspective

Zusammenfassung Die ordnungspolitischen Leistungen der Europäischen Integration der letzten 50 Jahre sind wechselhaft und widersprüchlich. Vor dem Hintergrund von Hayeks optimistischer Vision einer freiwilligen Integration unter dem Vorzeichen universalisierbarer Freiheitsgewährungen und Erhards Befürchtungen vor einem Europäischen Interventionsstaat diskutiere ich theoretische Gründe, die den gemischten empirischen Befund erklären können. Hayeks Optimismus läßt sich polit-ökonomisch vor allem unter Ver weis auf die Logik des Stimmentauschs und die Eigeninteressen Europäischer Organe relativieren. Erhards Pessimismus wiederum kann durch gewollte oder ungewollte Selbstbindung der Vertragsparteien sowie eine durchaus oft ordnungspolitisch weitreichende Interpretation der Verträge durch EuGH und Kommission in wichtigen Teilen widerlegt werden. Die weitere Entwicklung Europäischer Ordnungspolitik dürfte von den Reibungen zwischen Vertiefung (Harmonisierung, Zentralisierung) und Erweiterung der Union geprägt sein. Aus konstitutionenökonomischer Sicht empfiehlt sich ein Modell flexibler, freiwilliger Integration nach Politikbereichen in „clubs”.

Measuring Chandler's Impact on European Business Studies since the 1960s

Recently, a number of groups sponsored large international research projects that are concerned with business history. Harm G. Schröter's group investigated the European integration that followed the Treaty of Rome in 1957 in order to discover whether it had led to the appearance of a characteristically “European” corporation. Franco Amatori, Camilla Brautaset, and Youssef Cassis coordinated an analysis with the ambitious title “The Performance of European Business in the Twentieth Century.” The projects shared some common “Chandlerian” features: they were problem-oriented, comparative studies of the long-term development of large enterprises, and their goal was to propose illuminating generalizations. Such Chandler-inspired studies are likely to undergo a renaissance in the next couple of years. Still, as the term “renaissance” implies, Chandler's impact on European business studies has undergone upswings and downturns over the past four decades.

Le Gaullisme, la politique européenne du général Charles de Gaulle dans le procès de la construction européenne

Summary : The article defines the term „ Gaullism”, analyzes it from different perspectives and tries to show its influence as well as France’s position on the construction of Europe, through de Gaulle’s European policy in the process of construction of Europe between the Rome Treaty and the Maastricht Treaty. The principles which underlie de Gaulle’s European policy and the controversial issues within this process are also highlighted.

SON YAPILAN DÜZENLEMELER IŞIĞINDA AB REKABET HUKUKU VE POLİTİKASINA GENEL BİR BAKIŞ

EC competition law and policy is seen one of the main tools for the creation of the common market and integrated Europe in every aspects. Fort this reason, EC pays utmost attention to the competition than some other policy areas. Since 1957, the date of foundation of the Community, competition law and policy has been continuously revised in a way that giving answer to the various requirements of the economy. Essentially, the most considerable changing in the Community competition law and policy was initiated late 1990's. In 1999, adopting the Regulation numbered 2790/1999, the EC reformed the regime of the exemption from anti-competitive behaviors of undertakings. Community, aboliting the Regulation numbered 17/62, put into force in 2004 the Modernization Regulation n ııııı bered 1/2003 dealing with the application of the antitrust provisions of the Treaty of Rome, namely Articles of 81 and 82. The Regulation numbered 139/2004 on concentration, which was forınerly called "merger regulation", was put into practice in 2004. Finally, the EC Commission launched a discussion on the issue of the dominant position in 2005. By means of those reforms, the national competition authorities and national courts have been giyen more power on the applications of the Community competition rules. Iz ı other words, they have much more role and authority on the competition law and practice in the Community dimension than they have ever been. Thus, the Commission is now able to deal with the greater and more important anti-competitive conducts. This article aims to give a brief overview of the Community competition law and policy with the framework of the recent reforms in the EC.

Comparative Community Law: Latin American Scholarship on Regional Integration and the Peril of Legal Functionalism

