Role Of Geography Research Articles

The Role of Geography, Diet, and Host Phylogeny on the Gut Microbiome in the Hawaiian Honeycreeper Radiation.

The animal gut microbiome can have a strong influence on the health, fitness, and behavior of its hosts. The composition of the gut microbial community can be influenced by factors such as diet, environment, and evolutionary history (phylosymbiosis). However, the relative influence of these factors is unknown in most bird species. Furthermore, phylosymbiosis studies have largely focused on clades that diverged tens of millions of years ago, and little is known about the degree of gut microbiome divergence in more recent species radiations. This study explores the drivers of microbiome variation across the unique and recent Hawaiian honeycreeper radiation (Fringillidae: Drepanidinae). Fecal samples were collected from 14 extant species spanning the main islands of the Hawaiian archipelago and were sequenced using three metabarcoding markers to characterize the gut microbiome, invertebrate diet, and plant diet of Hawaiian honeycreepers. We then used these metabarcoding data and the honeycreeper host phylogeny to evaluate their relative roles in shaping the gut microbiome. Microbiome variation across birds was highly individualized; however, source island had a small but significant effect on microbiome structure. The microbiomes did not recapitulate the host phylogenetic tree, indicating that evolutionary history does not strongly influence microbiome structure in the honeycreeper clade. These results expand our understanding of the roles of diet, geography, and phylogeny on avian microbiome structure, while also providing important ecological information about the diet and gut microbiota of wild Hawaiian honeycreepers.

What role for geography in justice-focused climate change education?

ABSTRACT As the effects of climate change are felt around the world, the stakes for what climate change education (CCE) is and what it can achieve have never been higher. Young people’s climate concerns are widely known, and students around the world have expressed wishes for action- and justice-oriented CCE. This article draws from research conducted with migrant-background young people and secondary educators (including geography educators) in Manchester, UK, and Melbourne, Australia, which explored intergenerational and cross-cultural responses to climate change. The article reflects on students’ and educators’ accounts of CCE and considers how geography – in conjunction with other disciplines – can sharpen students’ understandings of climate justice. It argues that geography’s key concepts and curricular foci provide a strong foundation for teaching climate justice, but that learning about distributive justice must be accompanied by greater application of recognitional and procedural justice to better support students to respond to climate change.

The Role of Geography in The Healthcare Sector

Geography and health are linked to each other such as where we are born, live, study and work all these directly influences our health experiences. The air we breathe, the food we eat and the health services we can access. Geographical investigations of the spatial variation of diseases provide important insights into what contributes to disease outcomes and options for prevention. This means that health is a resource to help an individual perform their function in society, rather than an end in itself. Healthy lifestyle allows us to live a full life with meaning and purpose. The social, built and natural environment affect our health and wellbeing in ways that are directly relevant to health policy. Health geography is a sub discipline of human geography, which deals with the interaction between people and the environment.

Analyzing the Russo-Ukrainian Conflict: Geopolitical Insecurities of Russia and Their Consequences in Eurasia

This research delves into the geographical and historical factors underpinning the Russia-Ukraine war, exploring Russia's expansive strategies and the role of geography in its foreign policy. It highlights the conflict's extensive implications across the Eurasian region, manifesting in crises like global food and energy shortages, and shifting geopolitical alliances. By examining Russia's defensive maneuvers against Western influences, the study offers insights into the complex dynamics of regional security, the motivations behind Russia's foreign policies, and the broader impacts of the war on global stability. Recommendations focus on diplomatic resolutions to mitigate the conflict's repercussions.

The role of geography in environmental education and sustainability

The role of geography in environmental education and sustainability

The Role of Geography in The Healthcare Sector

The Role of Geography in The Healthcare Sector

GPTs in the Developing Economy: Impact on the Labor Market and the Role of Geography and Policy

GPTs in the Developing Economy: Impact on the Labor Market and the Role of Geography and Policy

Determinants of social norms I – the role of geography

Abstract It is now abundantly clear that social norms channel behaviour and impact economic development. This insight leads to the question: How do social norms evolve? This survey examines research that relies on geography to explain the development of social norms. It turns out that many social norms are either directly or indirectly determined by geography broadly conceived and can, hence, be considered largely time invariant. Given that successful economic development presupposes the congruence between formal institutions and social norms, this insight is highly relevant for all policy interventions designed to foster economic development. In a companion paper, the role of religion and family organization as potential mediators between geography and social norms assumes centre stage.

