Rollover Protective Structures Research Articles

Quad Bike Riders’ Attitudes toward and Use of Safety Technologies

Worldwide, the number of quad bike-related injuries and fatalities has increased over the last 30 years and, although quad bike safety has become increasingly important over the last decade, greater understanding of the risks associated with these vehicles is required. This study aimed to improve understanding of the interrelationships between risk perception, risk management, and the use of safety technologies in quad bike operation. A total of 70 quad bike riders were interviewed in two sets of interviews: one targeting riders visiting two forestry fairs, and the other targeting riders with quad bikes equipped with ROPS. The interviews showed that the quad bike riders had a tendency for externalization of risk. This result possibly derives from the articulation and allocation of blame; the majority of respondents saw the problem of quad bike safety as a result of faulty rider behavior, thus shifting focus away from the technology as well as from themselves. This also applies to many of the interviewed ROPS owners, as one of their prime motivators in acquiring ROPS was to improve the safety of others rather than their own safety.

Occupational Exposure Risk for Swine Workers in Confined Housing Facilities.

In an effort to change unsafe tractor operating behaviors among Appalachian youth resulting from practices and habits learned through a socialization process (termed an "apprenticeship of observation"), this study implemented a four-part intervention in high school agricultural education classes that included implementation of a cost-effective rollover protective structure (CROPS) curriculum. The curriculum included farm safety information, specific NIOSH plans for CROPS construction, and procedures for CROPS installation on unprotected tractors. In this exploratory study, pre- and post-assessments were conducted using theory of planned behavior (TPB) constructs to measure changes in four factors that influence changes in learner behavior: learner attitude, perceived social norms, behavioral control, and perceived behavioral intention. Students' perceived knowledge and skills gained through the intervention were also measured because they are integral components in assessing the effectiveness of a curriculum intervention. Participants (N = 83) were high school students from seven schools in three states in the Appalachian region. Findings revealed statistically significant differences in student attitudes toward the use of life-saving CROPS and in perceived knowledge and skills gained through the curriculum implementation. The CROPS curriculum can be an effective intervention effort for addressing the social and behavioral effects of farm youths' apprenticeships of observation by creating more positive attitudes and learning outcomes among youth at risk for tractor rollover fatalities. Recommendations are provided for expanding the applications of the curriculum intervention and the TPB constructs.

Finite Element Analyses and Correlation with Physical Tests of a Rollover Protective Structure (ROPS) Performance

Finite Element Analyses and Correlation with Physical Tests of a Rollover Protective Structure (ROPS) Performance

Topology optimization in ROPS-safe design process of operator cabin for forestry, agricultural and construction machinery

ROPS (roll over protective structure) and FOPS (falling objects protective structure) today are mandatory elements of every modern operator cabin for forestry, agricultural, construction and other machinery. This passive safety structures, integrated into cabin, can save life of the operator during rollover and heavy objects falling accident. Usually this structures consists of a supporting frame, capable of withstanding all the loads, which are occurring in machine accident. These elements, besides their main purpose, should satisfy additional requirements: not to cut operator visibility range, allow wide doorway for working and emergency doors and so on. Also initial design style solution restricts possible arrangement for load-bearing elements of the ROPS. Last decades in ROPS design process engineers extensively use explicit finite element technique to predict behavior and fitness of the ROPS structure by numerical simulation of rollover loads. This greatly reduce the costs of experiments, allowing to exclude dozens and hundreds of poor solutions at early stage of design without building expensive prototypes. However, uneven search of construction solution, even with support of numerical simulations, can be very time consuming. This work describes two-stage optimization technique, including topology and parametric optimization, which significantly reduce amount of structure variants, analyzed in ROPS design process. Therefore, optimization is an alternative to convenient way of inheritable and intuitive way of design. Topology optimization method with specially built finite element model of the forestry machine cabin used to find the most beneficial loadpaths for ROPS load bearing. Then, simplified shell-beam finite element model built, using results of topology optimization, and a parametric optimization technique used to find optimal cross-sections dimensions for main load-bearing elements of the protection structure. Finally, detailed shell model of the whole cabin elaborated and verified using standard explicit finite element simulations of all ROPS loadcases. Final simulations proved the strength of the designed ROPS structure and give confidence in successful experiment tests. The main advantages of the described two-stage optimization technique are significant reduction of considered variants due to exclude of inappropriate solution in advance, initial design style solution is not changed.

