Role Of Collaboration Research Articles

Eliciting the anchor link for building public-private collaboration in sustainable energy: insights from the Finnish context

This article interrelates social, environmental, and technological aspects concerning public-private collaboration. The aim is to decipher the motivations and reluctance factors that prompt or limit building synergies between actors with divergent incentives and better understand the connection between the individual-level sensemaking and macro-level constructs regarding public-private collaboration in a specific socio-cultural context. Following the microfoundations movement in strategy and Organizational Theory, the study combines insights from sensemaking research and Social Exchange Theory to delve into how cultural context influences individuals' perception of public-private collaboration for the energy transition and ultimately defines its nature. Drawing from a case study in Finland based on 30 interviews, we identify six critical dimensions in the actors' discourse: 1) the role of trust in decision-making, 2) consensus and competition, 3) horizontality, 4) boosting innovations versus the challenges of public and private sectors, 5) acceptability of arrangements and public funding, and 6) the role of public-private collaboration in the decarbonization. These dimensions shed light on the influence of the socio-cultural context in enhancing trust and consensus as drivers of social exchange in public-private collaboration. Future studies should explore 1) enabling mechanisms for cross-context collaboration and 2) the roles and motivations in collaborative approaches.

Comparison of protection against mpox following mRNA or modified vaccinia Ankara vaccination in nonhuman primates

In 2022, mpox virus (MPXV) spread worldwide, causing 99,581 mpox cases in 121 countries. Modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) vaccine use reduced disease in at-risk populations but failed to deliver complete protection. Lag in manufacturing and distribution of MVA resulted in additional MPXV spread, with 12,000 reported cases in 2023 and an additional outbreak in Central Africa of clade I virus. These outbreaks highlight the threat of zoonotic spillover by Orthopoxviruses. mRNA-1769, an mRNA-lipid nanoparticle (LNP) vaccine expressing MPXV surface proteins, was tested in a lethal MPXV primate model. Similar to MVA, mRNA-1769 conferred protection against challenge and further mitigated symptoms and disease duration. Antibody profiling revealed a collaborative role between neutralizing and Fc-functional extracellular virion (EV)-specific antibodies in viral restriction and ospinophagocytic and cytotoxic antibody functions in protection against lesions. mRNA-1769 enhanced viral control and disease attenuation compared with MVA, highlighting the potential for mRNA vaccines to mitigate future pandemic threats.

Trends and insights in dengue virus research globally: a bibliometric analysis (1995–2023)

BackgroundDengue virus (DENV) is the most widespread arbovirus. The World Health Organization (WHO) declared dengue one of the top 10 global health threats in 2019. However, it has been underrepresented in bibliometric analyses. This study employs bibliometric analysis to identify research hotspots and trends, offering a comprehensive overview of the current research dynamics in this field.ResultsWe present a report spanning from 1995 to 2023 that provides a unique longitudinal analysis of Dengue virus (DENV) research, revealing significant trends and shifts not extensively covered in previous literature. A total of 10,767 DENV-related documents were considered, with a notable increase in publications, peaking at 747 articles in 2021. Plos Neglected Tropical Diseases has become the leading journal in Dengue virus research, publishing 791 articles in this field—the highest number recorded. Our bibliometric analysis provides a comprehensive mapping of DENV research across multiple dimensions, including vector ecology, virology, and emerging therapies. The study delineates a complex network of immune response genes, including IFNA1, DDX58, IFNB1, STAT1, IRF3, and NFKB1, highlighting significant trends and emerging themes, particularly the impacts of climate change and new outbreaks on disease transmission. Our findings detail the progress and current status of key vaccine candidates, including the licensed Dengvaxia, newer vaccines such as Qdenga and TV003, and updated clinical trials. The study underscores significant advancements in antiviral therapies and vector control strategies for dengue, highlighting innovative drug candidates such as AT-752 and JNJ-1802, and the potential of drug repurposing with agents like Ribavirin, Remdesivir, and Lopinavir. Additionally, it discusses biological control methods, including the introduction of Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes and gene-editing technologies.ConclusionThis bibliometric study underscores the critical role of interdisciplinary collaboration in advancing DENV research, identifying key trends and areas needing further exploration, including host-virus dynamics, the development and application of antiviral drugs and vaccines, and the use of artificial intelligence. It advocates for strengthened partnerships across various disciplines to effectively tackle the challenges posed by DENV.

