Rolling Cylinder Research Articles

On the dynamics of transporting rolling cylinders

AbstractA common, yet hazardous, method of transporting cylindrical tanks used to carry compressed gas involves rolling both tanks at opposite angles of inclination to the vertical. By propelling one of the tanks while maintaining point contact between the tanks, both tanks can be moved such that their centers of mass move in a straight line. The purpose of this paper is to explore this locomotion mechanism. First, the problem of supporting an inclined cylinder in point contact with a rough surface is examined. The analysis shows that dependent on the geometry of the cylinder and the coefficient of static friction, a wide range of angles of inclination are feasible. The presence of non-integrable constraints on the motion of the rolling cylinder is explored using the concept of a holonomy. The problem of transporting two cylinders using the aforementioned mechanism is then analyzed with the help of Frobenius’ integrability criterion for constraints and numerical simulations. The results show the mechanical advantage of transporting a pair of cylinders, the range of possible angles of inclination, and the forces needed to sustain the motion.

Role of strain softening and viscoelastic memory for the rolling friction of two tire tread compounds.

Rolling friction is of great importance for many applications, such as tires and conveyor belts. We study the rolling friction for hard cylinders rolling on flat rubber sheets. The rolling friction depends on the number of rolling cycles, the rolling speed, and the temperature. We show that when the rubber is cooled down below the glass transition temperature, the deformations of the rubber surface are frozen-in, resulting in a non-flat rolling track where uphill and downhill rolling movements strongly affect the rolling force. The experimental data are analyzed using the Persson rolling friction theory; good agreement with the experiments is obtained when the non-linear (strain-softening) properties of the viscoelastic modulus are taken into account.

Control of cylinder wake using oscillatory morphing surface

In this study, the wake of a cylinder was actively controlled by the cylinder's oscillatory morphing surface. Experiments were conducted in a closed-loop water channel. A cylinder of diameter 36 mm was placed in 0.09 m/s water flow, resulting in the Reynolds number 3240 and the vortex shedding frequency around 0.5 Hz. The cylinder's morphing surface oscillated at four different frequencies, i.e., 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 Hz. It was found that, compared to the rigid circular cylinder, the cylinder with oscillatory morphing surface can generally produce a smaller vortex formation length, especially at intermediate oscillation frequencies. The shear layers developed from the cylinder transit and roll up earlier due to enhanced flow instabilities. With the highest-frequency oscillations, the shear layer develops into a train of many small vortices that follow the trace of undisturbed shear layer. This study reveals some physical insights into this novel flow control method, which could be useful in future engineering applications.

Optimization design of shearer drum height adjusting mechanism based on particle swarm optimization algorithm

The underground working environment of the shearer is complex and the working conditions are relatively poor. It is necessary to continuously adjust the height of the rocker arm during the operation, improve the operation efficiency, and improve the ability of the shearer to adapt to the more complex coal seam working environment. In order to optimize the structure of the shearer adjustment mechanism, the strength and strength of the adjustment mechanism are improved by increasing the size and angle of the adjustment mechanism and reducing the size and angle. Therefore, an optimized particle group design method is proposed to optimize the drum adjustment mechanism of the shearer. Seven parameters such as large lever, small lever and maximum swing angle are selected as design variables. Under the condition of limiting mining height and rocker length, an optimization model with rolling angle and cylinder stress as objective functions is established. The working characteristics of each part of the coal machine height adjustment mechanism are analyzed. The particle swarm optimization algorithm is used to optimize the key parameters, and the optimization results are verified to ensure their accuracy. The optimization results are compared with the original parameters. The results show that compared with the pre-optimization, the cylinder stroke is shortened by 17.9%, the cylinder length is shortened by 8.94%, the rolling angle is reduced by 2.83%, the cylinder tension is reduced by 12.1%, and the rocker bending moment is increased by 6.83 %, which meets the original design goal. Therefore, the research provides a reference for the optimal design of the coal machine height adjustment system.

