Role In Child Protection Research Articles

Assistance in the Formation of Village Policy Regarding Child Protection in the Sigar Penjalin Tourism Village, Tanjung District, North Lombok Regency

Children are a generation successor. The nation's ideals, commitment and treatment that pay attention to the development and role of children as the nation's next generation are things that must be upheld by the leaders of this country. Children who are not yet mentally and physically mature must have their needs met, and be given proper education for their personal and psychological growth and development, so that in the future the children can grow and develop into children who can be expected to be the successors of the nation's ideals. Children have a strategic role in ensuring the existence of the nation and state in the future. So that they will be able to shoulder this responsibility in the future, children need to have the widest possible opportunities to grow and develop optimally, both physically, mentally, socially and spiritually. Children who, because of their condition, have not yet reached a mature level of growth and development are different from adults in general. Government Regions and communities have a very vital role in child protection. This is stated in article-chapter Child Protection Law, one of which is Article 9 paragraph 1 Law Number 35 of 2014. The high number of cases involving children in North Lombok, especially in Sigar Penjalin Village, Tanjung District, is starting to worry. Based on data from UPTD Protection of Children and Women North Lombok, by mid-2023 57 cases involving children have been found. Of the 57 cases, 42 were cases of child marriage and 12 cases were cases of sexual abuse of children. Based on the problems above, it is very necessary to assist in the formation of village policies regarding child protection. It is hoped that from the activity of Forming a Village Policy Regarding Child Protection in the Sigar Penjalin Tourism Village, North Lombok, there will be output in the form of sensitivity of village government officials, members of the Village Consultative Body, Community Figures; increase knowledge and encourage performance in synergy between village government officials, members of the Village Consultative Body and Community Leaders in producing legal products in the form of village regulations that will reduce the number of child problems in Sigar Penjalin Village, Tanjung District.

Supporting Oral Health Practitioners’ Role in Child Protection: Current Approaches and Effort

Child protection is an essential aspect of hauora for tamariki and taitamariki, and the role of oral health practitioners in this realm is increasingly recognised. In a unique capacity, oral health practitioners stand at the forefront of identifying orofacial manifestations of maltreatment within the orofacial region, supporting patients and their whanau, and collaborating with an integrated team of diverse disciplines (Han et al., 2022). Regrettably, studies reveal diminished responsiveness among New Zealand's oral health practitioners in child protection matters (Tilvawala et al., 2014), with a noticeable lack of clear guides or strategies to assist them. A scoping review is proceeding to explore international approaches and efforts to support oral health practitioners’ role in child protection. This review employs a systematic approach to identifying and mapping the breadth and depth of evidence in the field, irrespective of the source. The JBI methodology for scoping reviews guides the process (Peters et al., 2020), utilising the PCC (Population – Concept – Context) framework to establish inclusion and exclusion criteria. Any approaches and efforts to address and enhance the responsiveness of oral health practitioners in child protection were included in the review. A three-step search strategy was implemented, the search was conducted across five databases, and further searching of the grey literature was conducted. Two independent reviewers screened a total of 787 sources, and 25 sources were included in the review. Every step was piloted and calibrated to ensure consistency. A piloted data extraction form is used to help synthesise data systematically. The key findings can inform future policy development, practice guidelines, and educational initiatives to enhance the responsiveness and role of oral health practitioners in child protection.

An Ecclesial Analysis of Child Sexual Abuse in Ghana: implications for Pastoral Response

Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) is a pervasive problem in Ghana that has long-term negative consequences for survivors. Churches in Ghana are not immune to this menace. Although, there is no reliable data on the prevalence of CSA in churches, in some cases, Christian religious leaders have been accused as perpetrators of CSA, covering up abuse or failing to take appropriate action when abuse occurs. Using the second phase of the Pastoral Cycle, the study undertook a contextual examination of child sexual abuse in churches and the church’s role in child protection in Ghana. The paper posits that pastoral ministry of care and safeguarding of children could contribute significantly to the fight against CSA in Ghana. This article adds to the literature on curbing child sexual abuse in Ghana. Keywords: Church, Child Sexual Abuse, Pastoral Response, Ghana

Suspicion of child maltreatment: Knowledge and experiences with mandatory reports to social services among general practitioners in Denmark in 2019–20