A comprehensive dataset for digital restoration of Dunhuang murals

The MuralDH dataset is an invaluable digital resource developed for the conservation and restoration of Dunhuang murals, which are critical components of global cultural heritage facing threats from degradation. This dataset comprises over 5000 high-resolution images tailored to 512 × 512 pixels, emphasizing the preservation of mural integrity and detail. It includes 1000 images with pixel-level damage annotations for segmentation research and 500 images specially processed for super-resolution studies, catering to a wide range of digital restoration needs. While the primary focus of this work is the dataset itself, we also introduce a supportive digital restoration framework. This framework, which encompasses damage segmentation, inpainting, and super-resolution techniques, serves as a secondary validation of MuralDH’s utility and versatility. Through MuralDH, technology revives ancient art, embodying the essence of interdisciplinary innovation. By facilitating advanced research in computer vision and artificial intelligence, MuralDH aims to revolutionize the digital preservation practices for murals and other cultural artifacts, demonstrating the critical role of interdisciplinary collaboration in safeguarding our cultural legacy.

SCIENCES IN PHYSICSMETHODICAL MEANS OF DEVELOPING KNOWLEDGE ABOUT ENERGY-EFFICIENT TECHNOLOGIES BASED ON INTEGRATION

Energy-saving technologies are becoming a critical component to help address the growing challenges of climate change, environmental degradation, and energy security. In this context, the integration of different sciences in physics is a fundamental approach to developing knowledge in this field. This article discusses methodological means of developing knowledge about energy-saving technologies by integrating physics with other scientific disciplines such as material science, thermodynamics, and engineering. This paper presents case studies of energy-saving technologies that use photonics, thermoelectric materials, nanotechnology, and smart energy systems to demonstrate how such methods can aid in adaptation and mitigation efforts while providing a scientific basis for sustainable technologies. Furthermore, this article outlines the critical role of interdisciplinary collaborations among scientists from different scientific disciplines in advancing research and development of sustainable energy technologies.

817. ARTERIA LUSORIA: IMPLICATIONS FOR ESOPHAGEAL SURGERY

Abstract Background The aberrant right subclavian artery, also known as arteria lusoria, is an embryologic abnormality affecting 0.5-1.8% of individuals. Instead of arising from the brachiocephalic artery, the right subclavian artery emerges as the fourth branch of the aortic arch. In most cases (80%), the artery has a retro-esophageal trajectory, while in 20% it runs anteriorly, which may pose difficulties in performing a safe intra-thoracic or cervical anastomosis. This condition is associated with a non-recurrent right inferior laryngeal nerve. Methods Following Kurokawa’s publication in 2019, our unit has adopted routine recurrent bilateral laryngeal nerve lymphadenectomy in esophageal and cardia carcinomas with over than 4 cm of esophageal involvement. We present a video that features a 68-year-old male diagnosed with a squamous cell carcinoma of lower thoracic esophagus, staged as cT3N+M0. He presents with a retro-esophageal arteria lusoria and non-recurrent right inferior laryngeal nerve. Following the CROSS protocol with neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy, the patient underwent a Mckeown esophagectomy with total thoracic lymphadenectomy. Results In this presentation, we explore the anatomical details and surgical considerations associated with the arteria lusoria in esophageal surgery. This video details the essential procedural steps for the identification of the vagus nerve and the identification of the arteria lusoria during upper mediastinal dissection. This case emphases the need for customized surgical strategies and the role of interdisciplinary collaboration, particularly integration of radiological insights. Such cooperation ensures that the surgical team is ready to address the unique challenges presented by these anatomical deviations and minimize the risks. Conclusion In conclusion, this presentation aims to highlight the procedural intricacies and the collaborative effort required to manage effectively the arteria lusoria in esophageal surgery. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1agjPmA6lxPoVVPxvgJCHaDCqs1dJP-xk/view

Cooperation of aquaporin 5 and the adrenergic system in the initiation of birth in rat model