Fluid–rigid body coupling simulations with the passively moving solid model based on a physically consistent particle method

Fluid–rigid body interaction is a significant topic in research on particle methods. This study developed a fluid–rigid body coupling method based on a physically consistent particle method, i.e., the moving particle hydrodynamics (MPH) method, incorporating the passively moving solid (PMS) model. When the discrete particle system satisfies the fundamental laws of physics, i.e., mass conservation, linear and angular momentum conservation, and the second law of thermodynamics, the method is asserted physically consistent, and this feature is important for robust dynamic calculations. The PMS model is a pioneering approach that is practical for particle methods in which fluid and rigid-body particles are initially calculated as a fluid. Then, only rigid-body particles are modified to restore the initial shape by applying rigid-body constraints. Thus, combining the MPH method and the PMS model realizes a fluid–rigid body coupling method that satisfies fundamental physical laws. The proposed method was first verified via the fundamental rigid body and fluid–rigid body coupling problems: the Dzhanibekov effect on a T-shaped rigid body, a floating rectangular solid, a floating cylinder, and water entry of a two-dimensional cylinder. Second, the proposed method was validated via calculating a cylinder rolling on a liquid film as a fluid–rigid body coupling problem with rotation. By using a potential-based surface tension model, the computed results showed reasonable agreement with the experimental data obtained in this study. Overall, it was confirmed that the proposed method is a promising fluid–rigid body coupling approach, in which the surface tension and wettability can be considered as well.

Jump effect of an eccentric cylinder rolling on an inclined plane

This work addresses the intriguing phenomenon of the jump effect exhibited by an eccentric cylinder rolling on an inclined plane. Our main objective is to determine the region of the parameter space where the cylinder can undergo a jump after pure rolling motion. In previous works, it was assumed that slipping always precedes a jump, leading to the belief that slip is necessary. In contrast, our study challenges this prevailing notion by demonstrating the existence of situations where a jump can occur after pure rolling motion. We present a detailed theoretical description of the jump effect, investigating the dependence of the jump behavior on the initial conditions, the forces involved, and the parameter values. Through rigorous analysis, we determine the restricted region in the parameter space that allows for jumps to occur without slipping. Our findings contribute to the ongoing debate surrounding the jump effect in eccentric cylinder dynamics.

Externally motionless triboelectric nanogenerator based on vortex-induced rolling for omnidirectional wind energy harvesting

Wind-driven triboelectric nanogenerators (WTENGs) are an emerging technology that holds the potential for sustainable wind energy harvesting. Although recent efforts have proposed various strategies for developing WTENGs, realizing their practical utility, characterized by high output performance, lightweight design, compact dimensions, and omnidirectional energy capture, remains a formidable challenge. This study introduces an innovative WTENG that leverages a rolling-based mechanism to achieve effective omnidirectional wind energy harvesting. The distinctive design features a guide vane and a deformable rolling cylinder, both of which play pivotal roles in enhancing triboelectrification, optimizing power output, and ensuring consistent performance despite fluctuations in wind direction. Specifically, the guide vane generates a rotating flow, facilitating the rolling of the cylinder. The electrical energy is generated through triboelectrification occurring between the cylinder and the inner surface of the vane as the cylinder rolls during operation. Numerical simulations and experimental validation have underscored the critical significance of the design of the guide vane and the structural parameters of the rolling cylinder in determining the output performance of the device. Remarkably, the proposed WTENG has demonstrated a root-mean-square area power density of 89.723 mW/m2 at a wind speed of 8 m/s, thus attesting to its superior energy harvesting capabilities. Furthermore, the versatility of this device was evident as it effectively powered a wireless environmental monitoring system and functioned as a self-powered wind speed sensor. With a mere 42 g weight, a compact footprint of 22.062 cm2, and an internal rolling-based mechanism enabling motionless operation from an external perspective, this WTENG offers substantial advantages in spatial efficiency. Consequently, it is an ideal choice for deployment in constrained environments.

Improvement of tuned rolling cylinder damper for wind turbine tower vibration control considering real wind distribution

Researchers have stated that the larger the roller moment of inertia, the better the tuned rolling cylinder damper (TRCD). However, this statement has not been confirmed. Thus, this study investigates the effect of the roller moment of inertia on the TRCD performance using parametric studies. It is found that the smaller the roller moment of inertia, the better the TRCD performance, which is contrary to conventional belief. Roller rotary movements are detrimental to vibration control; therefore, an improved TRCD that uses a bearing to connect the support wheel and roller of the TRCD is proposed. The performances of the original TRCD, improved TRCD, and tuned mass damper (TMD) are examined and compared. The numerical results show that the improved TRCD has a vibration control performance similar to that of the TMD, with a difference of only 0.6% in the tower bottom moment and 0.9% in the tower top movement. They are superior to the original TRCD, with improvements of 8.8% and 25.5% in tower bottom moment and tower top movement, respectively. Moreover, the TRCD performance would be reduced to zero if the TRCDs were designed according to the incorrect statement.

