Roll Film Research Articles

BOOK REVIEW: Edited by Vanessa Toulmin, Simon Popple, and Patrick Russell.THE LOST WORLD OF MITCHELL & KENYON: EDWARDIAN BRITAIN ON FILM. London: British Film Institute, 2004.

Reviewed by: The Lost World of Mitchell & Kenyon: Edwardian Britain on Film Laura E. Nym Mayhall (bio) The Lost World of Mitchell & Kenyon: Edwardian Britain on Film, edited by Vanessa Toulmin, Simon Popple, and Patrick Russell; pp. 201. London: British Film Institute, 2004, £15.99, $25.00. The last decade has been an exciting one for students of British cinema. A virtual explosion of scholarship has explored questions of genre and identity through compelling [End Page 560] overviews of cinema's first century and in-depth studies of particular decades of British film production. Cinema's origins, however, have received much less attention. The decades between the first exhibition of film in Britain (1896) and the 1920s remain mysterious, documented primarily by classic works by Rachel Low and John Barnes and a burgeoning yet fragmentary periodical literature. This collection, published by the British Film Institute, offers a new approach and should serve as a model of how film scholarship, when truly interdisciplinary, can contribute significantly to our understanding of the evolution of film and film culture in the first decade of the new medium. The Lost World is built around the 1994 discovery, in the basement of a shop in Blackburn, England, of some 826 uncored rolls of nitrate film from the first decade of the twentieth century. Research determined that the twenty-eight odd hours of negative were shot by Sagar Mitchell (1866–1952) and James Kenyon (1850–1925), the photographer and furniture dealer, respectively, who released films under the trade name "Norden Films" between 1899 and 1913. A four-year collaborative partnership between the British Film Institute and the National Fairground Archive at the University of Sheffield culminated in this collection of essays and a DVD highlighting selected films from the collection, released in 2005. Mitchell and Kenyon were known previously for their "fake" Boer War films, and the discovery of this "lost" Mitchell and Kenyon footage substantially expands our knowledge of their company's productions and affords us a multi-regional, rather than national, framework for understanding British film production in its early years. The book is divided into three sections. Section one describes the discovery of the films, explains the process of archiving them, and situates Mitchell and Kenyon alongside other late-Victorian and Edwardian film producers, such as the more familiar Cecil Hepworth. Notable is Patrick Russell's essay, which explicates the archival process as "fundamentally a cultural, not a solely physical or administrative" one (12). Russell skillfully delineates competing interests in the process of archiving film: the needs of potential users, issues of intellectual ownership, and contemporary audiences' experiences of the films all shape the decisions archivists make. Section two explores why the films were made, how they were exhibited, and what they can tell us about cinema-going practices of the Edwardian era. Stephen Bottomore locates the Mitchell and Kenyon collection within an international context of "local films," which he defines as films with "considerable overlap between the people appearing in the film and those who watch it or are intended to watch it" (33). In conjunction with Tom Gunning's essay on the relationship between the history of cinema and the emergence of the working class "onto a new stage of visibility," this section of the book suggests that early cinema owed much to the era of the music hall and popular theater. Early cinema, Gunning argues, was based on a relation between viewer and film involving direct address: here, people "were shot in order to be recognized, filmed for the pure delight of seeing themselves and others" (53). Essays by Vanessa Toulmin and Richard Brown reiterate this point as they chart the network of connections between exhibitors and audiences. Janet McBain takes the development of this argument further, arguing that the Mitchell and Kenyon collection provides "evidence of a direct link between the experiences of the first generation of film exhibitors on the fairground, and their successors in the picture palaces of the 1910s and 1920s" (111). Section three presents a variety of methods for using the films as historical evidence. Two essays in particular rethink the genre of the actuality in British cinema [End Page 561] history. Andrew Prescott draws...