Aquaporins (AQPs) are involved in the process of implantation, regulate myometrial contractions and cervical ripening, and maintain appropriate placental functioning. The molecular mechanism of these functions is not fully understood. Our study aimed to investigate the physiological significance of AQP5 during pregnancy and to determine the cooperation between the adrenergic system and the AQP5 in uterine contraction in the late-pregnant rat uterus.After administering AQP5 siRNA intraperitoneally to Sprague-Dawley rats, the length of the gestational period was determined and the changes in uterine contractions were measured in an isolated organ bath system. Pharmacological influence on AQP5 expression and uterine contraction was investigated by treatment with terbutaline (10 mg/kg, subcutaneously) and doxazosin (5 mg/kg, orally) in vivo; and mercuric chloride (HgCl2), in vitro. Moreover, the levels of cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) were measured in the uterus by an ELISA kit.The gestational period became shorter, AQP5 expression significantly decreased and rat uterus contraction increased after AQP5 siRNA treatment compared to the control. Treatment with terbutaline significantly increased AQP5 mRNA and protein expression after 30 min and continuously reduced it until 90 min, whereas doxazosin treatment did not significantly alter AQP5 expression. Treatment with the AQP5 antagonist HgCl2 increased spontaneous uterus contraction and decreased norepinephrine-induced uterus contraction with decreasing AQP5 expression in pregnant rat uterus. Moreover, the tocolytic effect through the adrenergic system was amplified in the presence of an AQP5 antagonist, presumably via the changes in cAMP level.In conclusion, our findings elucidate the collaborative role of aquaporin 5 (AQP5) and adrenergic systems in the regulation of uterine contractions in late-pregnant rats. Our findings suggest this may be a good starting point for developing a new tocolytic therapy.

Inteligencia Artificial, Imagen Médica y Medicina de Precisión: Avances y Perspectivas

The role of artificial intelligence (AI) applied to medical imaging in developing and strengthening personalized medicine is described as a continuous process of improvement, a set of opportunities, and a professional challenge of enormous significance. This paper outlines the main processes in which AI is involved regarding imaging, including data preparation, image harmonization, automatic segmentation of organs and lesions, labeling, extraction of radiomic features, and the development of predictive clinical models. It will also address aspects related to the integration of these solutions into clinical practice to enhance accuracy and efficiency in the care process, diagnosis, and treatment, making it more personalized, efficient, and precise. Projects like PRIMAGE and CHAIMELEON highlight the transformative potential of AI and the fundamental role of interdisciplinary collaboration in realizing this potential, based on ongoing multiprofesional collaboration to address the ethical, regulatory, technical, and clinical challenges that accompany these advancements.

Inclusive tourism: A driving force for collaborative governance in advancing sustainable village tourism

This study aims to investigate the relationship between collaborative governance inclusive tourism in fostering sustainable tourism development in Bali. Employing a quantitative approach, data was collected from a comprehensive sample of 137 tourism villages across in Bali. This study implemented Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) as a robust statistical methodology technique to analyze the relationship between collaborative governance, inclusive tourism, and sustainable tourism. This study draws upon the tenets of Collaboration Theory, which underscores the critical role of collaboration in realizing sustainable tourism villages. The findings of this research reveal that collaborative governance provides a significant positive influence on sustainable tourism. Notably, this impact is amplified by the moderating effect of inclusive tourism, suggesting that inclusive tourism plays a multifaceted and complex role in the intricate nexus between collaborative governance and sustainable tourism in tourism villages. Overall, the research suggests that the combination of collaborative governance and inclusive tourism is a powerful recipe for sustainable village tourism.

Quadruple Helix Approach to Boost Fashion Industry Innovation

Currently, the fashion industry continues to grow and increase, but there is a problem gap in the form of declining demand for orders and stagnant fashion products, which has an impact on 3,000 textile factory workers in Sukoharjo Regency who have been laid off. The problem gap needs to be resolved through the collaborative roles of the sectors in the quadruple helix consisting of the fashion industry, universities, government, and civil society. Therefore, the research question is how does the fashion industry build innovation through the support of sectors in the quadruple helix? The purpose of this study is to identify the role of the quadruple helix in encouraging the fashion industry to create innovations that have an impact on employment. The research method used was a qualitative study with the informants being the Industry Office as the government sector, two fashion MSMEs as industry sector representatives, one university in Indonesia as the university sector, and a sample from civil society. The results of this research indicate that the industry sector is the primary driver of innovation, universities provide foundational knowledge for other sectors, and the government plays a role in maintaining the smooth operation of the fashion industry through policies. Additionally, civil society is responsible for evaluating the work of industry, universities, and government policies. This research contributes to the body of knowledge on the quadruple helix innovation theory.

