Territory Of Romania Research Articles

Enriching the historical meteorological information using Romanian language newspaper reports: A database from 1880 to 1900

AbstractData recovery and climate reconstruction are an important support for climate change research, as they provide information from periods and areas with sparse meteorological networks. Various sources are currently in use for obtaining valuable evidence of past climate, such as ship logs, diaries, books, monastery documents. This study exploits newspaper reports in order to enrich the historical meteorological information over the territory of Romania, from the last two decades of the 19th century. At that time, the area belonged to the Austro‐Hungarian Empire and Kingdom of Romania, and the meteorological services from Budapest (since 1870) and Bucharest (since 1884) were the providers of official meteorological information. The digital archive of three newspapers (România Liberă, Gazeta de Transilvania and Foaia Poporului) was investigated and the meteorological information was extracted and aggregated into a database containing 2,132 unique entries clearly referenced in time and space. Each entry represents a meteorological event and several associated characteristics, such as date, location, impact and source. A verification procedure, consisting of comparisons with available measurements from the nearby weather stations and with a reanalysis dataset, was applied in order to validate the entries. The results show that the meteorological information was often present in the newspapers of the epoch. Some climatic features could be retrieved such as seasonality of extreme events, temperature and precipitation characteristics. This paper demonstrates the potential of the collected information to further enhance the understanding of climate change, impacts and climate perception at the end of the 19th century in Romania.

Árpád Fortification Line, as a Horthist Heritage of the Eastern Carpathians and Capitalization of the Tourism Potential of Ilvelor Valley from Bistriţa-Năsăud County, Romania

Abstract The fortified system Árpád, which bears the name of the former Hungarian dynasty set up during World War II, mainly by the Hungarian horthist, stretched for more than 600 kilometers, one third being on the territory of Romania, and the rest on the territory of Ukraine, Slovakia and Poland. In developing this article, I applied the case study as a research method, which allowed me to inventory and evaluate these Horthy fortifications, but also to collect certain data related to their impact on the life of the local community and tourists visiting the area. Throughout the investigations and the documents studied, I found that the Hungarians built in the Rodna Mountains, right in the heart of the mountains, dozens of casemates for defense and attack and, although they had to be destroyed by those who ordered their arrangement, the hasty withdrawal of the Horthyists left some of the bunkers almost intact. The case study shows that the bunkers here were smaller and slightly stiffer. The Hungarians were inspired by the French and Belgian fortifications occupied by the Germans, and the concept was rethought and adapted to the natural conditions in the Carpathians. Following the study, I found that the horthyst defensive system in Transylvania was planned to have 5 types of casemates, depending on their role: surveillance or firing nests or depending on what they housed: ammunition, soldiers or officers. The entire northern group of the Eastern Carpathians bear the traces of armed conflict. Such arrangements can be found in the territories of Rodna, Ilva Mică, Ilva Mare and Mureşenii Bârgăului, areas with a rich natural tourism potential, which, exploited to its true value, could attract many curious and eager tourists to know the history of the places.

Juridical Aspects Regarding the Exceptional Measures Imposed during the State of Emergency

Abstract According to art. 20 of the Emergency Ordinance no. 1/1999 of the Romanian Government, the state of emergency imposes “non-military measures of public order and it is instituted in case of special threats to the national security or to the functioning of the constitutional democracy, as well as in the case of different disasters”. The requirement to implement economic, social or political measures in the case of the state of emergency is directly dependent on the progressive nature of the danger. During the state of emergency, the exercise of fundamental rights and freedoms may be restricted and important responsibilities of the public administration authorities are subordinated to the competence of the public order authorities, specified in the decree establishing the state of emergency. The spread of the SARS-CoV2 coronavirus, in the international context of the declaration of the pandemic by the World Health Organization, led to the adoption by the Decree of the President of Romania no. 195 of March 16, 2020 on the establishment of the state of emergency on the territory of Romania, which had important consequences in terms of restriction on the exercise of fundamental rights and freedoms.

The Options of Companies Against the Backdrop of the Coronavirus Pandemic. How to Manage Workforce?