Influence of thermal stresses on the phenomenon of thermal fatigue of rolling cylinders

Hot rolling cylinders are the most important machine parts in plastic deformation equipment. They are taken out of operation due to breakage caused by the predominant action of thermal stresses which cause accidental breakdowns of rolling mills. In view of these aspects, the question arose is to knowing the nature of these stresses, as well as their evaluation. This paper will experimentally determine the mechanical and thermal stresses that arise in the process of plastic deformation of hot rolling cylinders. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the thermal stresses and compare them with the mechanical ones, as well as to highlight their influence on the thermal fatigue phenomenon. The study shows that the stresses in rolling cylinders are cyclical and occur at each rotation of the cylinders. The thermal stresses are mainly the result of the action of symmetric and asymmetric temperature fields. The overall action of thermal stresses presents an aspect of destruction of the surface layer that characterizes the effect of thermal fatigue phenomenon. The separation of the temperature fields that produce thermal stresses in symmetric and asymmetric and their experimental confirmation represents the originality of the research presented in this paper.

Evaluation of Coefficients of Friction for Cylinders, Rolling Down an Inclined Plane, by a Facile Video Analysis Technique

Recently, the use of video analysis technique has emerged as an effective and facile learning tool, due to the richness of spatial and temporal data useful to investigate the complex physical phenomena related to kinematics. In this study, we have investigated the motion of solid and annular cylinders rolling down an inclined wooden plane at different angles. The linear accelerations of the cylinders for the case of rolling (with and without slipping) have been derived theoretically and have been compared with their experimental counterparts. Specifically, the experimental values have been determined by performing a series of experiments, wherein the motion of the cylinders has been captured via a digital camera (recording at 240 frames s[Formula: see text]) and later analyzed frame by frame utilizing in-house developed GUI-based “Phystrack” video tracking library. We have measured the transition angles corresponding to the transition of motion (a) from rest to rolling, and (b) from pure rolling to a combination of rolling and slipping mode of motion, for the case of two distinct cylinders. This has eventually allowed us to compute the coefficient of static, kinetic and rolling friction for the aforementioned cylinders. In general, the coefficient of kinetic friction is regarded as an intrinsic material-dependent constant and considered as independent of the geometry of the object. However, in the case of rolling motion, the coefficients of friction are strongly dependent upon the geometrical parameters of the rolling object. The study emphasizes on developing the conceptual understanding ability of physics students pertaining to the friction coefficient of rolling objects.

Dynamic Service Mechanism of Double-Row Spherical Roller Bearings Due to Self-Aligning Behavior

Spherical roller bearings (SRBs) are widely used under self-aligning operating conditions, such as rotor bending or an angular misalignment between inner and outer rings due to their self-aligning function. However, the characterization of SRBs’ self-aligning function is often ignored in the present models. The reason for this is that the self-aligning condition is essentially a fault condition, and many scholars have assumed SRBs are in an ideal operating condition. Although there is nothing wrong with this analysis theoretically, it is incapable of characterizing SRBs’ service behavior comprehensively. In this work, the Lagrange equation was introduced to model the relationship among the rollers and the inner and outer rings. The contact region in particular was characterized in detail in order to solve the problems of undetermined contact status (UCS) and the varying law of the self-aligning contact angle (SAC angle). For the experiment, a novel SRBs pedestal with a self-aligning operating condition was designed, and the relevant self-aligning function testing was carried out. A good agreement was shown between the theoretical and experimental results. The results pointed out that, if taking no account of the self-aligning function, SRBs can be regarded as angular contact ball bearings or cylinder roller bearings. The amplitude of the inner-ring motion orbit is determined by the external load, but the shape is influenced by the direction and magnitude of the SAC angle. In the example of this paper, the values of the main frequency equal 136.8 Hz. Some additional frequencies are clearly aroused under the self-aligning operating condition, whose value is approximately equal to 8.3 Hz or its integer multiples. The dynamic performance of SRBs will be substantially improved by a light axial load plus an anticlockwise self-aligning contact angle rather than a large axial preload.

The gyroscopic effect and moment of inertia

This paper describes a lab to help students develop their understanding of rotational motion. The focus is on moment of inertia, which the students investigate by rolling cylinders down a ramp and determine in two different ways for a bicycle wheel. The most important and original part of the lab is the exploration of the gyroscopic effect, where measurements of precession and rotation frequencies are made using the variation of the detected magnetic field, enabling the calculation of the moment of inertia. The lab is received well by the students and can be done with relatively simple equipment easily accessible to them.

