Role Of International Organizations Research Articles

Fossil Fuel Subsidies and Sustainable Energy for All: The Governance Reform Debate

This article contributes to an improved understanding of the thematic areas of fossil fuel subsidies and universal energy access and outlines steps toward increasing the adoption of sustainable energy solutions in developing countries. Keeping in mind contradictions, it highlights the contemporary debate about the elimination of fossil fuel subsidies and the United Nations' Sustainable Energy for All initiative. It outlines policy options for improving governance frameworks at the multilateral and national levels, focusing on subsidy reform, financing mechanisms, information dissemination, timescales and related political costs, cost competitiveness, and the roles of international organizations.

International Organisations and the Evolution of Humanitarianism: Cross-perspectives on the Commonwealth and the European Union

As international relations actors in the post-Second World War world, international organisations have played a significant role in the standardisation of global policy concepts during the 20th century, and humanitarian assistance has been no exception. While the study of the role of international organisations in shaping a dominant model of humanitarian aid has recently gathered pace, few historians have focused on different, less successful models and interpretations developed by other international organisations. Recently declassified Commonwealth Secretariat records show that discussions within the Secretariat and among member states regarding the potential objectives and scope of Commonwealth humanitarian assistance programmes took place as early as the 1960s, and continued throughout the following decades. This article provides an overview of the origin and evolution of the Commonwealth’s approach to humanitarian assistance since the 1960s. Its objective is to document this hitherto little known aspect of Commonwealth assistance policies, and, based on an initial literature and archival survey, to contribute to the identification of further research questions and gaps in this aspect of Commonwealth history. Although they are very different in nature and scope, the Commonwealth and the European Union share at least one common feature in so far as humanitarian assistance is concerned, namely their difficulty in reaching a consensual definition of it. By exploring the links and discrepancies between, as well as within, each organisation’s approach to humanitarian assistance, and by examining the initiatives of some of their member states, this paper seeks to highlight the plasticity of the definition of humanitarian assistance.

الازدواجية الأمريكية في التعامل مع مفهومي الإرهاب وحقوق الإنسان

Human rights and combating terrorism they became device, however, some major countries actors in the international system, use it when find that it serves its interests and its strategic objectives. This duplication also pulled on some international organizations and non-governmental organizations dealing with human rights have been politicized and biased to certain countries and the interests of the humanitarian principles of the service account , And with the end of the twentieth century and the beginning of the twenty first century was recorded serious declines in the field of human rights widely the name of combating terrorism, the occupation of Iraq and Afghanistan, and to achieve the strategic objectives of the United States dominance of the payment status of many international conventions on combating terrorism and protecting human rights the United States interests are served. The United States behavior put the development of the international law future in front of a big risk and caused its rules and procedures and structures serious damage needs to be repaired decades, So that the protection of human rights and combating terrorism they became a device of intervention and control in the path of international relations and that many international organizations have become politicized and influenced by American intervention, and this dilemma is worth looking at ., So the study reviews the development of the concept of human rights and combating terrorism and the role of international organizations in the protection of human rights and its effect on international pressures and who made some of them as a tool to serve the interests and political objectives.

The Role of International Organizations in Protecting Cypriot Heritage

The Role of International Organizations in Protecting Cypriot Heritage

Vloga Evropskega sodiiia za lovekove pravice kot mednarodne organizacije za varstvo lovekovih pravic v primeru Izbrisani (The Role of European Court for Human Rights as an International Organization for Protection of Human Rights in the Case of Erased)

Solvenian Abstract: Prispevek obravnava pregled informacij v zvezi s primerom izbrisani v Sloveniji predvsem skozi prizmo sodelovanja mednarodnih organizacij za varstvo clovekovih pravic. Pri tem avtor uvodoma predstavi kljucne pojme in njihov pomen ter v nadaljevanju opise problematiko izbrisa in nastop mednarodnih organizacij za varovanje clovekovih pravic, tu predvsem pravne poti, pritožbe in posledicno sodbe Evropskega sodisca za clovekove pravice. V nadaljevanju opise aktualno stanje primera ter nakaže odprta vprasanja in težave, ki se cakajo resitev, nato pa v sklepnih besedah zakljuci s povzetkom ugotovitev in upanjem na boljsi jutri za vse vpletene.English Abstract: The paper considers information relating to the case of Erased in Slovenia mainly from the aspect of international cooperation for protection of human rights. The author initially presents key terms and their definitions, the main issues of the erasure and the role of international organizations for protection of human rights; the judicial proceedings and consequently the appeal and the judgment of the European Court for Human Rights (ECHR). The paper describes the current status of the case, the outstanding issues and problems that still await solution. The paper is divided into five chapters. In the first chapter there is an introduction followed by definition of the terms used: Human Rights, International Organizations and International Protection of Human Rights, Erased, Erasure. In the second chapter there is the history of erasure, how it took place, who were the victims and why were they put in such a position. It also points out what is the key issue for the erased and subsequently what was the key argument in the case that took place in the courts in Slovenia and later in Strasbourg. Based on the various arguments on how the erasure was made and the political manipulation of the erasure and the erased, the author also suggests that the act itself was no coincidence.