Sideways Overturning Experiment for the Safety of Small-Sized Tractor

The main design for a commercial tractor is safety and a rollover protection structure has gradually been equipped on tractor. The purpose of this study is to experiment the sideways overturning behaviour of a commercially available tractor in China with rollover protection structure. The object vehicle is a small-size tractor which weights near 1200 kg and was widely used in Chinese farm work. The cases of sideways overturning accident with no travelling speed and with idling speed with first gear were considered. Two gyroscopes were attached to the left and right fender on the rear wheels to measure the dynamic of this tractor. The rollover protection structure for the object tractor has been assembled to laterally contact the ground ahead of any side parts on this tractor, and a weight sensor was assembled at the lateral contact point of the rollover protection structure. The result shows that the sideways overturning behaviour of no traveling speed case was similar to that of idling speed case. Moreover, the result of measured impact force is significant while the rollover protection structure for a small-size commercially available tractor in China was designed.

Estimating safety of a tractor cab with the protective system ROPS

The safety of the cab is an important requirement in the certification of the tractor at present. Roll-over protective structures (ROPS) protects the driver when the tractor is overturned. The safety assessment of the protective system ROPS is carried out on the basis of real tests in accordance with the requirements of GOST. Computer programs allow you to conduct safety assessments using the calculation method. The article presents a mathematical model of the protective structure of the ROPS of the industrial tractor B10. The finite element method has confirmed the safety of the ROPS protection system for a tractor weighing up to 25 tons. The deformation energy of 40 867 joules is achieved with a displacement of 261 mm and a lateral force of 229 kN. The magnitude of the lateral force in a real experiment differs from the calculated value by less than 4 %.

Experimental and simulation studies on bending behaviour of a profile tube

ABSTRACTTube bending is one of the important manufacturing technologies in recent times. In recent years, profile tube has been developed for roll over protection system (ROPS) application to increase the stiffness and energy absorption which gives more safety. The present work aims at studying the bending behaviour of a profile tube in terms of wall thickness variation, cross section distortion using simulation and experiment. Experiments were performed to study the bending characteristics like wall thickness variation, cross section distortion by using YLM CNC tube bender machine. A three dimensional model of rotary draw bending process was built to study the bending characteristics. Finite Element (FE) simulations were performed on the model having shell elements in LS Dyna. Simulation results were compared with the experimental to check the reliability of model. Wall thickness was checked at various angles by simulation and compared with experimental results. It is observed that plug mandrel having 30° mandrel support zone have less wall thinning with respect to other mandrels. It is also found that when ball type flexible mandrel was used, the cross section distortion was reduced and when other types of mandrels were used the distortion was higher.

Rollover injury in vehicles with high-strength-to-weight ratio (SWR) roofs, curtain and side airbags, and other safety improvements

