Rolling Velocity Research Articles

Polysaccharide-rich extract of Genipa americana leaves exerts anti-inflammatory effects modulated by platelet mediators

Ethnopharmacological relevanceGenipa americana L. (Rubiaceae) leaves are traditionally used to treat fever, pharyngitis, healing, luxation and bruises. Aim of the studyThis study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of the polysaccharide-rich extract of G. americana leaves (PE-Ga) in acute inflammation models and underlying mechanisms associated with platelet activity. Materials and methodsRats received PE-Ga (0.3–3.0 mg/kg; IV) 30 min before injection (IP or SC) of zymosan, serotonin, PGE2, PLA2, PAF or L-arginine, and evaluated in the models of paw edema and acute peritonits. The blockage of plasma serotonin reuptake into platelets was performed with fluoxetine (40 mg/kg; IP). ResultsIn vitro, PE-Ga inhibited ADP-induced platelet aggregation up to 49%. In the edema model, PE-Ga reduced (41%) the time-course of the edema induced by zymosan, mainly the last phase (62%), as well as that induced by PLA2 (32%), PAF (35%), L-arginine (36%), PGE2 (49%) or serotonin (54% AUC); and reversed paw hypernociception induced by PGE2 or serotonin. In the peritonitis model, PE-Ga reversed abdominal hypernociception and reduced leukocyte migration induced by zymosan to blood (38%) and peritoneal cavity (55%), mainly neutrophils (70%). PE-GA also decreased leukocyte rolling (32%) and adhesion (47%), and increased the rolling velocity 2.2-fold. In the peritoneal fluid, PE-Ga reversed P-selectin and reduced total proteins (17%), MDA (40%), NO2−/NO3− (27%), and MPO activity (43%) but increased catalase activity 3.3-fold compared to zymosan. In addition, fluoxetine reversed PE-Ga anti-inflammatory effect on leukocyte migration and adhesion. ConclusionsPE-Ga exerts antiplatelet and anti-inflammatory effects in acute inflammation induced by zymosan, being modulated by P-selectin and platelet serotonin, among other inflammatory mediators.

A Dynamic Assessment of Rubber–Sand Mixtures as Subgrade Materials during Vibratory Roller Compaction through DEM Simulation in 2D

The accumulation of discarded tire rubber poses significant challenges in terms of land usage and environmental hazards. To address this issue, this article explores the potential reuse of rubber in roadbed engineering. This study conducts a comprehensive examination of the vibration compaction process involving a vibratory roller and rubber–sand mixtures, utilizing the discrete element method (DEM) in a two-dimensional (2D) framework to investigate the impact of dynamic vibration compaction on sand mixtures with varying rubber contents under different roller working conditions, while also evaluating the associated energy consumption. The results reveal that both the rubber content and operational parameters of the roller significantly influence compaction vibration effects. Notably, optimal rolling frequency, velocity, and rolling mass show correlations with the rubber content. Furthermore, this research provides a microscopic understanding of the compaction process, offering detailed insights into displacement fields, velocity fields, and contact forces.

Self-rolling and circling of a conical liquid crystal elastomer rod on a hot surface

Self-oscillation refers to the steady-state periodic motion maintained by the mutual coupling of parts within system itself, which can compensate for damping dissipation through periodically absorbing energy from non-periodic external stimuli. Recent experiments have demonstrated that the uneven thermal contraction in the cylindrical rod can drive its forward self-rolling on a hot surface. In current paper, by introducing a cone angle to the rod, we fabricate a conical liquid crystal elastomer (LCE) rod to investigate its rolling on a hot surface. Our experiments show that the thermally-responsive conical LCE rod can self-roll and circle on a flat hot surface at a uniform temperature. We propose a thermomechanical model to elucidate the mechanism of self-rolling and circling and calculate the rolling and circling angular velocities of the conical LCE rod. The theoretical results demonstrate that the rolling angular velocity depends on the Biot number, cone angle, rod length and heat inflow. The theoretical predictions are proved to be consistent with the experimental results. The self-rolling and circling of the conical LCE rod can retrace its original position through a curved trajectory, offering the benefit of circumventing extensive heated surfaces and maneuvering around obstacles or traps. Such self-rolling and circling system based on conical LCE rod may constitute novel designs for self-cleaning sweepers, energy harvesters, active machinery, mass transport devices and so on.