Development on the Tensile Fatigue Test Apparatus and Strength Evaluation of Thin Metal Films

Recently, development of medical devices such as catheter and stent are advanced in the low invasion medical field. Considering the functions of human body are affected severely by the medical devices, the high strength reliability of devices must be secured. In these circumstances, the thin metal film, which has high reliability of strength, is useful structural material for further development of low invasion medical device. As the strength characteristics of a thin film depend on thickness and formation process of itself, there is little strength database concerning a thin metal film. In this study, a tensile fatigue testing apparatus with cyclic loading frequency up to 30 Hz and maximum loading 8 N for the thin metal film has been developed, and thin rolled films Ti and SUS304 were evaluated on tensile and load-controlled fatigue strength. The static tensile tests give that both are also over the twice of the bulk material on the tensile strength, and the proof stress is high-strength with over 90% of tensile strength respectively. The fatigue test shows that Ti thin film has long life in comparison with the bulk material, however, the fatigue characteristic itself is similar like that of bulk material.

A study of lubrication mechanism of oil‐in‐water (O/W) emulsions in steel cold rolling

PurposeOil‐in‐water (O/W) emulsion has been used in industrial rolling mills for many decades, but its lubrication mechanism is still not adequately understood. There is a need to understand the role of chemical ingredients and emulsifier in lubrication and tribological characteristics of rolling oil. With this purpose, the authors selected three commercially available O/W emulsions of different generations and of known industrial performance. The aim is to understand the lubrication mechanism of these rolling oils and to correlate the laboratory findings with that of industrial rolling mills.Design/methodology/approachThe lubrication mechanism has been studied with the help of an ultra thin film interferometry EHD test rig, an advanced experimental rolling mill and a Coulter LS 230 instrument. Film thickness, rolling parameters and droplet size were measured. The coefficient of friction was computed with the help of the measured values of rolling parameters. Emulsion stability and saponification value (SAP) of the selected emulsions were also determined. The results of film thickness, rolling parameters and droplet size have been presented. The lubrication mechanism of the emulsions has been explained on the basis of film thickness, droplet size, emulsion stability, SAP value and coefficient of friction.FindingsResults of the present study reveal that chemistry of O/W emulsions plays an important role in their film forming and tribological behavior. Rolling emulsions of relatively low stability, higher droplet size and high SAP value are found to provide better lubrication and lower coefficient of friction. The results of the present study correlate well with the actual industrial experience except those obtained on EHD test rig.Research limitations/implicationsCoulter LS 230 instrument was available with M/s LUBRIZOL CORP., USA. Only limited study on droplet size was carried. Although the study carried out has given good information but it would have been more practical if the emulsion samples taken from the experimental mill stand would have been studied for droplet size.Practical implicationsFrom understanding point of view of lubrication mechanism of O/W emulsion, it will be useful for oil technologists, tribologists and rolling mill users.Originality/valueThe study is original in nature and gives information on lubrication mechanism of O/W emulsions in steel cold rolling of steel strips.

1333 銅膜材の疲労に伴う電気抵抗の変化(S21-5 膜材と薄板材の疲労,S21 金属材料の疲労特性と破壊機構)

Using a fatigue testing method by which fatigue cracks can be initiated and propagated in a film adhered to cover a circular through-hole in a base plate subjected to cyclic loads, annealed rolled pure copper films of 100μm thickness were fatigued. In order to discuss about the correlation between fatigue crack propagation and the change of electric properties, the electric resistance of the copper film was measured by four-point probe method. As a result, the electronic resistance was changed remarkably at the slip initiation and the crack initiation.