Purpose: This study investigated trends in severe injury and ejection in rollover crashes involving lap–shoulder-belted drivers and right-front passengers. It was conducted because of changes in 2009 to consumer information programs and regulations related to rollover protection. The data are presented by model year (MY) of the vehicle in groups from 1995 to 2016. NASS-CDS cases with 2010–2016 MY vehicles were also evaluated to determine the crash circumstances and causes for severe injury of belted occupants in vehicles with a high strength-to-weight (SWR) roof, curtain, and side airbags and other safety improvements.Methods: 1997–2015 NASS-CDS data were evaluated for severe injury and ejection of lap–shoulder-belted front outboard occupants in light vehicles. Crashes were grouped by front, side, rear, and rollover. The injury and ejection data were grouped by vehicle MY: 1995–1999, 2000–2004, 2005–2009, and 2010–2016. Only drivers and right-front passengers were included if they were lap–shoulder belted and 15+ years old. Severely injured occupants were defined as those with Maximum Abbreviated Injury Scale (MAIS) 4–6 or fatality (MAIS 4 + F). National estimates were made with weighted data using the ratio weight in NASS-CDS. All NASS-CDS electronic cases were evaluated for belted occupants with MAIS 4 + F injury in rollovers involving 2010–2016 MY vehicles. The crash circumstances and injuries were studied. These vehicles had high-SWR roofs to meet Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) ratings and FMVSS 216.Results: The 1997–2015 NASS-CDS included 2,083,776 belted front occupants in rollover crashes with 24,466 (1.17%) MAIS 4 + F injuries. The frequency of rollover crashes has decreased with modern vehicles (P < .0001). The 1995–1999 MY vehicles involved in a rollover accounted for 7.03% of all crashes (756,228/10,760,000). The corresponding proportion was 3.57% with 2010–2016 MY vehicles (81,406 vs. 2,282,062).The risk for MAIS 4 + F was 1.325 ± 0.347% in rollover crashes with 1995–1999 MY vehicles. It was 27.2% lower in 2010–2016 MY vehicles at 0.964 ± 0.331% (P < .001). There were 42,567 (2.002%) ejections of belted occupants in rollover crashes, irrespective of injury outcome. The risk for ejection was 3.042 ± 1.44% in rollover crashes with 1995–1999 MY vehicles. It was 43.6% lower in 2004–2009 MY vehicle at 1.715 ± 0.660% (P < .001) and 83.4% lower in 2010–2016 MY vehicle at 0.505 ± 0.336% (P < .001). There were 17 rollovers with MAIS 4 + F in 2010–2016 MY vehicles in NASS-CDS. Their roof strength was SWR =4.15 ± 1.05 based on 15 vehicles. Many of the collisions involved front or side impacts and then a rollover. Four cases involved 16- to 30-year-old drivers in extremely high-speed loss-of-control crashes resulting in >10-cm vertical roof deformation or substantial roof deformation based on photos. The roof strength (SWR) of 4.20 ± 1.0 was not sufficient to prevent roof deformation in these crashes.Conclusions: This study found a reduction in severe injury and ejection risk with modern vehicles. It indicates that vehicle safety has improved in response to IIHS and NHTSA efforts to expand the array of safety requirements and increase performance so that newer models are safer than earlier ones. There has been an incremental improvement in safety due to these advances.

Rollover Protective Structures, Worker Safety, and Cost-Effectiveness: New York, 2011-2017.

To measure cost-effectiveness of an intervention to increase retrofitting of rollover protective structures (ROPS) on tractors. Tractor overturns are the leading cause of farm fatalities. ROPS prevent these deaths. This study updates a 2011 cost-effectiveness assessment of a New York State intervention to increase use of ROPS. We subtracted intervention cost from the cost of injuries averted, then divided this figure by the number of averted injuries. We used related probabilities and costs of fatalities and injuries from published literature to calculate the program's cost-effectiveness. The total cost of the injuries averted from 2007 to 2017 was $6 018 742 versus a total program cost of $1 776 608. The one-time retrofit costs will continue to prevent injuries as long as the tractors are used, generating additional (projected) future savings of $12 136 512, $15 781 027, and $18 924 818 if retrofitted tractors remain in operation 15, 20, or 25 years after their retrofit. Social marketing was cost-effective for reducing injuries from tractor overturns. Public Health Implications. These results indicate that the intervention model is effective from both a public health and economic standpoint and should be expanded into other states.

COIL SPRING FOR TORQUE REDUCTION IN TRACTOR FOLDABLE ROPS

ABSTRACT Studies conducted by the international labor organization have shown that operations involving agricultural machinery are among the three activities with the highest risk of accidents to workers. Among the possible causes, rollover is the most common, accounting for 33% of fatal accidents. Despite this, there are standards that provide for the use of safety devices to ensure the physical integrity of the operator, among these equipment stand out rollover protection structures, which can be foldable or not. In this sense, the objective of this study was to perform an ergonomic study in order to analyze the torque required for lowering and lifting a foldable rollover protection structure attached to an agricultural tractor, developing instrumentation for validation of the efforts required to operate the structure and comparing the results obtained with the values recommended by the Standard (CODE 6 - OECD). When torque values were above those recommended by the standard, a set of torsion springs was used as solution to torque reduction. After further testing, the effectiveness of the solution was verified. Furthermore, it was observed that the angular speed of the bar does not have a significant influence on the torque required to lift the bar.