Contact Lagrangian systems subject to impulsive constraints

We describe geometrically contact Lagrangian systems under impulsive forces and constraints, as well as instantaneous nonholonomic constraints which are not uniform along the configuration space. In both situations, the vector field describing the dynamics of a contact Lagrangian system is determined by defining projectors to evaluate the constraints by using a Riemannian metric. In particular, we introduce the Herglotz equations for contact Lagrangian systems subject to instantaneous nonholonomic constraints. Moreover, we provide a Carnot-type theorem for contact Lagrangian systems subject to impulsive forces and constraints, which characterizes the changes of energy due to contact-type dissipation and impulsive forces. We illustrate the applicability of the method with practical examples, in particular, a rolling cylinder on a springily plane and a rolling sphere on a non-uniform plane, both with dissipation.

The Development Study of the Drag Coefficient of Solid Cylinder on Inclined Plane in Water

The dynamic resistance of a fluid to a cylinder rolling on an inclined plane in water has been experimentally studied. This creates problems in the form of solid-liquid interactions, which include landslides on the seabed and debris flows on the seabed that cause Tsunamis. The development of flow around a rolling cylinder is described to highlight the implications on the nature of the hydrodynamic force coefficient acting on the cylinder as resistance. The coefficient of drag on the cylinder when rolling on an inclined plane in water is the coefficient of drag that prevents the cylinder from rolling. In addition, other external force coefficients (besides the drag coefficient) also impede the cylinder motion. The equation of motion of the cylinder is solved with experimental data which is used as the most suitable solution to get the drag coefficient value. The movement of the cylinder is also not perfectly linear because there is a force from the side of the track and the cylinder moves slightly zigzag in 1-D motion.
 HIGHLIGHTS
 
 In this study, we present the experimental results of cylindrical drag coefficients of various materials on inclined planes in water as modeling of broader scientific problems, especially the potential for hydrometeorological and sedimentation disasters
 Fluid dynamics of the cylinder drag force on an inclined plane in water were measured experimentally
 The motion of the cylinder on an inclined plane in water is recorded, then the recorded video is processed using Logger Pro to obtain experimental time, speed, and position data which is processed using the appropriate mathematical equations
 
 GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

The dynamical motion of a rolling cylinder and its stability analysis: analytical and numerical investigation

The present paper addresses the dynamical motion of two degrees-of-freedom (DOF) auto-parametric system consisting of a connected rolling cylinder with a damped spring. This motion has been considered under the action of an excitation force. Lagrange's equations from second kind are utilized to obtain the governing system of motion. The uniform approximate solutions of this system are acquired up to higher order of approximation using the technique of multiple scales in view of the abolition of emerging secular terms. All resonance cases are characterized, and the primary and internal resonances are examined simultaneously to set up the corresponding modulation equations and the solvability conditions. The time histories of the amplitudes, modified phases, and the obtained solutions are graphed to illustrate the system's motion at any given time. The nonlinear stability approach of Routh–Hurwitz is used to examine the stability of the system, and the different zones of stability and instability are drawn and discussed. The characteristics of the nonlinear amplitude for the modulation equations are investigated and described, as well as their stabilities. The gained results can be considered novel and original, where the methodology was applied to a specific dynamical system.

MPM modeling of pile installation in sand: Contact improvement and quantitative analysis

The material point method (MPM), which is known to be advantageous in modeling large deformation and contact problems, is utilized in this study to simulate displacement pile installation in sand. A modified Bardenhagen’s contact algorithm is proposed that calculates the node-to-surface distances between the deformable soil mass and the rigid pile surface more effectively, along with a smoothing factor for the change of momenta between the contacting bodies. The modified algorithm is shown to produce more accurate and stable contact results. Three tests, namely, the rolling cylinder, the penetrating wedge, and the strip footing, are first conducted to demonstrate the validity of the modified algorithm. It is then applied to analyze the installation of a closed-ended pile, employing a state-dependent Mohr–Coulomb model to capture the sand’s state-dependent shearing behavior. Detailed analyses of the stress and deformation fields developed around the pile during steady penetration reveal quantitative agreement between the MPM predictions and published experiments, indicating that the approach holds promise for use in more sophisticated analyses designed to improve the understanding of industrially driven piles.