Bifurcation and stability analysis of a high-speed rail vehicle with active yaw dampers

Active yaw dampers (AYDs) show promise in addressing the carbody and bogie hunting issues of high-speed rail vehicles. However, the bifurcation behaviour under active control and the control law for hunting instability still require investigation. This study presents a comprehensive description of the linear control law, which can be simplified to various schemes, including skyhook damping, groundhook stiffness, modal, and blended schemes. The bifurcation behaviour under active control was analysed using a simplified lateral-dynamics-intended seven DOFs vehicle model and verified using a 3D full DOFs model in SIMPACK. Besides the well-known Hopf bifurcation, results also revealed a branching point (BP) and two new stable asymmetric equilibria. Although the asymmetric equilibria born through BP are stable, BP bifurcation should still be avoided for wheel flange contact and derailment concerns. Possible control laws are explored for two hunting scenarios: carbody hunting and bogie hunting. For carbody hunting cases, the control force can be either a linear function of bogie yaw displacement or a linear weighting function of bogie lateral and carbody roll velocity. The dominant frequency of the actuated force falls below 2 Hz, with a peak of 1.6 kN, and the allowable time delay is 70 ms. For bogie hunting cases, the control force can be a linear function of either bogie yaw displacement or velocity. In other words, both the groundhook stiffness and damping strategy are applicable. However, the actuated force contains several relatively high-frequency components (6∼13 Hz), which poses challenges to the control system and actuators, and the allowable time delay is relatively small.

Flight control of a flying wing aircraft based on circulation control using synthetic jet actuators

To achieve the nice stealth performance and aerodynamic maneuverability of a Flying Wing Aircraft (FWA), a longitudinal aerodynamic control technology based on circulation control using trailing-edge synthetic jet actuators was proposed without the movement of rudders. Effects on the longitudinal aerodynamic characteristics of a small-sweep FWA were investigated. Then, flight tests were carried out to verify the control abilities, providing a novel technology for the design of a future rudderless FWA. Results show that synthetic jets could narrow the dead zone area, improve the flow velocity near the trailing edge, and then move the trailing-edge separation point and the leading-edge stagnation point downwards, which make the effective Attack of Angle (AOA) increase, thereby enhancing the pressure envelope area. Circulation control based on synthetic jets could improve the lift, drag and nose-down moment. The variations of lift and nose-down moment decrease with the growth of AOA caused by the improved reverse pressure gradient and the weakened circulation control efficiency. Finally, synthetic jet actuators were integrated into the trailing edge of a small-sweep FWA, which could realize the roll and pitch control without deflections of rudders during the cruise stage, and the maximum roll and pitch angular velocity are 12.64 (°)/s and 8.51 (°)/s, respectively.

Effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists on mitochondrial function, inflammatory markers and leukocyte-endothelium interactions in type 2 diabetes

ObjectiveType 2 diabetes (T2D) is linked to metabolic, mitochondrial and inflammatory alterations, atherosclerosis development and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). The aim was to investigate the potential therapeutic benefits of GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RA) on oxidative stress, mitochondrial respiration, leukocyte-endothelial interactions, inflammation and carotid intima–media thickness (CIMT) in T2D patients. Research design and methodsType 2 diabetic patients (255) and control subjects (175) were recruited, paired by age and sex, and separated into two groups: without GLP-1 RA treatment (196) and treated with GLP-1 RA (59). Peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) were isolated to measure reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by flow cytometry and oxygen consumption with a Clark electrode. PMNs were also used to assess leukocyte-endothelial interactions. Circulating levels of adhesion molecules and inflammatory markers were quantified by Luminex's technology, and CIMT was measured as surrogate marker of atherosclerosis. ResultsTreatment with GLP-1 RA reduced ROS production and recovered mitochondrial membrane potential, oxygen consumption and MPO levels. The velocity of leukocytes rolling over endothelial cells increased in PMNs from GLP-1 RA-treated patients, whereas rolling and adhesion were diminished. ICAM-1, VCAM-1, IL-6, TNFα and IL-12 protein levels also decreased in the GLP-1 RA-treated group, while IL-10 increased. CIMT was lower in GLP-1 RA-treated T2D patients than in T2D patients without GLP-1 RA treatment. ConclusionsGLP-1 RA treatment improves the redox state and mitochondrial respiration, and reduces leukocyte-endothelial interactions, inflammation and CIMT in T2D patients, thereby potentially diminishing the risk of atherosclerosis and CVDs.