Physics engine application to overturning dynamics analysis on banks and uniform slopes for an agricultural tractor with a rollover protective structure

Physics engines have become popular for the realistic animation of video games and movies to model the contact dynamics between two rigid bodies. However, the applicability of a physics engine to collect important physical information such as velocity during contact or impact dynamics of overturning vehicles remains unknown. This study is intended to ascertain whether or not the Bullet physics engine can simulate overturning behaviour of agricultural tractors with a roll over protective structure (ROPS) on a bank slope and on a uniform slope. Visual behaviour data and velocity transition during overturning processes are discussed based on the earlier reported experimental data. The results of vertical and lateral linear velocities, and roll angular velocity were evaluated in terms of Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), and the estimated average error was approximately 0.7. The behaviour time response was short in the simulation results because of the assumption of rigid-body contact. Moreover, the simulation results became smaller, but it is sufficiently accurate to predict the critical ROPS height (CRH) for various agricultural tractors. Therefore, results show that this open source physics engine has sufficient applicability to the overturning dynamics of agricultural tractors with ROPS on banks and uniform slopes.

Design and development of an add-on automated multi-leaf collimator for telecobalt therapy machine and study of its characteristics

Purpose: The purpose of the paper is to present the design, development and dosimetric characteristics of an automated Multi-leaf collimator (MLC) integrated along with an inexpensive Treatment Planning System (ROPS), developed for existing telecobalt units as an add-on without making any modifications to the treatment machine. Method: The prototype MLC design consists of 28 tungsten alloy leaves (14 leaf pairs) having a mass density of 18 g cm -3 . Each of the leaves projects 10 mm width at the isocenter, which is at 80 cm from the source. The automation has been achieved with a dedicated linear actuator for each leaf. Radiochromic films and IC PROFILER™ (Sun Nuclear Corporation, Melbourne, FL) were used for the measurement of beam profiles and the profiles were analyzed to arrive at radiation field width, beam flatness, symmetry and beam penumbra. Results: The prototype MLC can define radiation fields of up to 14 × 14 cm² within the prescribed tolerance values of 2 mm. The flatness and symmetry were found to be within the prescribed tolerance value of 3%. The penumbra for a 10 × 10 cm² field size is 9.5 mm which is less than the generally acceptable value of 12 mm for a telecobalt machine. The maximum leakage through the leaf ends in closed condition was observed to be 7.3% which is less than the values reported for other MLCs designed for medical linear accelerators. Conclusion: It is concluded that dosimetric parameters and the leakage radiation of the prototype MLC are well below their recommended tolerance values. The MLC can be used for carrying out conformal radiotherapy with existing telecobalt machines.

Non-Linear Static Analysis of Off-Road Vehicle Cabin ROPS Structure Using Finite Element Method

The passive safety of operator is an important parameter to be evaluated when an automotive is considered. During life-threatening situations like vehicle rollovers, the safety of the operator can be ensured by the design of protective structure. The protective structure that safeguards the operator, is either an integral part of the cabin of the operator or an external structure outside the operator’s compartment. The major accidents occurring in military, construction and mining operations are disastrous due to absence of this structure. Thus an effective ROPS (Roll Over Protective structure) along with the corresponding FOPS (Fall Over Protective Structure) can be used for saving lives.

Applying the Consolidated Framework for implementation research to agricultural safety and health: Barriers, facilitators, and evaluation opportunities

ObjectivesWithin agriculture, forestry, and fishing safety and health research, little progress has been made to implement evidence-based interventions into practice. Beginning in the early 2000s, much work has been done to address the leading cause of agricultural fatalities: tractor overturns. In this time a Rollover Protective Structure Rebate Program has been developed to assist farmers in installing safety equipment to prevent these fatalities. In the current study, the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research is adapted so that it may be used to evaluate and improve the scaling up of this intervention. MethodsEach construct specified in the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research was incorporated into a survey, which was distributed to a 77 member Coalition of agricultural stakeholders. Stakeholders were asked to rate each construct based on how important the individual felt it was to the implementation of the National ROPS Rebate Program on a scale of 1 (not at all important) to 5 (extremely important). ResultsUsing the mean score for each construct as a starting point, 23 constructs were selected for inclusion in an evaluation tool which will be used, in future studies, to evaluate the implementation of the National ROPS Rebate Program. ConclusionsThough the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research was designed for use in the clinical setting, this study is a first step in applying it to occupational health and safety. The insight gained through this study will provide a foundation for future work on this initiative, as well as in public health.