Military Geography and GeographicalFactor in the Russian War in Ukraine

The article draws attention to the increasing military conflicts and wars at the regional level, as well as the role of geography in their preparation and conduct. Military operations always take place in real time and in real space, therefore, the study of the geographical environment is vital for any socially organized structure that has a military organization (armed forces). Geographical factors (the size of territories, population, relief and landscape features, hydrology and climate, forest cover, and other factors) have long been taken into account when planning and conducting military operations or developing (capturing) new regions. In terms of military geography, geographical knowledge of space, and the necessary scale, provides an understanding of contemporary security issues and promotes the idea that such understanding is critical to understanding and managing significant military issues on a local, regional, and global scale. Attention is drawn to specific methods for the preparation and conduct of military operations—geographic information systems (GIS) in conjunction with aerospace sounding. Without them, modern wars are not produced. The importance of some geographical factors is confirmed by specific examples during the Russian aggression against Ukraine (2014–2023).

Burying the carbon to dig up the future

Soil carbon sequestration presents a pathway towards climate change mitigation and adaptation while also fostering sustainable socio-economic development. The emergence of soil carbon markets, which monetize carbon capture and land management practices, has given new impetus to this area of study. However, the intersection of environmental, social, and economic systems inherent to soil carbon markets introduces significant complexities. To understand the research landscape and the prevailing themes within the field, we conducted a systematic literature review, sourcing articles from the Web of Science and SCOPUS databases that focused on soil carbon markets, published between January 2017 and august 2023. Our analysis revealed three primary research themes emerged: 1) Soil Ecosystem Services (61%), closely associated with the agricultural and environmental sciences; 2) Environmental Economics (21%) show the growing focus on economic valuation of ecosystem services since the Paris Agreement; and 3) Exploratory Analyses (18%) highlight recent efforts in dealing with the complex network of environmental, social, economic, political and cultural factors. However, these areas of research are often treated separately, reflecting a broader disconnect between natural and social sciences: Geography, uniquely positioned at the intersection of natural and social sciences, could bridge this divide. Through a geographical lens, one can better comprehend drivers behind land management and land-use changes and how they relate to environmental indicators and soil carbon markets. In the social sciences, cultural aspects that shape soil management practices, farmers' relationships with land and markets, and their engagement with soil carbon markets could be examined to predict actions towards improving environmental performance indicators. These settings are highly local, influenced by factors like land tenure rights, landscape ecology, political settings, and power dynamics. Geography's role extends beyond merely understanding these local factors. It also involves studying 'space' and 'place', concepts that are crucial in the context of soil carbon markets. Within the framework of complexity theory and spatial agent-based modelling for socio-ecological systems, Geography can provide valuable insights into how different entities within soil carbon markets interact and influence each other. In the context of climate change, soil ecosystem services, and by extension soil carbon markets, can influence social and economic vulnerabilities. An integrated study of land use, management practices, and their impact on soil ecosystem services, using both quantitative and qualitative approaches, can provide insights into social behaviour and ecosystem responses over time.

Integration of Artificial Intelligence in Geography Learning: Challenges and Opportunities

This research discusses the potential and challenges of integrating Artificial Intelligence (AI) in geography learning. By considering the fundamentals of AI and the role of geography in the era of globalization, this research outlines the benefits of AI in geography learning through interactive visualization and personalization of learning. However, challenges such as equitable access to technology and teacher training are major concerns in the application of AI. The research uses descriptive method with literature review which involves collecting, analyzing, and explaining the information in the literature relevant to the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in Geography learning. In addition, this study highlights the opportunities of AI in geographic data analysis and addressing global challenges such as climate change. The profound implications of AI integration in geography learning are also discussed, given its impact on education and society. This research provides a holistic picture of the intersection of AI and geography, encouraging a better understanding of its potential and limitations. It is hoped that this research will provide guidance for educational practitioners and researchers to optimize the potential of AI in geography teaching, taking into account the challenges to be overcome and the opportunities to be exploited.

The Role of Geography and Territorial Planning in the Spreading of SARS-CoV-2. A Case Study on the Peculiarities of the Swedish Rurality

This article studies the spread of SARS-CoV-2 at a local level in Sweden and the role of geographic features that might have influenced the path of the virus. Then, the differences between rural and urban contexts have been analyzed. Results showed that the Swedish rurality seems to have been hit less by the pandemic than the ones of many other Western countries, possibly because of its more advanced stage of rurbanisation and a better institutional government and planning of its former rural areas. On the other hand, other Western countries have chosen models which appear closer to the American one, in which the social and economic structure of the urbanized areas, from the hamlet to the metropolis, is disappearing in favour of a sprawl model that could have boosted the infection.