COMPARATIVE COMMUNITY LAW: LATIN AMERICAN SCHOLARSHIP ON REGIONAL INTEGRATION AND THE PERIL OF LEGAL FUNCTIONALISM Osvaldo Saldiasti INTRODUCTION The governing leaders of several regions worldwide have de- clared the goal of matching the impressive degree of regional in- tegration achieved by the European Community. 2 One such regional integration attempt is the Andean Community (for- merly the Andean Pact), which undertook massive legal reform by incorporating the design of the European polity. Beginning in the 1980s, the Andean Community made use of European Com- munity rules, institutions, and principles. For instance, the An- dean Court of Justice (ACJ) borrowed its structure, competences, and procedures from its European counterpart, the European Court of Justice (ECJ). Even its case law was fertil- ized by the ECJ. This systematic borrowing from Europe led Andean jurists to take pride in their regional integration scheme as being the most advanced in the world. t I am indebted to the support of the German Research Foundation (DFG) and the School of Law of Humboldt University in Berlin. I am also grateful to the American Bar Foundation for the superb research environment that I found in Chicago. 1. Research Fellow Humboldt University in Berlin, Visiting Scholar American Bar Foundation 2. The European Communities were founded by virtue of the Treaty of Rome. The Treaty of Maastricht, signed in 1992, created the European Union. Which en- compasses the European Community (EC), Justice and Home Affaire (JHA), and the Common Foreign & Security Policy (CFSP). I will use the term European Com- munity (EC) to refer to the polity that existed from 1957-1992, since in this period of time, the judicial doctrines relevant to this article were established. 3. For an overview of the legal and institutional reform that transformed the Andean Pact into the Andean Community, see RENATA MARWEGE, Der Andenger- ichtshof. Das Rechtsschutzsystem des Andenpaktes mit vergleichenden Bezigen zum Recht der Europdischen Gemeinschaft. (M. et al. Hilf ed., Duncker & Hum- blot. 1995).

The Social Dimension of the European Union

Regional integration processes can learn from the particularities of the European Union's social dimension, despite its apparent inconsistencies and sui generis form of development. The article provides a comprehensive retrospective overview of developments, and pays particular attention to the political and technical procedures adopted for progressing social policy. It argues that a regional integration process in a wide range of social fields has developed in the EU despite facing dissent and dilemmas for over 50 years. It claims that the EU now enjoys a working and workable apparatus of policies, practices and laws in a broad social dimension, that are not only far more extensive than first envisaged in the Treaty of Rome, but are also destined to expand further. In particular, the article moves beyond previous accounts in arguing that procedural complexity has been an intrinsic and creative part of the social dimension to European integration.

Fünfzig Jahre nach Rom: Ist die EU ein Binnenmarkt?

Abstract Fifty years after the Rome Treaties, is there empirical evidence for arguing that the EU today is a fully integrated goods and services market in which the “law of one price” prevails at large? Based on a number of consumer price surveys for goods and services in major cities all over the world since the seventies and, comparing the EU to a benchmark, the US market, the paper is affirmative. Price dispersion between EU cities has declined with the Eurozone as the core EU region in the lead surrounded by two concentric circles. EU goods price dispersion has generally approximated the level in the US market. Yet, price dispersion has declined throughout the world underlining the relevance of global integration rather than only regional integration. Furthermore, there is ample evidence that gravity factors against the “law of one price”, such as distance costs and borders, are still effective.

The Treaty of Rome and Europeanism

Journal of The Historical SocietyVolume 7, Issue 4 p. 443-474 The Treaty of Rome and Europeanism Jeffrey Vanke, Jeffrey Vanke Harvard UniversitySearch for more papers by this author Jeffrey Vanke, Jeffrey Vanke Harvard UniversitySearch for more papers by this author First published: 13 November 2007 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5923.2007.00226.xCitations: 1Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume7, Issue4December 2007Pages 443-474 RelatedInformation

UEMS charter on the training of rheumatologists in Europe

The Treaty of Rome provides for the free exchange of persons, services, goods and capital within the European Community. Free exchange of persons and services within the medical sector has...

Mayors of Rome and Tunis Sign Treaty Officially Ending Third Punic War: February 1985

Mayors of Rome and Tunis Sign Treaty Officially Ending Third Punic War: February 1985

Competition Law and Policy in the European Union

Competition policy played a central role in the development of the EU and its institutions. The European Commission, supported by the European courts, developed the framework for competition policy in Europe. This framework has been built since the Treaty of Rome in 1957 on a foundation of promoting market opening while strengthening the institutions of the European Community. The competition policy of the European Community is now in transition toward a basis in market-centered economic considerations, as well as on application through the now-extensive network of nationallevel authorities. The “modernisation” reforms of the enforcement process became effective in May 2004, along with changes in the control of mergers, and the Commission has been considering revisions to its policies about other topics, notably abuse of dominance and state aid. As the Member States adapt their substantive rules to those of the Community, the roles of the European Commission, the national competition agencies and the courts are changing. Co-ordination of enforcement among many agencies in the European Community, particularly concerning applications for leniency as part of cartel investigations, is increasingly important. The Commission moved to strengthen its capacity for economic analysis and to correct weaknesses in its decision process that had been revealed in critical court decisions. The challenge to this system, well adapted for administrative application, is to produce results that are convincing to the courts while maintaining policy consistency in a system of decentralised enforcement. This report served as the basis for a peer review in the Competition Committee in 2005.