The effect of microtexture evaluated by electron backscatter diffraction method on fatigue crack propagation behaviour in rolled copper film

ABSTRACTUsing a fatigue‐testing method by which a fatigue crack can be propagated in a film adhered to cover an elliptical through‐hole in a base plate, annealed rolled copper films have been fatigued. The effects of rolling textures and annealing twin boundaries on fatigue crack propagation behaviour are discussed. The fatigue crack propagates in a large zigzag pattern in the TC specimen (crack perpendicular to the rolling direction), while the crack propagation path in the RC specimen (crack parallel to the rolling direction) is nearly straight. Further, the fatigue cracks propagate slower toward the perpendicular direction than toward the parallel direction. After fatigue testing, the crystallographic characteristic of rolling textures around the fatigue crack in the annealed film is analysed using the EBSD (electron backscatter diffraction) system. Because the annealing twin boundary is in the same plane as the slip of the face‐centred‐cubic metal, the fatigue crack tends to propagate along the slip line initiated along the annealing twin boundary.

銅膜材の疲労き裂伝ぱに伴う結晶方位の変化

The fatigue crack initiation and propagation behaviors were examined for pure copper films of 100 μm thickness. The cold rolled films were annealed and adhered to cover a circular through hole in a base plate. The base plate was subjected to constant cyclic stress with a stress ratio of R = 0. In order to discuss correlation between fatigue crack propagation and change of crystal orientation, crystal orientation on the surface of the copper film was measured before and after fatigue testing. The crystallographic information of these films was analyzed using the Electron Back-scatter Diffraction (EBSD) system and the quantitative evaluation method for the crystal rotation angle and the rotation axis, the rotation direction with fatigue was developed. As a result, the crystal rotation angle near the fatigue crack is larger than that apart from the crack but that is quantitatively small around the crack propagated on the annealing twin boundary.

Eyes of Mars

Skaar has been researching methods of combining the inherent talents of both man and machine for such tasks as automatic forklift operation. A project at a bag manufacturing plant in Florida demonstrates the recent success of his lowbrow approach. Jack Forbes, project manager at the bag plant in Pensacola, has been overseeing the robotics project there and considering it for other company plants. Today, the plant has two Fanuc robots handling three production lines. It plans a third robot to better distribute the workload. The robots stand at the ends of the tuber lines, where multiple rolls of paper and plastic film are unwound, glued, folded, and separated into flattened tubes. Skaar’s appealingly practical approach to the robot vision problem appears to be less ambitious than other programs such as the European Union’s Cognitive Systems for Cognitive Assistants. This program, also known as CoSy, seeks ways of raising the intelligence of robots from their current insect-like level to that of a pre-schooler.

Print the Legend: Photography and the American West. By Martha A. Sandweiss. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2002. xiv, 402 pp. $39.95, isbn 0-300-09522-8.)

Martha A. Sandweiss's Print the Legend is a magnificent work and a definitive synthesis of the nineteenth-century West's photographic visual culture. The book treats several intertwined histories. One thread follows the history of photography as a medium from the daguerreotype era of the 1840s, through the bulky glass-plate era beginning in the late 1850s, to the 1890s, when roll film made “kodakery” a national pastime. Another thread weaves the history of the trans-Mississippi West, beginning with the Mexican-American War, to the great western surveys and the invention of Native Americans as a “vanishing race.” In each of seven tightly argued chapters, Sandweiss looks at public photographs in order to map the cultural work those images performed in the context of their original production and circulation. A key argument concerns photography's uneven success in narrating the hyperbolic story of western expansion. Sandweiss demonstrates, for example, that the unique, literal-minded daguerreotypes of the Mexican-American War were unable to compete with the popular painted panoramas of the antebellum period. In those panoramas, artists selected specific battle moments to narrate using the rhetoric of ethnocentric nationalism. After the Civil War, however, changes in technology made it possible to circulate photographic reproductions through stereo cards, printed albums, government reports, and other media. In those settings, the photograph's contingent meanings could be anchored and narrated by accompanying text. With this shift, it became possible to “print the legend”: not only did the accompanying text (or “legend”) direct the photograph's meaning, the text and image combination of, for example, an Edward S. Curtis photograph could seemingly confirm a preexisting “legend” of a “vanishing” race. Once the photographic image could be mechanically reproduced with a textual anchor, western photographs began to carry stories of the region's symbolic meaning: first, as the site of a young nation's future, rich in expansive spaces and natural resources; then, as America's past, as the photographs began to narrate the ideologically freighted “story of the inevitable and natural decline of its native peoples” (p. 206).