Numerical Modeling and Experimental Study of Solidification Behavior of Al-Mg2Si Composite Sheet Fabricated Using Continuous Casting Route

Abstract Owing to manufacturing challenges, the fabrication of thin sheets of metal matrix composites has been an area of concern for sheet manufacturers. Converting a billet of composite into a sheet using rolling and extrusion is quite energy-intensive and prone to cracking using the conventional casting route. To address this issue, this study explores the development of particle-reinforced near eutectic Al-Mg2Si composite sheets using a vertical twin-roll continuous casting process. The numerical simulation involves fluid flow, solidification, and heat transfer analysis of the twin-roll continuous casting process for producing thin strips. Processing parameters such as the velocity of rolls and superheat temperature of the melt are optimized to successfully convert the melt into a sheet of composite material. A combined numerical and experimental study show that the continuous casting process is more sensitive to the casting speed. A small change in roller speed (2 rpm) significantly affects the solidified fraction at the roller exit. Optimizing the casting speed to 0.072 m/s and inlet temperature to 886 K, an in situ Al-Mg2Si composite sheet of 3 mm thickness is successfully cast. The particle distribution along the casting direction of the sheet is uniform, ensuring the homogeneous mechanical properties reported in terms of hardness. The entire process does not require external stirring to get uniform distribution of the reinforced particles.

Cholesterol depletion decreases adhesion of non-small cell lung cancer cells to E-selectin.

Lipid microdomains, ordered membrane phases containing cholesterol and glycosphingolipids, play an essential role in cancer cell adhesion and ultimately metastasis. Notably, elevated levels of cholesterol-rich lipid microdomains are found in cancer cells relative to their normal counterparts. Therefore, alterations of lipid microdomains through cholesterol modulation could be used as a strategy to prevent cancer metastasis. In this study, methyl-beta-cyclodextrin (MβCD), sphingomyelinase (SMase), and simvastatin (Simva) were used to investigate the effects of cholesterol on the adhesive behaviors of four non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines (H1299, H23, H460, and A549) and a small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cell line (SHP-77) on E-selectin, a vascular endothelial molecule that initiates circulating tumor cell recruitment at metastatic sites. Under hemodynamic flow conditions, the number of adherent NSCLC cells on E-selectin significantly decreased by MβCD and Simva treatments, whereas SMase treatment did not show a significant effect. Significant increases in rolling velocities were detected only for H1299 and H23 cells after MβCD treatment. In contrast, cholesterol depletion did not affect SCLC cell attachment and rolling velocities. Moreover, cholesterol depletion by MβCD and Simva induced CD44 shedding and resulted in an enhanced membrane fluidity in the NSCLC cells, whereas it did not affect the membrane fluidity of the SCLC cells which lacked detectable expression of CD44. Our finding suggests that cholesterol regulates the E-selectin-mediated adhesion of NSCLC cells by redistributing the CD44 glycoprotein and thus modulating the membrane fluidity.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study investigates the effects of cholesterol on the adhesive behaviors of lung cancer cells in recruitment at metastatic sites. Using cholesterol-modulating compounds, we found that reducing cholesterol decreases the adhesion of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells while having no significant effect on small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cells. The study suggests that cholesterol regulates NSCLC cell metastasis by redistributing the adhesion proteins on the cells and modulating cells' membrane fluidity.

Numerical assessment of interstand tensions in continuous hot rolling processes of flat and long products

The paper deals with the calculation of interstand tensions in continuous rolling mills.In the rolling mill industry, continuous measurement and data collection of roll forces, roll torques, temperatures and roll velocities is possible. However, the important process parameter of interstand tensions is not directly measurable and no direct calculation of the interstand tensions is possible. The interstand tensions couple the effects of subsequent roll gaps and should therefore by known for a holistic recalculation of the process. It is straightforward to calculate the effects of the tensions on roll forces, torques and the stock velocity. The inverse problem of calculating the acting interstand tensions including their effects from the process parameters is of greater interest but also of a higher complexity, because the interactions between all the stands in the rolling mill must be regarded. The present paper aims at filling this research gap by presenting a mathematical model to solve the inverse problem by a linearization of the tensions influences in the rolling mill. The present model does not require measured roll forces or torques to find the interstand tensions, only the rotational velocities of the rolls and the rolling parameters (material, temperature, pass schedule or pass design) must be known. Tension-dependent spread is considered by an empirical sub-model. Results are shown for the tension distributions in strip and rod mills. The results indicate that the present friction conditions and the entry size of the rolled stock have a high impact on the tension distributions.