BackgroundChild maltreatment has many consequences through the lifespan. The general practitioners (GPs) are in longitudinal contact with the family and can play an important role in identifying children in danger and reporting to the social services. ObjectiveTo explore how GPs manage suspicions of child maltreatment and to investigate potential demographic and geographic differences in reporting practices among Danish GPs. Participants and settingAll registered GPs in Denmark retrieved from Medcom, a state-financed non-profit organization. MethodsWe mailed a questionnaire to all registered GPs with demographics, experiences, knowledge, and attitudes in the context of child maltreatment. ResultsWe received 1252 completed questionnaires (response rate: 38 %). Most of the participants had suspected child maltreatment during their professional life (90 %) and had made a mandatory report (85 %). More than half had received feedback after the report (56 %) and said that their report led to action (56 %). Most GPs reported feeling confident in dealing with child maltreatment (79 %) and being willing to get involved in case of suspicion (8.9 on a 0–10 scale). We observed no geographical differences in reporting neither across the Danish regions nor among rural and urban practices, but GPs working in single practices made fewer reports to the social services. ConclusionsParticipant GPs in this study are aware of their role in child protection, have experiences with mandatory reports, and are willing to get involved. Possible areas for attention include collaboration and support between different settings, especially between GP practice, hospitals, justice sector, and social services.

Prevalence and risk factors of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 infection in women and children in peri-urban communities in Pakistan: A prospective cohort study.

Population-based seroepidemiological surveys provide accurate estimates of disease burden. We compare the COVID-19 prevalence estimates from two serial serological surveys and the associated risk factors among women and children in a peri-urban area of Karachi, Pakistan. The AMANHI-COVID-19 study enrolled women and children between November 2020 and March 2021. Blood samples were collected from March to June 2021 (baseline) and September to December 2021 (follow-up) to test for anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies using ROCHE Elecsys®. Participants were visited or called weekly during the study for recording symptoms of COVID-19. We report the proportion of participants with anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and symptoms in each survey and describe infection risk factors using step-wise binomial regression analysis. The adjusted seroprevalence among women was 45.3% (95% confidence interval (CI) = 42.6-47.9) and 82.3% (95% CI = 79.9-84.4) at baseline and follow-up survey, respectively. Among children, it was 18.4% (95% CI = 16.1-20.7) and 57.4% (95% CI = 54.3-60.3) at baseline and follow-up, respectively. Of the women who were previously seronegative, 404 (74.4%) tested positive at the follow-up survey, as did 365 (50.4%) previously seronegative children. There was a high proportion of asymptomatic infection. At baseline, being poorest and lacking access to safe drinking water lowered the risk of infection for both women (risk ratio (RR) = 0.8, 95% CI = 0.7-0.9 and RR = 1.2, 95% CI = 1.1-1.4, respectively) and children (RR = 0.7, 95% CI = 0.5-1.0 and RR = 1.4, 95% CI = 1.0-1.8, respectively). At the follow-up survey, the risk of infection was lower for underweight women and children (RR = 0.4, 95% CI = 0.3-0.7 and RR = 0.7, 95% CI = 0.5-0.8, respectively) and for women in the 30-39 years age group and children who were 24-36 months of age (RR = 0.6, 95% CI = 0.4-0.9 and RR = 0.7, 95% CI = 0.5-0.9, respectively). In both surveys, paternal employment was an important predictor of seropositivity among children (RR = 0.7, 95% CI = 0.6-0.9 and RR = 0.8, 95% CI = 0.7-1.0, respectively). There was a high rate of seroconversion among women and children. Infection was generally mild. Parental education plays an important role in protection of children from COVID-19.

"Help Children Walking on the Right Path": Understanding Parents' and Grandparents' Perceptions on Violence Against Children in Cambodia and Prevention Strategies.