Military Geography in Determining the Socio-Economic Improvement in the Foremost Island for Developing the Integrated Military Bases

The role of geography in the military strategy decision-making process has a significant position. This is inseparable from the development of technology that supports geography, such as the use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) or drones, geospatial information-based weaponry and efforts to develop military bases based on the strategic location of a place. The purpose of this study is to analyze (1) The projection of the government's plan to develop Selaru Island as an integrated military base based on military geography (2) The social and economic impacts of the community that need to be anticipated when an integrated military facility is established related to economic growth, inflation and unemployment rates. The data in this study were analyzed using qualitative methods obtained as a result of in-depth interviews, observations, library research and focused group discussions. This study indicates that analysis of military geography and geospatial information is very much needed by the Indonesian Armed Forces (TNI) in developing its capabilities, especially in strengthening national defense system comprehensively. Therefore, the results of this study recommend the relocation and capacity building of several TNI bases around the island of Selaru so that national defense and economic growth can strengthen together in the foremost islands of the Republic of Indonesia.

The role of geography and distance on physician follow-up after a first hospitalization with a diagnosis of a schizophrenia spectrum disorder: A retrospective population-based cohort study in Ontario, Canada.

Timely follow-up after hospitalization for a schizophrenia spectrum disorder (SSD) is an important quality indicator. We examined the proportion of individuals who received physician follow-up within 7 and 30 days post-discharge by health region and estimated the effect of distance between a person's residence and discharging hospital on follow-up. We created a retrospective population-based cohort of incident hospitalizations with a discharge diagnosis of a SSD between 01/01/2012 and 30/03/2019. The proportion of follow-up with a psychiatrist and family physician within 7 and 30 days were calculated for each region. The effect of distance between a person's residence and discharging hospital on follow-up was estimated using adjusted multilevel logistic regression models. We identified 6,382 incident hospitalizations for a SSD. Only 14.2% and 49.2% of people received follow-up care with a psychiatrist within 7 and 30 days of discharge, respectively, and these proportions varied between regions. Although distance from hospital was not associated with follow-up within 7 days of discharge, increasing distance was associated with lower odds of follow-up with a psychiatrist within 30 days. Post-discharge follow-up is poor across the province. Geospatial factors may impact post-discharge care and should be considered in further evaluation of quality of care.

The role of geography, ecology, and hybridisation in the evolutionary history of Canary Island Descurainia.

Oceanic islands offer the opportunity to understand evolutionary processes underlying rapid diversification. Along with geographic isolation and ecological shifts, a growing body of genomic evidence has suggested that hybridisation can play an important role in island evolution. Here we use genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) to understand the roles of hybridisation, ecology, and geographic isolation in the radiation of Canary Island Descurainia (Brassicaceae). We carried out GBS for multiple individuals of all Canary Island species and two outgroups. Phylogenetic analyses of the GBS data were performed using both super-matrix and gene tree approaches and hybridisation events were examined using D-statistics and Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC). Climatic data were analysed to examine the relationship between ecology and diversification. Analysis of the supermatrix dataset resulted in a fully resolved phylogeny. Species networks suggest a hybridisation event has occurred for D. gilva, with these results being supported by ABC analysis. Strong phylogenetic signals for temperature and precipitation indicate one major ecological shift within Canary Island Descurainia. Inter-island dispersal played a significant role in the diversification of Descurainia, with evidence of only one major shift in climate preferences. Despite weak reproductive barriers and the occurrence of hybrids, hybridisation appears to have played only a limited role in the diversification of the group, with a single instance detected. The results highlight the need to use phylogenetic network approaches that can simultaneously accommodate ILS and gene flow when studying groups prone to hybridisation; patterns that might otherwise be obscured in species trees. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Mapping transgender policies in the US 2017-2021: The role of geography and implications for health equity.

Transgender individuals globally face varying policy contexts that can influence their health. In the United States (US), a patchwork of exclusionary and inclusive policies exists, creating potentially different social and political contexts that shape transgender health depending on the state. In this article, we consider how recent legislation introduced in US states focused on transgender people may be a political determinant of health and affect health equity goals. To advance this aim, we employed the perspective of legal epidemiology to systematically search a US legal database (Westlaw) for policies focused on transgender individuals proposed between January of 2017 and September of 2021.698 policies were analyzed as affirming or exclusionary of transgender identities and categorized by content. We calculated a ratio of affirming versus exclusionary bills to create "exclusionary density" and "affirming density" measures. Those measures were used to calculate an inclusivity score and corresponding maps of inclusivity and exclusionary contexts by US state. Exclusionary and affirming density measures showed deeply polarized policy responses to transgender individuals depending on US state. Further, we observed differences in magnitude regarding the laws being proposed. Exclusionary laws largely focused on criminalization while inclusionary laws focused on representation in government agencies. These findings highlight that transgender individuals in the US can experience vastly different political contexts depending on where they live.