The current pandemic creates unprecedented issues for companies, including problems regarding work relationships. There are two categories of companies, depending on the prospect of continuing their activity: those that continue their activity and those that suspend or reduced their activity. The current laws, adopted under the conditions of the established state of emergency on the territory of Romania, require or offer the employer, in each of these situations, certain options that we will be presenting separately.

Tropospheric Dust and Associated Atmospheric Circulations over the Mediterranean Region with Focus on Romania’s Territory

The aim of this study is to assess the distribution of dust over the Mediterranean region, with a special focus on the territory of Romania. Two parameters are analyzed—Dust Load (DL) and Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD), the data is obtained from the dust forecast model BSC-DREAM8b v2.0, for the period between December 2015 and February 2019. The main geographical features of dust occurrence in the Mediterranean region are presented at the monthly and annual scale. The results show that, for Romania, the dust load is high from February to June, when it reaches its annual maximum. The atmospheric circulation inducing intense dust events over Romania have also been assessed using an objective classification method. A key element for the dust transport from the Sahara toward South-Eastern Europe is represented by the development of a deep cyclone South of Italy, following thereafter a North-East path towards the Balkan peninsula. The results at the regional scale are analyzed in connection with the aerosol optical properties at the local scale (e.g., aerosol optical depth at 440 nm, Absorption Ångström Exponent and Scattering Ångström Exponent at 440 nm and 675 nm, respectively) retrieved from the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET-NASA) for Romania, using data from ACTRIS-RO monitoring sites from Iași, Cluj–Napoca, and Bucharest. The differences between the forecast model and the observational data are also explored. Our results also show that the contribution of the natural mineral dust to air pollution in Romania is small, representing not more than 10% of all kinds of aerosols detected over the observation points from the ACTRIS-RO network.

1. Features of Some Cultures of the Ceramics of the Early Hallstatt Complex with Incised and Engraved Ceramics on the Territory of Romania

Abstract The present study will only refer to the Early Hallstatt, Ha A-B, the beginning of the first Iron Age brought important transformations recorded in ceramics, once the production forces started to develop because of the spreading of iron metallurgy. In a time when ceramics suffers major transformations regarding forms and decor – we are talking here about the first period of Hallstatt (the early one) – the Hallstatt Complex with incised and engraved ceramics completes the image of pottery at that time, together with the other great cultural unity (the horizon with fluted ceramics).

Evacuation of the German Population from Transnistria in March–July 1944

Introduction. During autumn 1943 – spring 1944 the systematic phased evacuation of the German population was carried out from the occupied Soviet regions. Its final phase was the operation of relocating more than 130 000 ethnic Germans from the Transnistria Governorate controlled by Romanian authorities to the territory of Warthegau. Materials and methods. The presented research is based on the historicism and objectivity principles. In the course of the work, the author uses special methods such as historical-systematic, chronological, historicaldescriptive, and historical-genetic. The Source base of the research consists of documents of archival funds of Germany, memoirs and partly materials from the German press. Analysis. The decision of the SS leadership to execute the evacuation of ethnic Germans from Transnistria was due to the further advance of Soviet troops in the southern direction. However, even at the planning stage, the German side was faced with serious problems that could disrupt the entire operation. Due to the fact that control over many transport communications was lost, evacuation routes could only run through the territory of Romania, Bulgaria, occupied Serbia and Hungary. Therefore, the German leadership had to initiate urgent negotiations with the authorities of some of these states. Especially difficult was the negotiation process with the Romanian side which did not want to provide any assistance in the evacuation of the Germans from Transnistria. The High Command of the Wehrmacht was also in no hurry to provide assistance (for example, in transport support). Results. Despite the above-mentioned problems, the SS leadership was still able to carry out this resettlement action for several months. Most Germans decided to leave their homes not under the administrative pressure from the occupying authorities, but voluntarily, guided exclusively by the instinct of their survival.