Transforming the screen, 1950-1959

Completing the landmark, award-winning, ten-volume series on the first century of American film, The Fifties covers a particularly tumultuous period. Peter Lev explores the divorce of movie studios from their theater chains; the panic of the blacklist era; the explosive emergence of science fiction as the dominant genre (The Thing, The Day the Earth Stood Still, Forbidden Planet, War of the Worlds); the rise of television and Hollywood's response to the new medium, as seen in widescreen spectacles (The Robe, The Ten Commandments, Ben-Hur) and mature Westerns (High Noon, Shane, The Searchers). The richly detailed text elucidates a number of emerging trends as Hollywood, with its familiar stars and genres, reached out as an industry to the newly acknowledged teenage generation with rock and roll films, and movies as diverse as Rebel Without a Cause and Gidget.

ＥＢＳＤ（電子線後方散乱回折）法を用いた鉄膜材における疲労き裂周辺の結晶方位計測

Using a fatigue testing method by which fatigue cracks can be initiated and propagated in a film adhered to cover an circular through-hole in a base plate subjected to pull-pull cyclic loads, annealed rolled commercially-pure iron films of 100μm thickness were fatigued under constant stress amplitudes with a stress ratio of R=0. In order to discuss correlation between fatigue crack propagation and change of crystal orientation, crystal orientation on the surface of the film materials was measured before and after fatigue testing. The crystallographic information of these films was analyzed using the Electron Back-scatter Diffraction (EBSD) system. As a result, the fatigue crack propagated not only along the boundary of crystal grains but also in a crystal grain and it was found that the scatter of crystal orientation around the fatigue crack on the films became larger after the crack initiation and propagation than before fatigue testing.

Flexible Substrate Based Gas Sensors for Air Pollution Monitoring

AbstractIn the given report we present results of investigation of possibility to produce gas sensors on flexible substrates (polymer roll base). As gas sensitive materials were chosen glass chalcogenide semiconductors on the base of solid solutions of (As2S3)x-(As2Se3)1−x (where x=0; 0.3; 0.5; 0.7 and 1.0) and also solid solutions of As-Tl-S-Se system. Thin films of the mentioned above materials were deposited on lavsan roll film by means of thermal evaporation under vacuum conditions 10-5 Torr. At the thickness of 1-2 um the deposited layers are possessed the specific resistance in the range of 1010-1014 Ohm.cm on dependence on chemical composition.The change of conductivity of these films in the presence of gas impurity in atmosphere was used as sensitive parameter. Gas sensitive characteristics of obtained structures were tested with such toxic and inflammable environmental pollutant gases as carbon monoxide, methane, nitrogen dioxide, hydrogen and other. All measurements of gas sensitivity were performed at room temperature. For further increase of the gas sensitivity and selectivity the very thin layer of Pd was deposited onto the surface of semiconductor layer. The last one has allowed to increasing the gas sensitive characteristics by order.Through routine technology mode ready gas sensors were created. Dimensions of the developed gas sensitive elements were 1000×1000×350 μm.

Processing data from scanning gauges on industrial web processes

This paper considers the processing of data collected by scanning gauges from industrial web processes such as metal rolling, coating, paper making and plastic film extrusion. It describes a method based upon the generalised sampling theorem for reconstructing two-dimensional variations in material properties from scanned data. The approach does not require any knowledge of the process apart from the bandwidth of the variations in the machine direction.