Analysis of the existing approaches to in-flight aircraft rerouting

Currently, the large number of aircraft accidents is associated with the loss of control in flight and a controlled flight into terrain. It frequently occurs due to a change of flight conditions, relatively which a preparation for departure was carried out, and involves the necessity to reroute efficiently in the conditions of increased psychophysiological load and time constraint for decisionmaking. Generated thunderstorm cells on route, artificial or natural obstacles, not considered while planning a route, can result in amending a flight plan, which was earlier accepted and implemented in the automatic, flight director or manual modes of control. The lack of comprehensive situational awareness is fairly a frequent cause of aviation accidents for general aviation aircraft. Aviation accidents of transport category aircraft are typically associated with incorrect crew actions when dangerous flight zones are detected along the route. The article represents an overview and analyzes modern onboard facilities to detect obstacles, as well as required pilot actions to reroute a flight for in-flight detected obstacle avoidance. The current level of avionics development provides situational awareness necessary for obstacles avoidance but requires timely, correct and sometimes non-obvious flight crew rerouting decisions. The algorithms used with robotic packages of various applications in related fields ensure the automatic rerouting for obstacle avoidance. They cannot be directly used or adapted for the implementation on board an aircraft due to the lack of consideration for aircraft specific features when obstacle avoidance routing, i.e., restrictions of control parameters (an angle of attack, overload, roll angle), capabilities of a control system (available rate of overload, available and maximally allowable angular rolling velocity, etc.). Therefore, the issue to develop a system to support pilot decisions for obstacle avoidance is relevant. It encompasses the synthesis of safe alternatives for obstacle avoidance which are optimal by a pilot-assigned criterion (minimum loss of time, minimum additional fuel consumption, etc.).

Numerical simulation of workpiece temperature field during radial shear rolling of biomedical Co-Cr-Mo alloy

This paper describes the analysis of temperature field of workpiece during radial shear rolling (RSR) of biomedical Co-28Cr-6Mo alloy. In the process of hot metal forming, the temperature distribution in the deformation zone has a significant influence on the quality and properties of the final product. In some cases, the deformation within a narrow temperature range is required to provide the desired properties. To obtain data on change in temperature, the computer simulation of RSR was carried out using finite element method. According to simulation results, the temperature distribution of bar depending on the variable process parameters such as temperature of workpiece, rotary velocity of rolls, elongation ratio, diameter of workpiece, and temperature of tool was evaluated. It was determined that the most significant parameters influencing on the distribution of the temperature field are the workpiece heating temperature and the rolling speed. The RSR process makes it possible to effectively manage the distribution of temperature field due to selecting technological parameters and, thereby, control the formation of the alloy structure. The data obtained can be useful for developing the modes of RSR of Co–Cr–Mo alloy.

PRMT7 can prevent neurovascular uncoupling, blood-brain barrier permeability, and mitochondrial dysfunction in repetitive and mild traumatic brain injury

Mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) comprises the largest percentage of TBI-related injuries, with pathophysiological and functional deficits that persist in a subset of TBI patients. In our three-hit paradigm of repetitive and mild traumatic brain injury (rmTBI), we observed neurovascular uncoupling via decreased red blood cell velocity, microvessel diameter, and leukocyte rolling velocity 3 days post-rmTBI via intra-vital two-photon laser scanning microscopy. Furthermore, our data suggest increased blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability (leakage), with corresponding decrease in junctional protein expression post-rmTBI. Mitochondrial oxygen consumption rates (measured via Seahorse XFe24) were also altered 3 days post-rmTBI, along with disrupted mitochondrial dynamics of fission and fusion. Overall, these pathophysiological findings correlated with decreased protein arginine methyltransferase 7 (PRMT7) protein levels and activity post-rmTBI. Here, we increased PRMT7 levels in vivo to assess the role of the neurovasculature and mitochondria post-rmTBI. In vivo overexpression of PRMT7 using a neuronal specific AAV vector led to restoration of neurovascular coupling, prevented BBB leakage, and promoted mitochondrial respiration, altogether to suggest a protective and functional role of PRMT7 in rmTBI.