Daniel Spânu, Fibulae with Canid Protome (Tierkopffibeln) in Romania

At the present stage of the research, 12 fibulae with canid protome (germ. Tierkopffibeln) were discovered on the territory of Romania. With the exception of one item from Ocniţa (Wallachia), all the other fibulae come from the Eastern Carpathians area (Eastern Romania). These fibulae provide some valuable clues to the local chronology and allow some insight into the phenomena of imports circulation and acculturation in pre-Roman Dacia.

Danube River Basin Waters on Romanian Territory: Chemical Status Assessment Based on Priority Substances Data Analysis

Framework Directive (2000/60/EC) (WFD) sets out a series of legal measures at European level against surface waters chemical pollution. The EU-list, annex of the WFD, contains those substances that present a significant risk to human health via aquatic environment, known as priority substances. In the last ten years, the Danube water quality has improved significantly. Instead, heavy metals concentrations in the tributaries waters sometimes were found to be rather highest and the chemical status is not in-line with the WFD requirements. Therefore, the Danube River Basin (DRB) waters quality showed a significant variability in terms of priority substances due to the diverse human activities, especially mining activities. This research paper aims to assess the chemical status of the DRB waters located on Romania territory regarding six heavy metals: Pb, Cd, Ni, Cr, Cu, and Zn by analysing water and sediment samples collected from different areas (south-west and north-west of Romania). Based on the obtained results by evaluating the quality elements, the water chemical status of DRB achieved a good chemical status for 74% of water samples and 55% of sediment samples. Also, the basic statistic and multivariate analysis were used to explore the relationship between the concentration values obtained for priority substances to underlying the water quality assessment.

Peculiarities Regarding Satellite Navigation on the Territory of Romania

Abstract This paper describes the particularities of satellite navigation on the territory of Romania in search of solutions to improve the accuracy of these systems. The performance of a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) is influenced by many factors, including distortion of the signal, the influence of the ionosphere and the troposphere, multipath propagation. Some of these factors depend on the geographical position and the environment in which the navigation system is used. Moreover, Romania is located at the border of coverage of two Satellite Based Augmentation Systems (SBAS) – European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service (EGNOS) and System for Differential Corrections and Monitoring (SDCM) which leads to some peculiarities regarding satellite navigation.

Aspects Regarding the Linseed Oil Culture in Romania in the Context of the Ongoing Climate Change

Abstract Nowadays, at global level, the linseed oil culture is more important economically than the linseed cultures for fiber. The world's largest linseed production is the linseed oil, followed by the culture for the consumption of seeds and for fibers. In this context, this study presents the evolution and the main trends in the production of the linseed oil for Romania in the period 2008-2017, the analysis being based on the values of specific indicators, namely the areas cultivated with linseeds and the production of the linseed oil achieved at the national level, macro-regions and development regions, both as a total and in the private sector as well. This analysis will be done in the context of the ongoing climate change also affecting Romania's territory. Analysing the results, one can notice that, although after 1990 the cultivated areas have decreased dramatically, since the integration of Romania into the EU, the linseed oil cultivated areas have started to grow. Thus, in 2017, Romania was the sixth EU linseed oil producer in the EU, with the South-East region holding a significant share of the cultivated areas.

The Evolution of Habitat in Middle Hallstatt on The Territory of Romania

Abstract The paper will refer only to one of period of Hallstatt, Middle Hallstatt, an important period of the first Iron Age – that form with Late Hallstatt a unity called by historian the protohistory of the Dacians – bringing important transformations recorded in the human beings’ habitat. The settlements and buildings of the entire Bronze Age reflect the continuation of migrations, though limited, by their sedentarization, but also the fortification of some settlements which became real centres of unions of tribes. The characteristic to the mentioned period is continuity (and then the ending) of the process of unification of the Thracian tribes, a process began in Early Hallstatt. The collision of tribes needed the amplification of settlements, but also of the fortifications and also, step by step, the extending of the Greek urbanism implemented in today’s Dobrogea by the Greeks who started colonies here, the Scythian-Greek incluences are to be found in the Late Hallstatt and in other areas on the nowadays territory of our country. The specificity of settlements and buildings of the cultures from the beginning of Hallstatt on the territory of our country will be studied in their evolution towards the next phase – of the second period of the Iron Age: Latène.