This study examined parents' and grandparents' understanding of violence against children (VAC) strategies to prevent VAC in the home. Research questions: What do parents and grandparents understand about VAC? Which child discipline practices are violent? What are strategies to prevent VAC? Participants: 30 parents and grandparents from a small rural community. Six focus group discussions (FGDs) in which participants shared their perceptions and practices relating to child discipline, forms of VAC, and proposed intervention strategies. In two community forums, participants discussed intervention strategies produced in separate FGDs and agreed on three priority strategies. During the FGDs and community meetings, none of the participants ever mentioned any laws, regulations, or government strategies to address VAC in the home. Participants expressed confusion and mixed feelings and responses on forms of VAC. Some agreed on deception, manipulation, intimidation (som lot), threats (Kom ream, harsh words, scolding (je), and physical punishment (i.e., beating or beating with an object) as an unacceptable discipline that would adversely impact children's well-being. Others agreed on cautiously using such disciplines to a certain degree and context. Participants proposed three priority strategies to address VAC in the home, of which two-community awareness and education and community-based efforts-fit with the Cambodia 2017 to 2024 Action Plan Strategies to Prevent and Respond to VAC. The third strategy, addressing alcohol harm-related violence, though not regarded in the 2017 to 2024 Action Plan, was considered pivotal in preventing VAC. Parents and grandparents have a substantial role in child protection at home. Nevertheless, without a clear definition of VAC or articulation of protecting children from violence in the home, it would be challenging to involve parents/grandparents for effective intervention. Participants' three priority strategies have a substantial policy and program implications for Cambodia's primary prevention of VAC action strategy. Community-based mobilization, education, and capacity building need to start and sustain the community.

Making meaning of irreconcilable destruction of innocence: National humanitarian professionals exposed to cybercrime child sexual exploitation in the Philippines

BackgroundSex-cybercrimes against children in the Philippines rose by over 400 % during the first year of the Covid-19 pandemic exponentially increasing challenges for carers of children, law enforcers, and prosecutors. ObjectiveBurnout, primary, and secondary traumatic stress are some of the potential mental health risks for child protection carers. How longevity of career is sustained, is unknown. Participants and settingThis idiographic study explored both positive and negative interpretations of frontline workers in the Philippines exposed to sex-cybercrimes against children. MethodsThe protocols of Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis guided data collection through semi-structured interviews, transcription, and analysis. ResultsOne superordinate theme: Irreconcilable destruction of innocence, mercy and justice, and the passionate self; highlights the integral struggle that emerged from these participants' roles in child protection. Their faith philosophy of compassion and forgiveness contrasted with the unfathomable corruption and exploitation they witnessed, and their role in removing child victims from perpetrator family members to serve justice. These internal conflicts necessitated a critical need to self-care against psychological vulnerability. Longevity of career emerged from a co-existence of traumatic distress and psychological growth allowing them to redefine their faith and confront the unfathomable with hope, self-valuing, and purpose. ConclusionsJustice and mercy were juxtaposed integral conflicts threatening the psychological wellbeing of these participants. Ineffective organisational support aggravated their traumatic distress as did the lethargy with which world governments' engage in effective controls against online crimes of child sexual exploitation which has meteorically risen as a result of the global coronavirus pandemic.

Oral health practitioners’ knowledge and attitudes about child abuse and neglect

Child abuse and neglect (CAN) is a significant issue for New Zealand – evidence suggests at least one in five children have had statutory child protection reports, with approximately 10% substantiated (Rouland & Vaithianathan, 2018). Given that the government provides free dental care to tamariki, and oral manifestations of CAN are commonly evident (Sarkar et al., 2021), oral health practitioners (OHP) are in a critical position to detect signs and symptoms of CAN and report to child protection agencies. The government’s guidelines and legislation support OHP’ roles in child protection, yet there is a gap between policy and practice. Oral Health Therapists (OHTs) and Dental Therapists (DTs) provide dental care to children and adolescents aged under 18 years old in public and private dental sectors. Descriptive exploratory survey research was conducted to understand the knowledge and attitudes of OHTs and DTs in detecting and reporting CAN in a dental setting. Findings of the anonymous survey (n = 92, response rate = 15.8%) indicated 77% of participants had suspected CAN during their careers; however, only 21% have ever reported a suspected case. OHTs and DTs have encountered an average of 6.8 potential CAN cases during their careers. Still, only 1.8 potential cases were reported to child protection agencies. Participants identified fear of false reporting (70%) and further violence (57%), and a lack of knowledge to detect (48%) and report (56%) as potential barriers. Findings confirmed knowledge and attitude gaps of OHTs and DTs towards CAN. Inadequate knowledge of reporting processes and ethical dilemmas were common barriers to taking action. Such an effort to enhance the knowledge and attitudes of OHTs and DTs will be necessary to promote child safety and wellbeing. In this presentation, I will discuss potential areas to focus to improve OHP’s responsiveness in child protection.