Formulation of ship roll damping models from free-decay data

Estimation of roll damping of a ship is essential to the prediction of its response in waves. The formulation of ship roll damping models from experiment or CFD data involves two parts: the determination of the model form and the calculation of the model coefficients, and both have significant influences on damping accuracy. To improve the roll motion prediction of a particular ship, this paper made an investigation of the typical damping models and its influence factors based on benchmark experiment data. The results show that the typical damping models can not reflect the fluid physics of roll motion. A conclusion is given that all roll angle, angular roll velocity, and angular roll acceleration should be considered in damping model determination. For the convenience of solving the roll motion equation, damping models with angle and angular velocity as independent variables are proposed due to the coupling of the angle, angular velocity, and the angular acceleration in roll. A procedure of damping model formulation is developed based on the Prony-SS method which was introduced into roll damping identification recently. Examples that follow the procedure show good performance. Furthermore, forward speed and flow memory effects on ship roll damping are discussed.

Research of numerical simulation for HVAF thermal spraying process on rotational roll

AbstractHVAF thermal spraying has the characteristics of low spraying temperature, high coating density, and strong corrosion resistance. It is widely used in the aerospace, iron–steel metallurgy, national defense and military industry, petrochemical industry, and other fields for manufacturing protection and repair strengthening, which has achieved significant economic benefits. In this study, a numerical model of HVAF thermal spraying on a circular roll was established by the computational fluid dynamics method. The characteristics of the spraying flame, evolution of the gas composition mass fraction, and influence of the spraying parameters on particle flight behaviors were calculated and revealed. Based on the dynamic mesh method, the effect of roll speed on the spraying flame characteristics and particle flight behaviors was analyzed. Calculations show that the spraying flame is extruded at the Laval nozzle and the speed rapidly increases to 805 m/s, which increases to a supersonic speed through the barrel. The flame flow rises rapidly reaching the surface of the roll, which is 780 m/s. The highest temperature is in the combustion chamber, and the flame temperature of the airshed is a damped vibration. The flame covers the surface of the roll to preheat it, and the flame temperature there decreases layer by layer from the inside to outside. The particle diameter significantly effects the powder flight behavior. The flame velocity increases with the barrel length increasing. The flame temperature up to the peak when the barrel length is 190 mm. As the rotation speed of the roll increases, the temperature, velocity, and pressure of the flame flow on the roll surface change in a certain extent. The particle spatter will be increased with the rotational speed increasing of the roll, which little affects the particle temperature.

Magnetically Powered Chitosan Milliwheels for Rapid Translation, Barrier Function Rescue, and Delivery of Therapeutic Proteins to the Inflamed Gut Epithelium.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is mediated by an overexpression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF) by mononuclear cells in the intestinal mucosa. Intravenous delivery of neutralizing anti-TNF antibodies can cause systemic immunosuppression, and up to one-third of people are non-responsive to treatment. Oral delivery of anti-TNF could reduce adverse effects; however, it is hampered by antibody degradation in the harsh gut environment during transit and poor bioavailability. To overcome these shortcomings, we demonstrate magnetically powered hydrogel particles that roll along mucosal surfaces, provide protection from degradation, and sustain the local release of anti-TNF. Iron oxide particles are embedded into a cross-linked chitosan hydrogel and sieved to produce 100-200 μm particles called milliwheels (m-wheels). Once loaded with anti-TNF, these m-wheels release 10 to 80% of their payload over 1 week at a rate that depends on the cross-linking density and pH. A rotating magnetic field induces a torque on the m-wheels that results in rolling velocities greater than 500 μm/s on glass and mucus-secreting cells. The permeability of the TNF-challenged gut epithelial cell monolayers was rescued in the presence of anti-TNF carrying m-wheels, which both neutralized the TNF and created an impermeable patch over leaky cell junctions. With the ability to translate over mucosal surfaces at high speed, provide sustained release directly to the inflamed epithelium, and provide barrier rescue, m-wheels demonstrate a potential strategy to deliver therapeutic proteins for the treatment of IBD.

Modeling of a two-axle rail vehicle for state estimation

A two-axle rail vehicle having solid axle wheel-sets is developed by using Kalman filter state estimator. Approximately 18 states (from all the 8 inertial measurements) are observed by developing a Kalman filter. A total of five gyroscopes and three accelerometers calibrate the lateral acceleration, yaw velocity of the vehicle and two wheel-sets roll velocity. All the vehicle states are observed by formulating the Kalman filter, moreover, the Kalman filter is also used to calculate the different parameters like cant angle and radius of the curvature of the track. The design of the rail vehicle is validated by comparing the actual results with the same from computer simulations. The simulation also helps to develop an optimal and novel controller to assess the performance of the design of an active steering system.

Strengthening a Medium-Carbon Low-Alloy Steel by Nanosized Grains: The Role of Asymmetrical Rolling.