Questions of the origin of the oldest Cyrillic manuscripts, found on the territory of Romania, in the modern Romanian historiography

Questions of the origin of the oldest Cyrillic manuscripts, found on the territory of Romania, in the modern Romanian historiography

The constitutional and legal enshrinement of the right to information. The impact of states of emergency upon the right to information

Starting from the premise that information is the raw material of a democratic society, the present article aims to showcase the importance of the constitutional regulation of the right to information. Observing Article 31 of the Romanian Constitution and the infraconstitutional norms in the field of free access to information of public interest, which further develop the constitutional norm, this paper presents the content of the right to information and its limits. Moreover, some legal literature currents and the case law of the Constitutional Court of Romania are emphasized with regard to the restriction in the exercise of this right, under the conditions of Article 53 of the Constitution. Without detailing the complexity of the legal consequences that derive from declaring a state of emergency, there are identified the limits under which, in such cases, the restriction of some fundamental rights and liberties that can occur. In the current normative context, while insisting that exceptional measures must not find themselves outside the existing constitutional order, the present paper analyses the impact of Decree no. 195/2020 for declaring a state of emergency on the territory of Romania upon the right to information. The article emphasizes that the multiple social, economic and political consequences of such a crisis cannot be dissociated from their legal dimension, that the constitutional rigor of a correct information to the general public through media, both public and private, necessary irrespective of a state of emergency, is needed even more so under exceptional circumstances, where the fight against disinformation is by all accounts legitimate and required. At the same time, it is emphasized the requirement that a state of emergency isn’t used as a pretext for tighter governmental control over information release, for the amputation of the mechanism introduced by Law no. 544/2001 on the free access to information of public interest.

Considerations related to the mapping of Romanian anthroponyms and toponyms

The article tries to highlight some aspects related to the mapping of toponyms and anthroponyms, in the Romanian space and also at a larger level (European, world). In the case of the toponyms we highlighted the repartition of oikonyms with the suffixes –ești, –eni/–ani, –ari, –ovți/–evți, –inți in the Romanian space. This space includes the present territory of Romania and Republic of Moldova and the regions of Ukraine, Bulgaria and Hungary that belonged temporarily to the Romanian state. The Romanian suffixes –ești, –eni/–ani, –ari appear more frequently, the most important being the first. For the mapping of the anthroponyms we presented only the mapping of the repartition of names with the suffix –escu, at the world level, by countries. This suffix appears most frequently in Romania and/or in the Republic of Moldova.

Metallographic Study of XIX Century Oklads Belonging to Russian Icons

Many icons from the XIX and XX centuries can be found on the territory of Romania, with oklads made of Cu, Ag or Cu alloys. This paper analyzes by means of optical and electronic microscopy the samples taken from two oklads belonging to Russian icons of the XIX century: one dated and the other undated but attributed to the XIX century by Florin Colonas - an expert in handicraft of artistic significance. Based on the pins on the surface of one of the oklad and the scientific literature, we tried to identify the manufacturer, the verification mark, with the date of manufacture, the Ag title mark, the mark with the city icon in which the oklad was made, and identifying the technique of realization. The chemical compositions of the oklads were determined by EDX and found to be made of Ag alloys of different chemical composition: the dated oklad is made of Ag-Cu alloy, while the undated one is made of Ag-Cu-Zn alloy.

Evaluating the Potential for Soybean Culture in Romania Compared with the European Union

Soybean is a very popular plant for its wide use, and it is coming back to the attention of farmers due to its special importance in various sectors. Thus, the present study, aims to highlight Romania’s position regarding the areas cultivated with this plant, grain and oil production, consumption per capita and also forage consumption in the zootechnical sector. Also, it will bring in the highlight aspects very important, like imports and exports for the period of 2000-2016 in order to assess the potential of soybean culture and its necessity on the territory of Romania. Due to the high demand for soybeans and / or soybean products, Romania has to resort to the European or world market in order to satisfy the demand for this product, mainly used in the livestock sector. Soybean culture will be analyzed in two different period, the first period will be the pre-accession (2000-2007) and the second one will be the post-accession (2007-2016) of Romanian to the European Union, thus reference will be made to genetically modified soybeans and their use on national and European territories.