Analysis of fatal accidents with tractors in the Centre of Portugal: Ten years analysis

Tractors have been described as one of the deadliest farming implements concerning agricultural activity. In Portugal, the scientific investigations about this problem are practically non-existent, with only statistical studies performed by entities related to road traffic safety, not in accordance to the study now performed, pinpointing the possibility of an underreporting of these accidents.This work aims to characterize the fatal tractor accidents in Portugal, autopsied at the Forensic Pathology Department of the Centre Branch of the National Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences of Portugal, analysing several variables: gender, age, occupation, survival time, the victim position in the tractor, cause of death, toxicological and histological exams, year/month/day of the week, type of agricultural machine, existence of rollover protective structures (ROPS), type of accident, ground conditions, circumstantial information and geographic distribution of the accidents. All the autopsies between 2005 and 2014 were analysed.The victim profile corresponded to a man (89.5%), between 61 and 70 years old (33.3%), retired (43.9%), being the tractor driver (45.6%). In most of the cases, death occurred in less than 24h after the accident. These fatalities arose mainly in May and October. Rollover in sloping land was the most common type of accident, and cranioencephalic, thoracic and abdominal traumatic injuries were the main cause of death. In 16.2% of the cases, blood alcohol concentration was above the lower limit established in our road traffic law (<0.5g/L). There was lack information about the use of ROPS (95.9%), and even when existent, the protections were not used or were incorrectly used. This is the first national study involving the description of the forensic achievements in each autopsy related to tractor accidents, and the corresponding circumstances that contributed to the death. Many barriers remain about this matter, but the Portuguese government begin to design several laws to prevent this type of accidents. Future investigations should be performed to understand the real dimension of tractor accidents in Portugal, and to comprehend the efficiency of laws implemented by the government.

Social and Individual Influences on Tractor Operating Practices of Young Adult Agricultural Workers

PurposeTractor-related incidents are the leading cause of agricultural-related fatalities in the United States. Injuries from rollovers can be prevented by equipping tractors with rollover protective structures (ROPS, an engineering approach) and by using seatbelts (a behavior-based approach). While adult farmers report low seatbelt use and frequent use of tractors without ROPS, it is unknown whether the young adult population has adopted similar tractor driving practices. This study was designed to identify tractor operating practices among young adult agricultural workers and the influence of supervisors, peers, and parents on their safety behaviors. MethodsAn online survey was conducted among college students enrolled in agricultural science classes in four Midwestern colleges and universities. Participants answered questions about their tractor operating practices, the influence of supervisors, peers, parents, and individual risk taking tendencies on their workplace practices. A tractor operation safety score was estimated from participants' responses. Linear regression was used to examine the association of these influences and the tractor operation safety score. ResultsOf the 193 respondents, most (78.8%) reported that they never or rarely wear a seatbelt when operating a tractor with a ROPS. Supervisory influences, such as being negatively evaluated by a supervisor, were found to be more strongly associated with tractor operating behaviors than peer or parent influence. ConclusionsYoung adult agricultural workers frequently reported unsafe tractor operating behaviors. Supervisors were found to have the most influence over reported behaviors of young adult agricultural workers.

Finite element analysis of ROPS for mechanical driving dump truck cab

For roll-over protective structures (ROPS) in a mechanical driving dump truck cab, it simulates the lateral, vertical and longitudinal loads of ROPS. It obtains stress and deformation of the cab that occurs to roll. For the relative weak position of ROPS in the cab, the structure of the cab is improved and verified according to the ISO 3164: 1995. The results show that the established finite element model can effectively predict the deformation and stress distribution of ROPS, and optimize the weak structure of the cab, which has important guiding significance for structural design of the cab and ROPS optimization of the mechanical driving dump truck cab.