VAI TRÒ CỦA HIỆU TRƯỞNG TRONG VIỆC KHUYẾN KHÍCH SỰ HỢP TÁC CỦA GIẢNG VIÊN TẠI TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC: MỘT NGHIÊN CỨU TỔNG QUAN

Collaboration between teachers is a significant predictor of outcome variables at the schools, teacher, and student levels. As they are in charge of establishing the work settings for teachers, principals have the power to encourage and develop teacher collaboration. The aim of this case study was to gain insight into how important principals’ roles are in establishing and maintaining a cooperative work environment between teachers. With the document analysis method, the paper is going to discuss principals’ roles in encouraging collaboration between teachers, the benefits of teacher collaboration, and links between principals’ roles and teacher collaboration. Hopefully, it would be a precious source for both principals and teachers to be aware of the importance of collaboration at tertiary level. Keywords: Collaboration; the roles of principals; tertiary level; sustainable development.

Transforming High School Education with Digital Tools: A Systematic Review

This systematic review comprehensively examines the impact of digital tools on high school education, drawing from 23 peer-reviewed studies published between 2018 and 2023. The study explores a wide range of research methodologies, including randomized controlled trials, quasi-experimental designs, and experimental studies, to assess the effectiveness of digital technologies in enhancing education outcomes. The findings indicate that digital tools, particularly those integrated using the substitution augmentation modification and redefinition model, significantly improve student autonomy, engagement, and academic performance across diverse geographic and demographic contexts. However, the review also identifies challenges, such as the complexity of content, technological disparities, and the necessity for well-planned and context-sensitive implementation strategies. Furthermore, it highlights the importance of professional development for educators and the need for infrastructural support to ensure equitable access to technology. The study underscores the critical role of collaboration among educators, policymakers, and stakeholders to maximize the benefits of digital education. The review calls for ongoing research into innovative educational technologies and their long-term effects, and advocates for a strategic and well-supported approach to integrating these tools into high school settings.

Energy transition in the retail sector: Revealing decision-making behaviours for energy efficiency retrofits of Dutch shopping centres

Shopping centres hold significant energy retrofit potential in the retail sector. However, their complex multi-stakeholder governance structure complicates decision-making for Energy Efficiency Retrofits (EER). Although literature identifies some barriers linked to EER, they are often scattered and not identified within a process perspective that considers their contextual complexities. This study addressed this gap by examining stakeholders’ behaviours, barriers, and relations during EER decision-making processes, to detect stakeholders’ needs to catalyse the energy transition. Qualitative research was conducted on three representative Dutch shopping centres case studies. The cross-case analysis uncovered the decision-making process for EER and new barriers attributed to this building typology. Amongst other, detected barriers can be attributed to limitations with governmental and internal regulations, lifecycle conflicts, proposed interventions being out of scope, and existing technical challenges. The study also revealed causal relationships among stakeholders, showcasing varying interpretations of barriers and highlighting the roles of owners, property managers, and public authorities in overcoming them. Furthermore, the findings indicate the key role that different contextual variables play in the EER decision-making process, such as ownership type, governance structure, and leasing structure. This study offers insights and recommendations for shopping centre owners, property managers, and policymakers, to support them in navigating the energy transition of the retail building stock. Key recommendations include decentralizing decision-making, optimizing governance structure, streamlining sustainability advisors, and acknowledging the collaborative roles of property managers and policymakers in providing effective and holistic solutions.

STRATEGIC DIRECTIONS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF EDUCATION IN UKRAINE

This research explores the strategic directions for the development of the education sector in Ukraine, focusing on enhancing human capital, modernizing educational practices, and increasing global competitiveness. It identifies key priorities, including improving the qualifications of academic personnel, developing labor market-aligned curricula, and providing psychological support for students. The research also emphasizes the importance of modernizing learning environments, expanding remote education, and fostering cooperation between educational institutions and the private sector. Additionally, the study highlights the role of international collaboration and institutional transparency in promoting innovation and long-term growth. The findings underscore the need for a comprehensive approach to education reform, aimed at improving teaching quality, inclusivity, and adaptability in response to evolving global challenges. By focusing on these strategic priorities, Ukraine's education sector can enhance its resilience, competitiveness, and contribution to national economic development.