A medium-carbon low-alloy steel was prepared via the asymmetric rolling process with different ratios of upper and down roll velocities. Subsequently, the microstructure and mechanical properties were explored by using SEM, EBSD, TEM, tensile tests and nanoindentation. The results show that asymmetrical rolling (ASR) can significantly improve strength while retaining good ductility compared with conventional symmetrical rolling. The yield strength and tensile strength of the ASR-steel are 1292 ± 10 MPa and 1357 ± 10 MPa, respectively, which are higher than the values of 1113 ± 10 MPa and 1185 ± 10 MPa for the SR-steel. The ASR-steel retains good ductility of 16.5 ± 0.5%. The significant increase in strength is related to the joint actions of the ultrafine grains, dense dislocations and a large number of nanosized precipitates. This is mainly because of the introduction of extra shear stress on the edge under asymmetric rolling, which induces gradient structural changes hence increasing the density of geometrically necessary dislocations.

Powered Two-Wheelers Right-Hand Curve Negotiation Study Using Segmentation and Data Mining Approaches

Understanding driver-vehicle interactions remains a challenge, particularly in the case of cornering. This is particularly the case for powered two-wheeler vehicle (PTWs) users, perhaps because PTW drivers play a greater role in controlling the stability of their vehicles than do four-wheeled vehicle drivers. This difficulty stems from the variety of practices of this population of road users when entering, controlling their path, and exiting turns. Thus, observing the evolution of rider behavior during a cornering maneuver is an essential step in identifying road environment features that are risk factors for this category of road users. The real data set used for the experiments reported here was collected in the framework of the VIROLO++ collaborative project to improve the knowledge of the real practices of PTWs drivers, particularly during cornering. The in-depth analysis of these data in order to better understand motorcyclists’ behavior can therefore be considered a challenge. For this purpose, a two-step methodology was applied: (1) a data segmentation and feature extraction step in which the multidimensional time series of roll angle and roll velocity data were segmented using a multiple regression hidden logistic process (MRHLP), and (2) a clustering step in which the two detected segments characterizing the curve entry were assigned to different clusters regarding the curve initiation and the control actions set up during the different phases of the turning maneuver based on the hierarchical clustering algorithm. The results obtained show the effectiveness of the proposed methodology.

Micro rolling fabrication of copper/SS304L micro composite channels

Fabrication of micro channels is an important aspect in the development of microfluidic devices, such as microreactors, micro heat exchangers, micro heat sinks and fuel cell bipolar plates. An ultra-thin metal foil rolling for the fabrication of micro composite channels was first proposed in this study, which is able to improve product function and reduce operational cost. Copper/SS304L composite foils with the thickness of 0.3 mm for copper and 0.1 mm for SS304L after annealing at 900 °C were used to form micro channels under different rolling reductions (0.10–0.25 mm) and velocities (7.07–35.35 mm/s), and the processing characteristics, material deformation behaviours and processing mechanisms of the rolling process were investigated. The results show that the ridges and channels are asymmetrical in all samples, while the ridges become more round with the increase of rolling reduction and the decrease of rolling velocity. For the samples with different rolling reductions, the difference between set rolling reductions and the forming depth first decreases and then increases. Besides, the micro features, including micro scratches, adhesion and smooth surfaces on the surfaces of micro channels become more significant with the increase of rolling reduction, and thus the roughness increase with increased rolling reduction. For the samples with different rolling velocities, a lower velocity would be conducive to fabricating the micro channels with a higher forming accuracy. As the rolling velocity increases, the micro scratches, adhesion and smooth surfaces on the surfaces of micro channels can be reduced during rolling process.

Improving Washable Woolen Fabric By Using Layer-By-Layer Coating

There are many different methods used in the industry to improve the antifelting and shrinkproof properties of wool blended fabrics. In the study, Layer-by-Layer technique used to improve the antifelting and shrinkproof properties of wool blended fabrics as an effective nanofabrication method according to the literature. Different polyelectrolytes and nano-polyurethane were applied on ecru and light, medium, dark color dyed suit wool blended fabrics by using Layer-by-Layer method. After the application fabrics, relaxation and felting shrinkage, breaking and tear strength tests and color/strength measurements were performed. Besides, the effect of squeezing roller velocity and pressure on the fabrics were evaluated. It is ensured that the relaxation and felting shrinkage values are within ± 3%. It has been observed that soft handle fabrics are obtained after coating without any negative effect on the fabric. In addition, SEM-EDX and FTIR-ATR analysis were performed to determine the surface properties of the fabrics and bond characterization of the films.