Dynamic ROPS Test for Tractors over 6,000 Kilograms

Abstract. OECD static tests (Codes 4, 6, 7, and 8) for agricultural rollover protective structures (ROPS) have become accepted standards for evaluating the ability of these structures to protect the operator during tractor rollover events. The strength properties of some materials typically used in ROPS change because of cold weather embrittlement at low temperatures. The static ROPS tests lack the ability to evaluate the strength of these structures during cold weather. The use of the dynamic ROPS test is well noted as a means for proving cold weather embrittlement resistance properties. Unfortunately, application of the OECD dynamic ROPS test (Code 3) is restricted to tractors with unballasted mass greater than 600 kg and generally less than 6,000 kg. The analyses presented in this technical note were undertaken to evaluate the extension of the OECD Code 3 dynamic ROPS test to tractors with unballasted mass of 6,000 kg or more. Tractor unballasted mass and wheelbase data from 47 wheeled tractors tested at the Nebraska Tractor Test Lab from 2014 to 2016 were used to explore the possibility of using a dynamic test method for evaluating the ability of ROPS on tractors with unballasted mass greater than 6,000 kg to meet the safety requirements of agricultural tractor ROPS. The data were graphed and analyzed to determine the required pendulum drop height and energy values to be applied to the ROPS by extending the existing equations to tractors over 6,000 kg. For tractors over 6,000 kg mass, it was determined that pendulum drop heights were too great for practical use. Three pendulum masses were proposed for the dynamic ROPS test: a 2,000 kg pendulum for tractors with mass less than 7,000 kg, a 4,000 kg pendulum for tractors with mass of 7,000 kg or more and less than 14,000 kg, and a 6,000 kg pendulum for tractors with mass of 14,000 kg or more and less than 23,000 kg. Alternate equations were developed for the drop height of each pendulum to meet the energy requirements that are expected to provide similar permanent deflections as those obtained when using the static ROPS test when considering the effect of strain rates on material properties. Tests should be conducted to determine how the results (permanent deflections) from the proposed dynamic ROPS test compare with results from the accepted static ROPS tests. It is further proposed that dynamic testing be conducted with the tractor rigidly restrained in a manner similar to the static test to better account for the wide variety of available tires and mountings for each tractor model. Keywords: Energy, Impact test, Pendulum, Reference mass, ROPS, Tractors.

The Effect of Friction on Actuation Torques of Foldable Rollover Protective Structures.

The number of fatal tractor rollover accidents with an inoperative foldable rollover protective structure (FROPS) has increased sharply in recent years. Operators frequently leave the FROPS in the folded-down position after lowering the FROPS to pass a low overhead obstacle. One possible explanation for leaving the FROPS in the folded position is that raising and lowering the FROPS is a time-consuming and strenuous process. The actuation torques required to raise and lower a FROPS are not well known and may be influenced by friction. The actuation torques of ten FROPS from four different models were measured. One model FROPS was tested on seven different vehicles, and three models were tested separately. The dynamic and static (initiation and holding) actuation torques were measured to evaluate the effect of static and kinetic friction on actuation torque. The dynamic actuation torques were measured before and after greasing the FROPS. The proposed instruction to measure the actuation torque based on OECD Code 7 was evaluated. Results showed that friction has a significant effect on the measured actuation torque and can increase the actuation torque by up to 212%. The friction varies between FROPS of the same model, which is due to variations in the manufacturing, maintenance, and age of the FROPS. The friction force could be decreased by greasing the FROPS, and decreasing the friction increased the lowering resisting torques and decreased raising torques of FROPS. The measured actuation torque based on OECD Code 7 instruction (static holding) is not a constant value. The dynamic method is recommended for measuring FROPS actuation torques.

Development and assessment of a tractor driving simulator with immersive virtual reality for training to avoid occupational hazards

Tractor overturns are the leading cause of fatalities in the agricultural sector. When drivers misuse the foldable roll over protective structure (ROPS) in tractors, it becomes highly inefficient as a rollover protection system. To solve this problem, the purpose of the present paper is to detail the development and assessment of a tractor driving simulator with immersive virtual reality for training to minimize this risk. In the agricultural sector, tractor driving simulators make it possible to train drivers in risk situations that are not feasible in the real field due to the high risk of roll over. The simulator includes a motion platform for this particular application. The findings of this study suggest that participants with safety knowledge make fewer errors in deploying the ROPS. To reduce the consequences of tractor accidents in the agricultural sector, the promotion of training courses is essential to avoid the misuse of the ROPS. On the contrary, the perception of risk and safety increased after the tractor driving simulator experience for all of the participants but increased significantly more so for non-frequent users of tractors. All of the groups of participants reported that the use of the tractor driving simulator was a positive experience because it can help them to drive more safely, and they feel that they need more training programmes in occupational safety.