Direct numerical simulation of different finite cylinders rolling on a horizontal surface: The thickness effects on the aerodynamics

The flow around a cylinder rolling along a horizontal ground plane is investigated using direct numerical simulation for a Reynolds number based on the cylinder diameter, D, of ReD=3×104. Three cylinder thicknesses, T/D=0.040, 0.126, and 0.400, are considered. The time-averaged drag coefficients are found to be 0.87, 0.69, and 0.97 for the three cylinders, respectively. The non-monotonic variation in drag coefficient with thickness suggests a transition in the proportion of contributions of friction and pressure drag to the total drag which changes about 30% with thickness increase. Indeed, the ratio of friction drag to pressure drag varies from 0.333 to 0.085 and finally to 0.013 for the three cylinders. The pressure coefficient become more negative in the aft of the thicker cylinders, because the cylinder become more bluff body which suggests more pronounced pressure drag. Temporal fluctuations in the drag coefficient associated with vortex shedding events increase monotonically with thickness, though the root-mean-square of the drag coefficient follows the same trend as the mean drag coefficient. The lift coefficients are −0.057, 0.066, and 0.64 for the three respective cylinders. The negative value for the thinnest cylinder indicates down force. The transition from negative lift on the thin cylinder to positive lift on the thick cylinder is associated with elevated surface pressure just upstream of the ground contact point as thickness increases. As the flow is more detached from the cylinder sides, the friction lift is less significant with thickness increase. Furthermore, the pressure coefficient is negative spatially larger in the top of the thicker cylinders which the expansion offers a more significant upward pressure lift.

Cylindrical bearing inspired oil enhanced rolling friction based nanogenerator

Friction and wear are the main factors influencing the output and lifetime of the triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs). In this work, inspired by the cylinder roller bearing, an oil enhanced rolling friction based TENG (ORF-TENG) with high output and low friction was fabricated by using polyimide (PI) film, hexadecane, and roller of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene plastic (ABS). Compared to the sliding friction based TENG (SF-TENG), the open circuit voltage (Voc) and short circuit current (Isc) increased by 32.1 and 8.3 times, respectively, and the friction coefficient decreased by approximately 84.9% with the maximum conversion efficiency increased by more than 263 times. The electric outputs of ORF-TENG could be modulated by the number, diameter and material of the rollers. The enhanced electric output is mainly attributed to the synergistic effect of the oil molecules and the rolling action of ABS rollers. The triboelectric charges could transfer from the rolled ABS cylinder to the oil molecules to further promote the in-situ generation of triboelectric charges, and thereby resulting in the increase of the surface charge density. This work has pioneered an ORF-TENG, which provides a novel solution for the coexistence of high output and ultralow friction of TENG.

An Adapted Two-Steps Approach to Simulate Nonlinear Vibrations of Solid Undergoing Large Deformation in Contact with Rigid Plane—Application to a Grooved Cylinder

Simulating the full dynamic response of a rolling sculpted tire requires not only taking into account various non-linearities but also considering the multi-scale nature of the dynamic response itself. On one hand, there is the macroscopic rolling dynamic behavior that operates around the rotating frequency with relatively high amplitudes. On the other hand, the vibratory response operates in a larger frequency window with relatively low amplitudes. In contrast to a straightforward strategy that consists of using an energy-conserving stable time integrator to predict the multi-scale dynamic response, the proposed strategy is based on a two-steps approach to separate the dynamics operating at different scales. This methodology is applied to simulate the nonlinear vibrations of a hyperelastic solid undergoing large deformations in contact with a rigid plane. In order to illustrate the potential of the proposed numerical method, the nonlinear vibrations response of a grooved cylinder rolling on a rigid plane is investigated.

Prediction of Mobility and Burial of Objects on Sandy Seafloor

A numerical model was developed to predict mobility and burial of seafloor cylindrical objects. The model contains four components: 1) object's physical parameters such as diameter, length, mass, and rolling moment; 2) dynamics of rolling cylinder around its major axis; 3) empirical sediment scour model; and 4) seabed environmental characteristics such as currents, waves (peak period, significant wave height), sediment density, and medium sediment grain size. Under the sponsorship of the Department of Defense Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program, a field experiment was conducted from April 21 to May 23, 2013 off the coast of Panama City, FL, USA to measure both objects' mobility using sector scanning and pencil beam sonars and simultaneous environmental time-series data of the boundary layer hydrodynamics and sediment transport conditions for driving mobility. Comparison between modeled and observed data shows the model capability. Future work needs to consider more realistic object shapes and motions such as pitch and yaw, and wavy seabed.