The role of multidisciplinary collaborations in publishing innovation

Product innovation is crucial for the future of the publishing industry, and the objective of this study was to understand the role of multi-disciplinarity in publishing innovation teams, typical patterns of interaction between team members, and similarities and differences in multidisciplinary innovation teams across national boundaries (US, Canada, and Germany). This is an exploratory study from Portland State University, Stuttgart Media University and Toronto Metropolitan University based on twenty-one qualitative in-depth interviews with publishing employees involved in the innovation process. The study reveals that multidisciplinary innovation teams are common in all three countries. Using an input-process-output (IPO) model, researchers found three main things: 1) input from outside the company is helpful; 2) corporate culture, familiarity and psychological safety foster creativity during the innovation process; and 3) innovation output is often evaluated by low-cost prototypes presented to the target audience.

Intraphase Switching of Hollow CoCuFe Nanocubes for Efficient Electrochemical Nitrite Reduction to Ammonia.

This study addresses the urgent need to focus on the nitrite reduction reaction (NO2-RR) to ammonia (NH3). A ternary-metal Prussian blue analogue (CoCuFe-PBA) was utilized as the template material, leveraging its tunable electronic properties to synthesize CoCuFe oxide (CoCuFe-O) through controlled calcination. Subsequently, a CoCuFe alloy (CoCuFe-A) was obtained via pulsed laser irradiation in liquids. The electrochemical properties of CoCuFe-O, derived from the PBA crystal structure, demonstrated a high yield of NH4+ at a rate of 555.84 μmol h-1 cm-2, with the highest Faradaic efficiency of 91.8% and a selectivity of 97.3% during a 1-h NO2-RR under an optimized potential of -1.0 V vs. Ag/AgCl. In situ Raman spectroscopy revealed the collaborative role of redox pairs (Co3+/Co2+ and Fe3+/Fe2+) as proton (H+) suppliers, with Cu centers serving as NO2- binders, thereby enhancing the reaction rate. Additionally, theoretical studies confirmed that Fe and Co atoms are more reactive than Cu toward intermediates playing crucial roles in hydrogenation, while Cu primarily activates NO owing to hydrogenation by the Fe and Co atoms and a high kinetic barrier in H2O* adsorption. This comprehensive investigation provides valuable insights into the electrochemical NO2-RR, establishing a foundation for efficient and sustainable NH3 synthesis strategies.

Enhancing Prehospital Care During the Conflict in Ukraine: NATO's Role in Global Health Engagement.

The conflict in Ukraine, ongoing since 2014 and escalating with the Russian invasion in 2022, has unveiled profound challenges in prehospital care essential for the survival and recovery of warfighters and civilians alike, necessitating a detailed examination of the current medical response mechanisms and their effectiveness. This study provides an overview of these challenges and examines how these critical vulnerabilities have impacted the delivery of medical care in war-torn regions. It also explores the role of NATO and its member states in addressing these challenges, focusing on the efforts to standardize prehospital care, enhance training, and foster interoperability among medical services. Furthermore, it explores the role of global heath engagement through NGOs in addressing these prehospital care gaps within the Ukrainian conflict zone, drawing from direct observations, expert testimonials, and secondary data. Findings reveal significant enhancements in prehospital care through improved training, interoperability, and logistics management, despite ongoing challenges in medical infrastructure and extended evacuation times, which continue to impact the quality of care. The study underscores the critical role of international collaboration and standardized protocols in bolstering prehospital medical responses in conflict settings, highlighting the need for continuous adaptation and support to mitigate the complexities of modern warfare. The insights gained from the Ukraine conflict offer valuable lessons for future military and humanitarian medical responses in similar conflict settings.