Attitudes towards the collection and linkage of maltreatment data for research: A qualitative study

IntroductionFactors that affect public and professionals' attitudes towards the collection and linkage of health and other data have been explored in the literature. Thus far there has been no study exploring attitudes towards the collection of child maltreatment data. ObjectivesOur aim is to explore attitudes regarding the collection and linkage of maltreatment data for research. MethodsParticipants included younger mothers, older mothers, care-experienced young people, and professionals who were responsible for recording child maltreatment data. Four face-to-face focus groups were conducted, one with younger mothers (n = 6), one with older mothers (n = 10), and two with care-experienced young people (n = 6 and n = 5). An online focus group was conducted with professionals (n = 10), two of whom additionally participated in telephone interviews. Transcribed audio-recorded data were inductively coded, a portion were double-coded by a second researcher, and thematically analysed. ResultsThree major themes were identified. The first concerned issues of consent, specifically the conditions for providing consent and factors influencing this. The second concerned trust in data security and validity, the organisations and individuals providing and using the data, and how the information provided shapes attitudes. The third theme explored the benefits of research and the researchers' role in child protection. Participants wanted the choice of providing consent for data collection, especially when consenting on behalf of another, but there were concerns that maltreated children were unidentifiable in anonymised datasets. Care-experienced young people were concerned about data collection from Social Services records due to their sensitivity. There was a general lack of understanding about how research data is viewed and the accuracy of records. ConclusionsNovel findings in the study were strongly related to the sensitive nature of the topic. The findings may be particularly useful when designing research studies and participant materials and a co-productive approach to this should be taken.

Attitudes towards the collection and linkage of maltreatment data for research: A qualitative study.

IntroductionFactors that affect public and professionals’ attitudes towards the collection and linkage of health and other data have been explored in the literature. Thus far there has been no study exploring attitudes towards the collection of child maltreatment data.ObjectivesOur aim is to explore attitudes regarding the collection and linkage of maltreatment data for research.MethodsParticipants included younger mothers, older mothers, care-experienced young people, and professionals who were responsible for recording child maltreatment data. Four face-to-face focus groups were conducted, one with younger mothers (n = 6), one with older mothers (n = 10), and two with care-experienced young people (n = 6 and n = 5). An online focus group was conducted with professionals (n = 10), two of whom additionally participated in telephone interviews. Transcribed audio-recorded data were inductively coded, a portion were double-coded by a second researcher, and thematically analysed.ResultsThree major themes were identified. The first concerned issues of consent, specifically the conditions for providing consent and factors influencing this. The second concerned trust in data security and validity, the organisations and individuals providing and using the data, and how the information provided shapes attitudes. The third theme explored the benefits of research and the researchers’ role in child protection. Participants wanted the choice of providing consent for data collection, especially when consenting on behalf of another, but there were concerns that maltreated children were unidentifiable in anonymised datasets. Care-experienced young people were concerned about data collection from Social Services records due to their sensitivity. There was a general lack of understanding about how research data is viewed and the accuracy of records.ConclusionsNovel findings in the study were strongly related to the sensitive nature of the topic. The findings may be particularly useful when designing research studies and participant materials and a co-productive approach to this should be taken.

Experience with outreach services of a multidisciplinary team for child abuse identification

Identifying child abuse is sometimes challenging due to its various presentations. To facilitate timely identification of critical or complex cases of physical abuse outside our child protection center, we established an outreach multidisciplinary team (OMDT) to support Kaohsiung City Government in 2014. The objective of this study was to describe our experience of OMDT services during a 6-year period and examine its role in assisting law enforcement. We retrospectively analyzed all OMDT cases from January 2014 to January 2020. Clinical characteristics and OMDT reports were reviewed. After inspection by our OMDT, cases were determined as indicating either a high risk or low risk of child abuse. Associations among clinical characteristics, radiographic findings, OMDT decisions and case outcomes including law enforcement and prosecution were examined. Thirty-two cases (22 [68.8%] males and 10 [31.2%] females; mean age 24.2 months) received OMDT service, of whom 28 (87.5%) were admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit. The victims had an average of 2.2 types of wounds in 3.4 locations. The most common finding on radiography was subdural hemorrhage (18, 56.3%), followed by subarachnoid hemorrhage (31, 31.3%). Law enforcement was activated in 20 (64.5%) cases, and was only associated with the high-risk group as determined by the OMDT (p<0.05) but not with any other variables. Our experience indicates that an OMDT can play an important role in child protection and activating law enforcement for children with complex or critical physical abuse. We suggest that in Taiwan, OMDT services should be incorporated into child protection centers, National Health Insurance system and governmental child protection policies.