Introduction: The Role of International Organizations and Human Rights Monitoring Bodies in Refugee Protection

Developments in international law in the field of asylum, including the development of regional legal and institutional frameworks, have resulted in an increasing complexity and fragmentation that deserves revisiting. In this view, this Special Issue of the Refugee Survey Quarterly enquires into the role of international organizations and international human rights monitoring bodies in the protection of refugees. Despite the lack of an explicit mandate to receive communications from individuals regarding their immigration status, these monitoring bodies have developed a sound body of case-law on the rights of non-nationals in relation to the entry and stay, as well as non-removal from their countries of asylum. Their work in fact suggests that we may be witnessing a change in paradigm as international human rights law evolves beyond the prohibition of refoulement into the positive obligations of States. This has the potential for opening new ways for studying refugee protection under international law in a holistic manner.

Collective Security – The Role of International Organizations – Implications in International Security Order

The principle of Collective Security provides rationality for a range of international organisations – such as the UN, NATO, EU, and OSCE - which all attempt to uphold international peace and stability. What is the utility of collective security? How does it contribute to international peace and security? This paper reflects on these fundamental questions through an analysis of collective security principles at work in Euro-Atlantic space. It first raises and answers the question: what is Collective Security. Second, it examines the operationalisation of collective security, defence and cooperative security principles in historical and contemporary spheres. It focuses on the collective security principle at work in the League of Nations, UN, NATO, EU and OSCE. It asks of these examples – what are the perceived strengths and weaknesses of collective security when it is applied? Third, it concludes by arguing whether the existing collective security organizations in Europe and Euro-Atlantic region can serve as a universal mechanism for collective security or collective defence, cooperation and conflict prevention and analyse, the organising principles, logic and architecture of European security, the necessity for redefinition of the existing European security order. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n27p274

Rola regionalnych organizacji międzynarodowych w realizacji koncepcji zrównoważonego rozwoju w Azji Wschodniej

The goal of the study is to analyze the non‑Western interpretations of sustainable development concept and the role of international organizations and international public goods in their potential realization. Numerous political and economic contradictions generated by the experiences of colonization and decolonization of the region make Western and regional understanding of the concept substantially different. While from the global perspective it is perceived as an imperative, locally it may be interpreted as a veiled form of neocolonialism. The differences result in wide range of problems, from minor misunderstandings to open resentment. The goal of the article is to prove that regional international organizations and international public goods have the potential to become a key to develop mutually acceptable form of sustainable development concept and practice.

Democratic Oversight in Fragile States: The Case of Intelligence Reform in Bosnia and Herzegovina

In most transition countries the main aim of ‘democratizing intelligence’ is to weaken the authoritarian governmental structures by introducing more transparency, legality and oversight. In Bosnia and Herzegovina however, the state-building efforts driven by international parties combined formal democratization processes such as independent oversight with the strengthening and operational capacity building of previously weak-to-non-existent intelligence structures. In parallel with the descent into war when Yugoslavia collapsed in the early 1990s, the State Security Service (SDB) in the Republic of Bosnia had split into three ethnically-based outfits answering to the political and military leaders of war. ‘Democratization’ of intelligence in Bosnia and Herzegovina since the establishment of a unified, state-level Intelligence and Security Agency (OSA) in 2004 has followed its own unique path reflecting the fragmented nature of politics in Bosnia and the leading role of international organizations in proposing and effectuating institutional reforms. Nevertheless, in terms of habits, operational methods and values many Bosnian intelligence officers went through similar adaptations and transitions as their colleagues in countries where institutions at the time of democratic transition were too strong and authoritarian rather than, as in the case of Bosnia, being deemed too weak and ineffectual.