Fine Arts: 1. Art During the Transition Period Between Paleolithic and Neolithicon the Territory of Romania

Abstract This material refers to one of the many transition periods from the History of Art on the territory of Romania - that is the period which separates Paleolithic from Neolithic: Epi-Paleolithic, with its endcalled (and accepted, first of all!) by some researchers: Mesolithic. As we will see, we will refer to the art of this moment of great complexity and diversity. From an artistic pointof view, Epi-Paleolithic already has tools which can be placed in the category of technical beauty, as far as form is concerned, precision becomes more and more important,and also the skillfulness of their production and the delicate, refined finishing; also connected to the artistic side of the period, the interest for beauty for creating geometrical-abstract decorations increases, obviously becoming a coherent ornamental motif. In the final phase of Epi-Paleolithic, the Mesolithic period comes with an art which is different from the one of the culture Schela Cladovei, characterized by ornaments with simple geometrical motifs, liniar incisions, oblique or in a network, this geometry leading to the main compositional textures of decoration of the oldest phase of the future Neolithic culture Criș.

Rules of Taxing Property Buildings

An Integral Part of the Economic and Financial Mechanism, Taxation Means, on the One Hand, the Collection of Resources to the State Budget, but Also a Legal Relationship between a Debtor and a Creditor, Including their Correlation Rights and Obligations. the Determinants of Budgetary Revenues Refer to the Subjects of Taxation, the Object of Taxation, the Unit of Taxation, the Tax Rate, the Rights and Obligations of the Debtors, their Liability, as well as the Payment Terms. Building Tax is an Annual Tax due to the Local Budget of the Administrative-Territorial Units in which the Building is Located by its Owners. Therefore, Subjects of Taxation are those who Own a Building Located on the Territory of Romania, with Certain Exceptions Regulated by the Fiscal Code. for Residential Buildings and Annex Buildings owned by Individuals, the Building Tax is Calculated by Applying a Rate between 0.08% and 0.2% on the Taxable Value of the Building. for Non-Residential Buildings owned by Individuals, the Tax is Calculated by Applying a Rate between 0.2% and 1.3% on the Taxable Amount of the Building. for Mixed-Purpose Buildings Owned by Individuals, the Tax is Calculated by Adding Together the Tax Calculated for the Area Used for Residential Purposes with the Tax Determined for the Area Used for Non-Residential Purposes. for Residential Buildings Owned or Held by Legal Entities, the Tax or the Building Tax is Calculated by Applying a Rate between 0.08% and 0.2% on the Taxable Value of the Buildings; and for Non-Residential Buildings the Tax or Tax on Buildings is Calculated by Applying a Rate between 0.2% and 1.3% Inclusive of the Taxable Value of the Building.

The first map of salt deposits in Romania (1780). Current corresponding toponyms

The history of salt exploitation in the Carpathian arc area is far from being complete regarding certain periods of Romania’s historical provinces, although a lot has been written on this topic. A map of the salt deposits drafted in 1780 represents one of the most important achievements in this field. One of the mandatory aspects of this historical approach is the identification of places from where salt is or was extracted. Following a short history of the primary documentations of the exploitation of salt on the territory of Romania, this study presents Fichtel’s (1780) contribution to identifying the salt deposits on this territory. The updating of the toponyms on the map poses no difficulties for the historical provinces Moldavia and Wallachia, yet the situation is different in the case of the toponyms in Transylvania, since the nomenclature from the Hungarian domination period (until 1918) was mostly modified starting with the year 1919. Correspondences from the current nomenclature were provided for all these toponyms. The study offers an update of the localization of salt wells or springs and sedimentary deposits of salt, as indicated by Fichtel, by identifying present corresponding toponyms for the ones indicated on the map.