URGENSI PERLINDUNGAN HAK KONSTITUSI ANAK OLEH PEMERINTAH DAERAH KABUPATEN SAMBAS

The high number of child cases in the last 3 (three) years tends to increase, especially sexual violence against children in sambas. Local governments have a very important role in child protection as stated in the Child Protection Act. Law Number 23 of 2014 concerning Regional Government and Government Regulation Number 18 of 2016 concerning Regional Apparatuses strengthens that child protection matters are a mandatory regional affair. The role of DP3AP2KB in carrying out its duties is in the form of prevention and handling of child sexual violence in Sambas Regency. The results of research related to the role of DP3AP2KB in its implementation, DP3AP2KB through Counseling and Legal Aid activities have met the existing standard operating procedures. However, the assistance provided was not optimal because the DP3AP2KB party rarely attended during the trial. The socialization carried out is also considered not very effective because of the high rate of sexual violence against children. There are obstacles such as budget and human resources. There is cooperation with other agencies related to child protection

Protection Against Violence and Abuse in Medical Institutions - Reasons, Prevalence and Implications for Practice

Protection Against Violence and Abuse in Medical Institutions - Reasons, Prevalence and Implications for Practice Reported cases of (sexual) abuse in institutions as well as the results of surveys show that violence against children and adolescents, but also against adults, occurs also in medical institutions. There are still few studies on the frequency of these cases. However, the cases that have come to public attention show that medical institutions bear systemic risk factors for such assaults. On the other hand, medical institutions also play an important role in child protection, since many children and adolescents affected by maltreatment including sexual abuse come into contact with the medical system. It is necessary that medical institutions deal with this problem and develop respective institutional protection concepts. A protection concept is a system of measures that ensure better protection against assaults within an organisation. Important steps are analysis of risk factors, structural changes, the creation of plan of procedures and the development of an institutional attitude that assaults are not tolerated. Although the development of protection concepts takes time and resources, it has many advantages for institutions, such as an increased sense of security for professionals, because they know how to proceed in such situation. Now that the obligation to draw up protection concepts is anchored in the quality management guideline of the Federal Joint Committee (G-BA), all hospitals and practices must set out to develop appropriate concepts.

Exploring Psychological Frameworks to Guide Educational Psychologists’ Practice in Relation to Child Sexual Exploitation

ABSTRACT Child Sexual Exploitation (CSE) remains a significant concern in the English context with a broad professional research base expanding at pace in response to serious case reviews and government inquiries into historical sexual abuse. Whilst educational psychologists (EPs) have an established role in child protection and safeguarding, the work they do in relation to CSE is underexplored. Through in-depth qualitative interviews with three educational psychology professionals, this study aims to stimulate reflection and contribute to the knowledge base which guides EPs’ practice when responding to sexual exploitation. Professional responses which adopt a “vulnerability management” approach are problematised and an exploration of the role of the EP within a contextual safeguarding framework is suggested.

The educational psychologist’s role in child protection and safeguarding: an exploration of research over time

ABSTRACT Through a Critical Interpretive Synthesis (CIS), this systematic literature review explores the role of the Educational Psychologist (EP) in relation to child protection and safeguarding as it has been conceptualised within the research base over time. Key databases were searched and a conceptual map, informed by experienced EPs, guided further purposive searching with a focus on conceptual saturation. 24 papers across multiple areas of child protection and safeguarding work were included. Drawing on wider debates, it is suggested that changing legislative and socio-political climates have resulted in a shift within the research base from ‘thinking about doing’ towards ‘thinking about thinking’, where a safeguarding agenda is prioritised and there is less focus on child protection. Implications for EPs’ practice with children and families are considered, and further opportunities for research suggested.