How to communicate on pests and invasive alien plants? Conclusions of the EPPO/CoE/IUCN‐ ISSG/DGAV/UC/ESAC Workshop

How to communicate on pests and invasive alien plants? Conclusions of the EPPO/CoE/IUCN‐ ISSG/DGAV/UC/ESAC Workshop

Chromosome surveys of human populations: Between epidemiology and anthropology

It is commonly held that after 1945 human genetics turned medical and focussed on the individual rather than on the study of human populations that had become discredited. However, a closer look at the research practices at the time quickly reveals that human population studies, using old and new tools, prospered in this period. The essay focuses on the rise of chromosome analysis as a new tool for the study of human populations. It reviews a broad array of population studies ranging from newborn screening programmes to studies of isolated or ‘primitive’ people. Throughout, it highlights the continuing role of concerns and opportunities raised by the propagation of atomic energy for civilian and military uses, the collection of large data bases and computers, and the role of international organisations like the World Health Organisation and the International Biological Programme in shaping research agendas and carving out a space for human heredity in the postwar era.

Iraq War 2003 and the Issue of Pre-emptive and Preventive Self-defence: Implications for the United Nations

The adoption of pre-emptive self-defence as a policy by the United States of America in its war against terrorism has revived the controversy over the concept of pre-emptive use of force in international politics. Some scholars argue that states are stretching the right of self-defence as pre-emptive, preventive and anticipatory in accordance with their needs and interests and to justify their actions. For others, in the context of changing security threats such as terrorism and Weapons of Mass Destruction pre-emptive strikes are permissible. These efforts to redefine and re-interpret the right of self-defence and use of force for justifying state’s actions have challenged the role of international organisations that were principally designed to regulate the unilateral use of force, and to maintain international peace and security. Against this backdrop, this article will examine how the pre-emptive and preventive use of force undermines the role of the United Nations in international politics through probing the case of Iraq War 2003. This would be a much needed reflection on the implications of Iraq War on multilateralism in the context of 10 years after the war.

The Impact of Food and Global Economic Crises (2008) on Food Security in Egypt

Abstract This paper aims to study how food security in Egypt influenced by the global rising of food prices occurs during the period 2006-2008 and the global economic crisis beginning in 2008. In order to achieve the aim of the study, the paper was divided into three main sections in addition to introduction, the second one analyze the features of food crisis and its reasons and its effects on the poor and households. The third section represents the global economic crisis and its impacts on the most vulnerable households. The fourth section, analyze the status of food security in Egypt before and after the two crises, government response to food and global economic crises, role of international organizations in Egypt as a result of the two crises, the Arab awakening and its impact on food security, finally, the paper introduces some policy options to address food insecurity in Egypt. The main conclusion of the study is that the Egyptian economy is highly vulnerable to food and economic global shocks, and the status of food security after the two crises is classified as a serious case.

DEVELOPMENTS IN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AND NATIONAL PLANNING IN THE CASPIAN SEA AND BLACK SEA

ABSTRACT The Caspian Sea and Black Sea regions have witnessed a growth in oil exploration, production and transportation activities, over a period of more than 15 years. Significant quantities of Caspian Sea region crude oil are shipped via Black Sea ports to markets in Europe. This development of the oil and shipping industries has brought a focus on ensuring an appropriate level of oil spill preparedness. Working under the umbrella of the ‘Global Initiative’ (GI) programme, the international community continues to support governments' efforts to build and implement national and regional systems to ensure effective response to major incidents. Recent progress in the Caspian Sea is described, notably the signing in 2011 by the five countries surrounding the Caspian Sea (the littoral States) of a regional agreement for co-operation in case of major oil spills - the so-called ‘Aktau Protocol’ to the Framework Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Caspian Sea (“Tehran Convention”). This Protocol is expected to enter into force in 2014 and will provide the legal basis for co-operation between the countries. A regional plan under the Protocol is in final draft and will provide the operational tool for implementation of regional cooperation and coordination procedures. The draft regional plan will be described, including its alignment to the International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Cooperation (OPRC) and the promotion of integrated response between governments and industry. National oil spill contingency plans provide the fundamental building blocks for the regional co-operation mechanism. Information will be presented on the recent developments concerning two national plans in the Caspian Sea, i.e. Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan. The role of international organizations and the oil industry in supporting the respective government's development of these plans and the opportunities available to assist their implementation is discussed. The on-going biennial Black Sea regional exercise activity is used to illustrate how such a programme facilitates and encourages sustainable oil spill preparedness at the regional level. Information will be presented concerning the 2011 exercise, the key lessons learned and potential developments of the exercise programme in the future.