Electronic properties of new Ca(AlxSi1−x )2 and Sr(GaxSi1−x )2 superconductors in crystalline and nanotubular states

The band structure of new layered (AlB2 type) Ca(AlxSi1−x)2 and Sr(GaxSi1−x)2 superconductors is studied by the first-principle full-potential LMTO method. It has been shown that the superconducting properties of ternary silicides are due to the high density of (Ca,Sr)d states at the Fermi level, whereas the growth of TC in going from Sr(GaxSi1−x)2 to Ca(AlxSi1−x)2 is associated with the increase in phonon frequencies due to the decrease in atomic masses. Simulations are performed for the electronic properties of hypothetical (11,11) and (20,0) CaAlSi and SrGaSi nanotubes. In going from the crystalline to the nanotubular state, the silicide systems retain metal-like properties. The template and “film rolling” techniques can be used for obtaining silicide nanotubes.

Use of Zero-shear Viscosity as an Ageing Index for Neat and Polymer Modified Binders

Ageing of asphaltic paving materials has a major impact on their performance at all stages in service. The study of the changes in properties of these materials is thus of vital importance in their selection to meet service demands. Four bituminous binders, comprising a 100 pen neat bitumen and three polymer modified ones, have been monitored to establish the effects of progressive ageing using a zero-shear viscosity binder ageing index. Binders were subjected to various ageing treatments, including the SHRP short and long term accelerated ageing regimes and an oxidative ageing procedure developed in this study based on the use of a forced draft at 60 degrees centigrade. Binder were recovered from unaged and aged asphalt mixes and tested in the Dynamic Shear Rheometer for their retained viscosity characteristics. The Rolling Film Oven Test was also used to age the binders to provide a comparative indication of the likely change in properties undergone at the mixing and placement stage. (A)

Initial radiographic findings of early gastric cancer detected in health check programs and human "dry dock" (multiphasic screening) collective health checks and treated by endoscopic mucosal resection.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the capacity of detection (detectability), by radiographic examination, of minute gastric cancer that was indicated for endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR). Fifty-five lesions in 55 patients with minute gastric cancer were endoscopically resected between 1992 and 2000 at the Foundation for Detection of Early Gastric Carcinoma. Of these 55 patients, 33 patients underwent indirect (with image intensifier and 100-mm roll film) and/or direct radiographic examination of the upper gastrointestinal tract as the initial screening examination, and subsequent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. The remaining 22 patients underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy as the initial screening examination. As the first step, radiographic (indirect and direct) images were reviewed, and the abnormalities which had eventually led to the detection of the minute early gastric cancer (EGC) were reconfirmed. Then, they were analyzed in terms of the reproducibility of abnormal findings which enabled the detection of such a minute EGC, and in terms of whether they could be treated by EMR. The size, morphology, and location of the radiographically detected lesions were analyzed. Seventeen lesions of EGC were detected in the group in which indirect radiography was initially performed. Of these 17 lesions, some abnormality corresponding to the site of the lesion was pointed out in 7 lesions (2 lesions of type IIa and 5 lesions of type IIc). On the other hand, the remaining 10 lesions (type IIa, 3; type IIc, 5; type IIa + IIc, 1; and type IIb, 1) were detected by endoscopy, which was carried out to confirm the other abnormalities in the indirect radiographic images. Sixteen lesions of EGC were detected in the group in which direct radiography was initially performed. Of these 16 lesions, some abnormality corresponding to the site of the lesion was pointed out in 8 lesions (4 lesions of type IIa and 4 lesions of type IIc). The remaining 8 lesions (3 lesions of type IIa and 5 lesions of type IIc) were not detected by direct radiography. Indirect and direct radiographic examination enabled the detection of approximately 50% of EGCs which could be treated by endoscopic resection. The significance of radiographic examination should not be underestimated, even in the detection of EGCs which can be endoscopically resected.