SPE: A 1957 Snapshot

The year 1957 was a time of advancement in technology, science, and education around the world. On 16 January, three B-52s took off from Castle Air Force Base in California on the first nonstop, round-the-world flight by jet plane, which lasted 45 hours and 19 minutes. The "space age" began on 4 October when the Soviet Union launched Sputnik, the first man-made space satellite. This led to the US's first attempt at putting a satellite into orbit, which failed when Vanguard TV-3 blew up on the launch pad at Cape Canaveral, Florida, on 6 December 1957. The complete microscopic theory of superconductivity was proposed in 1957 by John Bardeen, Leon Cooper, and John Robert Schrieffer, and the Treaty of Rome was signed by France, West Germany, Italy, and Benelux, establishing the European Economic Community. In medicine, there were several breakthroughs, such as the invention of the temporary artificial heart by Willem Kolff. Alick Isaacs and Jean Lindemann produced interferon, and the internal pacemaker was created by Clarence W. Lillehie and Earl Bakk. Less dramatic events that year included the introduction of the electric watch by Hamilton Watch Company and the Frisbee by Wham-O, and a patent was awarded for Velcro. Among these historical moments in politics, science, and popular culture came the official creation of SPE. John P. Hammond, 1957 President of the SPE of the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers (AIME), led the society through its first year of transformation. Hammond, who had graduated from the University of Tulsa, was Assistant General Superintendent of the Production Department of Amerada at the time. Since joining AIME in 1938, he held numerous chairman positions within local sections and committees. In the beginning, SPE meetings were held only in the US and Caracas, Venezuela, and most meetings took place in Texas and Louisiana, where the oil business was thriving. As membership increased, meetings cropped up in places such as Montana, California, and West Virginia, with meeting locations dependent on local section support. To hold a meeting, a section or a sufficient number of members needed to be able to sponsor and prepare the event. SPE's meeting schedule in 1957 was as follows:14–15 February, Joint Annual Technical Meeting, University of Texas and A&amp;M College of Texas, Austin, Texas24–28 February, AIME Annual Meeting, New Orleans18–19 April, Permian Basin Oil Recovery Conference, Midland, Texas23–24 May, Third Annual Joint Meeting, Rocky Mountain Petroleum Sections, Billings, Montana6–9 October, SPE of AIME Annual Fall Meeting, Dallas17–18 October, Southern California Petroleum Section Fall Meeting, Los Angeles17–18 October, Second Annual Conference of the Electrical and Radioactivity Logging Oil Institute, Abilene, Texas6–9 November, Second Annual Regional Meeting, Venezuela Petroleum Sections, Caracas8–9 November, Central Appalachian Section Annual Meeting, White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia

The Historical Archives of the European Union: Their Opening to the Public, Management and Accessibility

Against the background of the 50th Anniversary this year of the signature of the two Rome Treaties, cornerstones of the European Union of 27 Member States (the EU) today, it was thought useful for professional archivists to discover how a vast collection of historical archives, directly affecting the lives of nearly 500 million people, were opened to the public, and how they have been rendered accessible and managed ever since: namely the Historical Archives of the EU. This article will, in its first part, explain the complex manner of their creation and, in its second part, give information about their contents, and explain how they may be accessed by researchers and the wider public.

Gambling and Energy in the Internal Market

it is sometimes useful to remember that European integration is all about peace. No matter how trivial it sounds today, the primary tool chosen for integration at the very beginning was, and remains, economic integration. the founders of the unified Europe provided for the creation of an internal market where competition is not distorted. Seen from this perspective, the treaty of Rome is simply a legal framework to attain a political objective which is to be realised by economic means. However, the body of European law as such constitutes undoubtedly a great achievement. the four freedoms on their own, to which the Court refers as fundamental freedoms, constitute the core of EC substantive law. the history of the different ‘approaches’ to attaining the internal Market is a fascinating story. the completion of a true European market was nevertheless mostly based on a purely legal exercise of law-making, aimed at bringing down barriers to trade. it was supported efficiently by the Court’s decisions and brought about satisfying results. Recently the European Commission started preparing a reform of the Single Market. it was concluded that the previous policy, even if principle-oriented, could give an impression of being too rule-oriented. As far as the legislative activity is concerned, the idea of better regulation should be implemented. Under the influence of

European integration and the social science of EU studies: the disciplinary politics of a subfield

This article takes the 50th anniversary of the Treaty of Rome as an opportunity to reflect upon half a century of academic discourse about the EU and its antecedents. In particular, it illuminates the theoretical analysis of European integration that has developed within political science and international studies broadly defined. It asks whether it is appropriate to map, as might be tempting, the intellectual 'progress' of the field of study against the empirical evolution of its object (European integration/the EU). The argument to be presented here is that while we can, to some extent, comprehend the evolution of academic thinking about the EU as a reflex to critical shifts in the 'real world' of European integration ('externalist' drivers), it is also necessary to understand 'internalist' drivers of theoretical discourse on European integration/the EU. The article contemplates two such 'internalist' components that have shaped and continue to shape the course of EU studies: scholarly contingency (the fact that scholarship does not proceed with free agency, but is bound by various conditions) and disciplinary politics (the idea that the course of academic work is governed by power games and that there are likely significant disagreements about best practice and progress in a field). In terms of EU studies, the thrust of disciplinary politics tends towards an opposition between 'mainstreaming' and 'pluralist versions' of the political science of EU studies. The final section explores how, in the face of emerging monistic claims about propriety in the field, an effective pluralist political science of the EU might be enhanced.