Aqua/geopolitical conjuncture and disjuncture: invasion, resources, and mining the deep dark sea

ABSTRACT In this article, I address the omission of the ocean or the aqua in geo-political scholarship and public debate. My argument is motivated by the public descriptions of Putin’s invasion and war in Ukraine and the lack of attention to the oceanic geopolitics of deep sea mining. Descriptions of Putin’s attack reproduce old terrestrial arguments about the role of geography in figuring national identity and destiny. On the contrary, I posit that the war in Ukraine is focused on capturing control of the oceanic circulation of resources. Deep sea mining is framed as a green response to defossilization of energy and the economy, and centres on mining minerals on the sea floor for the ‘EV revolution’. I argue that these two events or crises can be understood through a conjunctural framework. However, this involves reworking cultural studies’ usual understanding of conjunctural analysis. Following the work of Ben Highmore and others, this means deepening the geopolitical, historical and material scales involved in the disjunctures that hold together simultaneously yet separately the invasion of Ukraine and the legal framing of mining the deep seas through the UN Convention of the Law of the Seas (UNCLOS) and the International Seabed Authority (ISA). Such an analysis involves narrating the clashing of what Timothy Clarke calls the derangement of temporal scales of the Anthropocene if we are to figure ‘what happening now’.

Важливість географії в сучасній освіті в Україні

Geography is a science that studies the relationships between nature and society. The article examines the issue of the need to study geography in institutions of general secondary education. The importance of geographical knowledge as the basis of patriotism is analyzed in detail and the place of geography in the structure of related sciences is substantiated. A significant place in the work is devoted to consideration of the importance of geographical knowledge after a full-scale invasion, when it became especially necessary. The essence of the terms "external independent assessment" and "national multi-subject test", the importance of these elements in the education system for the selection of entrants to higher educational institutions and the role of geography in them are revealed. The relevance of this science is proven based on the analysis of the total number of registered participants for entrance exams in Ukraine.

Predictors of consenting to participate in a clinical trial among urban cancer patients

BackgroundPatient participation in clinical trials is influenced by demographic and other individual level characteristics. However, there is less research on the role of geography and neighborhood-level factors on clinical trial participation. This study identifies the demographic, clinical, geographic, and neighborhood predictors of consenting to a clinical trial among cancer patients at a large, urban, NCI-designated cancer center in the Mid-Atlantic region. MethodsWe used demographic and clinical data from patients diagnosed with cancer between 2015 and 2017. We geocoded patient addresses and calculated driving distance to the cancer center. Additionally, we linked patient data to neighborhood-level educational attainment, social capital and cancer prevalence. Finally, we used generalized linear mixed-effects conditional logistic regression to identify individual and neighborhood-level predictors of consenting to a clinical trial. ResultsPatients with higher odds of consenting to trials were: Non-Hispanic White, aged 50–69, diagnosed with breast, GI, head/neck, hematologic, or certain solid tumor cancers, those with cancers at regional stage, never/former tobacco users, and those with the highest neighborhood social capital index. Patients who lived further from the cancer center had higher odds of consenting to a trial. With every 1-km increase in residential distance, there was a 4% increase in the odds that patients would consent to a trial. Neither of the additional neighborhood-level variables predicted consenting to a clinical trial. ConclusionsThis study identifies important demographic, patient-level, and geographic factors associated with consenting to cancer clinical trials, and lays the groundwork for future research exploring the role of neighborhood-level factors in clinical trial participation.

Influence of Geography on Various Career Choices in Africa. A Critical Literature Review

Purpose: Education and training should therefore consider the role of geography in instilling learners with basic foundation skills to tackle the various challenges faced in the society. The overall objective of this study was to examine influence of influence of Geography on various career choices in Africa. A critical literature review
 Methodology: The paper used a desk study review methodology where relevant empirical literature was reviewed to identify main themes and to extract knowledge gaps.
 Findings: The findings of the study indicate that a large percentage of students aspire to pursue careers that are related to Geographic Information systems (GIS) and cartography. Careers in economic geography and physical geography follow closely. The least aspired careers by students are those related to geographic education and regional geography. This shows that learners aspire for careers that are related to information and communication technology because GIS entails use of computers while cartography also entails use of computer technology such as Google maps and Global Positioning System (GPS).The fact that geography has a topic on map interpretation makes the learners to be familiar with map work; this could also be a reason why they have an interest in cartography.
 Unique Contribution to Theory, Policy and Practice: The study recommends that the importance of geography subject should be emphasized on learners at the early stages of secondary school such as form one and two. This will enable the learners to make informed subject choice because it will have an impact on their career prospects. Students who love geography subject should be encouraged to study it and encouraged to pursue careers related to geography in tertiary colleges and university. More learners should be encouraged by teachers and parents to choose geography because it covers a wide scope in terms of socio-economic activities that man is involved in. This will make the learner to be an all-round person who can bring development to the society.