The legitimation of OECD's global educational governance: examining PISA and AHELO test production

Although international student assessments and the role of international organisations (IOs) in governing education via an evidence-based educational policy discourse are of growing interest to educational researchers, few have explored the complex ways in which an IO, such as the OECD, gains considerable influence in governing education during the early stages of test production. Drawing on a comparative analysis of the production of two international tests – the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) and the Assessment of Higher Education Learning Outcomes (AHELO) – we show how the OECD legitimises its power, and expertise, and defines ‘what counts’ in education. The OECD deploys three mechanisms of educational governance: (1) building on past OECD successes; (2) assembling knowledge capacity; and (3) deploying bureaucratic resources. We argue that the early stages of test production by IOs are significant sites in which the global governance of education is legitimated and enacted.

The New Health-Related Top-Level Domains Are Coming: Will Cureforcancer.health Go to the Highest Bidder?

In 2012, the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) opened a new round of applications for generic top-level domain (gTLD) names, receiving 1930 applications, of which at least 18 were related to health (eg, “.doctor”, “.health”, “.med”). The entry of new, commercial players applying to create health-related names reopens the debate on the role of international organizations, governments, non-governmental organizations, and other stakeholders regarding the safeguards and policies needed to protect consumers.

Prenatal Sex Selection in Southeastern Europe/the Southern Caucasus and the Role of International Organizations

Prenatal Sex Selection in Southeastern Europe/the Southern Caucasus and the Role of International Organizations

India and Issues in Global Governance with Reference to Internet Governance

The unique characteristics of the Internet—its openness, its global interconnectedness, its decentralized nature and the interrelationships among the layers that comprise it—have made it remarkably resistant to traditional tools of state governance. India is among such state actors which prefer a model of governance in which national governments serve as essential gatekeepers to global institutions, and Inter-Governmental Organizations (IGOs) remain the key venue for negotiations on complex problems like Internet. However, the role of international organizations, considered so far as settled sites of global governance, is faced with the task of navigating through a range of competing interests, namely governmental sensitivities regarding security and sovereignty, the commercial interests of private corporations (like the US-based ICANN) as also the concerns of civil society and user groups across the world. The 2005 World Summit on the Information Society witnessed a divisive debate about appropriate models—some privileging the place of intergovernmental bodies, while others promoting the role of non-governmental stakeholders—for regulating the Internet and the domain names system. Notwithstanding inconsistencies, India joined other emerging countries both in 2011 and 2014 negotiations to support creation of a suitable mechanism within the UN system. At the latter event in Sao Paulo, India outlined its detailed considerations for creating an intergovernmental body that would be committed to both the primacy of state sovereignty and to developing the capacities of the disadvantaged developing countries. The Western critics, nevertheless, have found it paradoxical that despite being a democratic and open society, India prefers government-led multilateral, rather than multi-stakeholder, approach to Internet governance.

The International Human Rights, Its Nature, Evolution and the Role of International Organisations

This article, “The International Human Rights, its nature, evolution and the role of International organisations,” aims at giving a reader the general concept of the International Human Rights. This article is subdivided into three parts; part one, the nature of human rights, where the disputed nature of human rights will be addressed. It also attempts to show that any articulation of an International law of Human rights has to contend with serious conflicts over the very meaning of the term ‘human right’. Part two of this work, The International Human Right Law will give the general concept of the International Human Rights Law and its evolution from the classical period and what influenced it be in the current status. Part three of this work, The role of International Organisations in Promoting Human Rights, aims at showing the role and weaknesses of the United Nations in promoting human rights and subsequent International conventions thereafter with the same purpose. Whenever a case study becomes essential, I will be referring to my home Country, Tanzania to sometimes, show the relations of what I will be discussing with the Domestic affairs of the state.

The EU in the World of International Organizations: Diplomatic Aspirations, Legal Hurdles and Political Realities

The Lisbon Treaty emphasizes the European Union’s (EU) commitment to multilateralism. A key part of this is the EU’s engagement with and participation in international organizations (IOs). While the EU has clear ambitions to take part and play a leading role in IOs, it faces significant obstacles in making this a reality. This paper begins by outlining the status the EU currently enjoys in IOs, ranging from full member to observer or no status at all. It then examines some of the legal and political issues the EU faces when seeking to join or upgrade its status in an IO. Issues such as representation in areas of shared competence and the difficulties arising from parallel membership in an IO are discussed. It then examines how the EU goes about choosing which IOs to seek closer co-operation with, discussing its efforts to improve its representation in three IOs: the Arctic Council, the International Maritime Organization and the International Atomic Energy Agency. It is submitted that the EU’s involvement in IOs is as much a legal issue as it is a political and diplomatic one. Upgrading the EU’s status in IOs requires more than legal changes; it requires careful diplomacy to ensure that the EU’s international status lives up to its external aspirations.