Talking about the Aboriginal Community: Child Protection Practitioners’ Views

Child protection practitioners view Aboriginal communities as victim, adversary, participant, partner, and protector of children. These representations of communities are derived from interview data with 19 Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal child protection social workers in British Columbia, Canada. The representations of the community are informed by the practitioner’s geographic relationship to the community and the length of community residency (including whether it’s the practitioner’s community of origin). Practitioners view communities as a victim or adversary when no relationship of trust exists with the community. Practitioners view communities having a participative or partnership role in child protection when trust has developed. When communities take full responsibility for children’s welfare, practitioners view the community as the protector of children. No clear association was found between the different representations of the community and the practitioner’s culture or organizational auspices. The practitioner’s own vision of practice is believed to significantly influence the relationship that develops with the community.

Conceptualising children’s life histories and reasons for entry into residential care in the Philippines: Social contexts, instabilities and safeguarding

The residential care of children and young people is a major welfare practice in the Philippines. However, understandings of children and young people’s life histories and circumstances for living in these arrangements is unknown, as is knowledge of residential care as a welfare phenomenon in the Philippines. Focusing on the life histories of children and young people living in residential care, this study explores the circumstances of their entry into residential care and their interpretations of these experiences. Drawing on semi-structured interviews with 50 children and young people over the age of 15, either currently or previously living in residential care, across one regional and one urban study site, participants reveal life histories made up of diverse experiences of poverty and hardship, punctuated by unstable care arrangements, family breakdown and significant child maltreatment. Children and young people interpret their life histories via the social disadvantage and constraints in their childhoods, and the vulnerabilities that these engender, highlighting their social relations and contexts prior to living in residential care, detailing their need for care and safeguarding, and their perceptions that residential care settings offer opportunities to exercise agency and control over their futures. The findings highlight the welfare and child protection role of residential care settings in the Philippines, as well as the support and community safety needs of families.

Video Interaction Guidance: A Return to Traditional Values and Relationship-Based Practice?

In response to the shift away from direct work in social work, there has been resurgence in relationship-based participatory approaches. Such approaches are dependent upon practitioner expertise in developing and sustaining relationships with families. This article presents findings from an evaluation of the Video Interaction Guidance (VIG) Service embedded within Children’s Services in a unitary authority in England. The Service provides therapeutic strengths-based direct work with families delivered by educational psychologists, social workers and family support workers trained in VIG. Interview findings with parents and referrers highlighted the significance of conducting the intervention within the home as a separate service distinct from the child protection role. The therapeutic relationship between the practitioner and the parent served as an exemplar of a positive relationship and a safe space where parents’ internalised perception of themselves could be challenged. The VIG service offers an evidence-based intervention aimed at increasing primary carers’ attunement and sensitivity towards their child. VIG also enables professionals the time to engage in direct work with families and to review how they interact and engage with them. Such an approach allows the ‘invisible trade’ of social work to become visible and subject to improvement and refinement.

Training and confidence in undertaking child protection work as reported by New Zealand paediatricians.

In New Zealand and rural Australia, general paediatricians undertake the majority of child protection (CP) medical assessments. This study aimed to document what New Zealand paediatricians think about their role in CP and their perceived preparedness for this work. A 43-item SurveyMonkey questionnaire was sent to paediatricians working in CP. Questions explored demographic detail, CP work undertaken clinically and with regard to teaching and paediatrician confidence and experience in areas of CP. A separate questionnaire documented organisational CP work. A total of 79 paediatricians, 45 (57%) female, responded from 15 of 20 District Health Boards. For 73%, CP was less than 10% of their weekly workload, with 42% indicating they had been the lead paediatrician for fewer than five cases in the preceding 12 months. Paediatricians were more confident managing physical abuse than sexual abuse cases with regard to initial assessments, report writing and appearances in court. Just over a third reported at least once feeling personally threatened or unsafe while involved in a CP case. Only 29% were satisfied with their level of training, and 73% agreed they would like more CP training. Paediatricians undertake a number of roles in CP but do not feel confident in all these roles. More attention needs to be given to training in CP in general paediatric physician training in New Zealand.

Generating Essentials for Childhood: New Roles in Child Protection for the U.S. Federal Government and the Public Health Sector

Generating Essentials for Childhood: New Roles in Child Protection for the U.S. Federal Government and the Public Health Sector