Analytical Photography: Portraiture, from the Index to the Epidermis

The current abundance of scholarship concerning the technological development of photography has coexisted with a proportionate absence of recent critical analysis of photographic images. Given photography's long-standing embrace of technological advances, even predating the portable camera or roll film, this article revisits some early uses of scientific photography in order to clarify the impact of digital technology on contempo-rary photographic practice. The author uses scientific photogra-phy and photographic archives as the groundwork for photo-graphic experiments into what might be called analytical photography. The essay con-cludes with a reconsideration of the photographic portrait.

Thin Film Colorimetric Interferometry

Measurement technique for the study of very thin lubrication films down to one nanometer in a point contact between a steel ball and a transparent disc is used to explore the relationship between central and minimum film thickness and rolling speed at the interface between elastohydrodynamic and boundary lubrication for a series of lubricating fluids. This technique based on the colorimetric interferometry combines powerful film thickness mapping capabilities with high accuracy. It was confirmed that both hexadecane and mineral base oil obey the linear relationship between log central and minimum film thickness and log rolling speed predicted by elastohydrodynamic theory down to approximately one nanometer. Conversely, squalane and additive-treated mineral base oil showed film thickness enhancement at slow speeds caused by boundary layers formation within the lubricant film. Obtained experimental data was used for the determination of pressure-viscosity coefficients of test fluids. The measurement technique also enabled us to produce information about the influence of boundary layers on film thickness shape. Presented as a Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers Paper at the ASME/STLE Tribology Conference in Seattle, Washington, October 1–4, 2000

Negative Stiffness Coefficients for Magnetic Actuators Using Laplace’s Equation

Magnetic bearings offer high speed and low power losses as compared to film riding and rolling element bearings. Significant efforts are underway to apply magnetic bearings to gas turbines and jet aircraft engines. Negative stiffness coefficients for magnetic actuators can have a significant impact on shaft rotordynamics. These coefficients are typically computed as the sensitivity of a magnetic force expression derived from a lumped parameter reluctance network. However, as the complexity of magnetic actuator designs increases, the reluctance network method may become impractical for, or even incapable of, coefficient determination. In this paper, an alternative method is presented for determination of negative stiffness coefficients for a large class of magnetic actuators. The method solves the Dirichlet boundary value problem for the magnetomotive force in the actuator air gap, subject to periodic boundary conditions that can be represented by Fourier series. A conformal transformation to bipolar coordinates is used that results in a boundary value problem that is solvable using separation of variables. Negative stiffness coefficients are presented and the method is benchmarked against well-known solutions using the reluctance network method.

Radiological medical data preservation in the Southern Urals.

Information is being microfilmed and scanned in the Southern Urals to ensure the archival preservation of the unique, important and irreplaceable records documenting chronic low-level radiation exposure to workers and neighboring populations of the Mayak Production Association (MAYAK), as well as health effects. The records include dosimetric and epidemiologic information maintained on workers and neighboring populations located at facilities in Ozyorsk and Chelyabinsk. Microfilming is being done in Ozyorsk, and on a more limited basis in Chelyabinsk, where a scanning project has also recently been initiated. Over 1,800 rolls of film have been produced as of the fall of 1999. This article describes the background and results of this data preservation effort and includes brief summary tables describing the types of records being preserved. Researchers interested in access to these records should contact Paul Seligman, Deputy Assistant Secretary for the Office of Health Studies at the Department of Energy (DOE) for more information.

1999 William M. Murray lecture

The history of holographic interferometry is one of problems. It has progressed from a novel discovery to a recognized technology only by the systematic pursuit of explanations for the puzzling phenomena it presents: unusual fringe patterns, fringe localization phenomena and bizarre fringe parallax. How to use the fringes to find three-dimensional deformation patterns is also a problem. Furthermore, the problem of how to handle high-volume testing spurred the evolution from photographic plates to fiexible roll film for all electronic media. Finally, the use of CCD television cameras and digital video processing has made phase-step interferometry the dominant method of fringe analysis but presents a major problem in the form of the phase-unwrapping quandary. This paper will attempt to trace the history of this technology in terms of the problems it has presented and their solutions.