Collaboration for implementation of decentralisation policy of multi drug-resistant tuberculosis services in Zambia

BackgroundMulti-drug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) infections are a public health concern. Since 2017, the Ministry of Health (MoH) in Zambia, in collaboration with its partners, has been implementing decentralised MDR-TB services to address the limited community access to treatment. This study sought to explore the role of collaboration in the implementation of decentralised multi drug-resistant tuberculosis services in Zambia.MethodsA qualitative case study design was conducted in selected provinces in Zambia using in-depth and key informant interviews as data collection methods. We conducted a total of 112 interviews involving 18 healthcare workers, 17 community health workers, 32 patients and 21 caregivers in healthcare facilities located in 10 selected districts. Additionally, 24 key informant interviews were conducted with healthcare workers managers at facility, district, provincial, and national-levels. Thematic analysis was employed guided by the Integrative Framework for Collaborative Governance.FindingsThe principled engagement was shaped by the global health agenda/summit meeting influence on the decentralisation of TB, engagement of stakeholders to initiate decentralisation, a supportive policy environment for the decentralisation process and guidelines and quarterly clinical expert committee meetings. The factors that influenced the shared motivation for the introduction of MDR-TB decentralisation included actors having a common understanding, limited access to health facilities and emergency transport services, a shared understanding of challenges in providing optimal patient monitoring and review and their appreciation of the value of evidence-based decision-making in the implementation of MDR- TB decentralisation. The capacity for joint action strategies included MoH initiating strategic partnerships in enhancing MDR-TB decentralisation, the role of leadership in organising training of healthcare workers and of multidisciplinary teams, inadequate coordination, supervision and monitoring of laboratory services and joint action in health infrastructural rehabilitation.ConclusionsPrincipled engagement facilitated the involvement of various stakeholders, the dissemination of relevant policies and guidelines and regular quarterly meetings of clinical expert committees to ensure ongoing support and guidance. A shared motivation among actors was underpinned by a common understanding of the barriers faced while implementing decentralisation efforts. The capacity for joint action was demonstrated through several key strategies, however, challenges such as inadequate coordination, supervision and monitoring of laboratory services, as well as the need for collaborative efforts in health infrastructural rehabilitation were observed. Overall, collaboration has facilitated the creation of a more responsive and comprehensive TB care system, addressing the critical needs of patients and improving health outcomes.

Enhancing Inclusive Finance in Sub‐Saharan Africa: The Collaborative Role of Economic Freedom and Innovative Facilities

ABSTRACTThis paper gives insight into innovative facilities' role in the effect of economic freedom on inclusive finance in sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA) using data from 2008 to 2020. After using the generalized method of moment for the analysis, the study concluded that improving economic freedom promotes financial inclusion while expanding innovative facilities in SSA inhibits inclusive finance. The study also discovered that innovative facilities improve the impact of economic freedom on inclusive finance in SSA and subsequently diminish the effect of economic freedom on inclusive finance after certain thresholds (mobile usage 100.75, internet usage 34.1064, fixed broadband usage not applicable, telephone usage 13.3494, and innovative facility index 1.5619). Hence, policymakers are advised to increase freedom in SSA economies to boost financial inclusion by ensuring the bureaucracy for establishing financial institutions is minimized and institutions that ensure property rights and free will are instituted to encourage people to participate in financial services. When it comes to using innovative facilities to enhance freedom‐induced inclusivity in finance, technical and financial knowledge should be enhanced in addition to lowering the cost of using innovative facilities to access financial services in order to eliminate the threshold levels at which innovative facilities reduce inclusive finance SSA.

Kedudukan Hukum Justice Collaborator dalam Sistem Peradilan Pidana di Indonesia

Justice collaborators play an important role in law enforcement. The role or function of a justice collaborator includes disclosing a criminal act or the impending occurrence of a criminal act, so that the return of assets resulting from criminal acts can be achieved to the state, providing information to law enforcement officials, providing testimony in the judicial process. The aim of this research is to analyze the legal position of justice collaborators in the criminal justice legal system in Indonesia. This research uses a type of normative juridical research by analyzing primary, secondary and tertiary legal materials. The results of the research are that the legal position of justice collaborator has a very important role in uncovering a well-organized criminal act, or a particular criminal case, so that the suspect or defendant's request to become a justice collaborator must be granted. considered based on the evidence at trial in this case. It is within the judge's authority to grant the justice collaborator's request, because this will affect the sentence. In conclusion, justice collaborators are not regulated in the criminal procedural law book in Indonesia, but are regulated in Law Number 31 of 2014 concerning Protection of Witnesses and Victims, as well as Joint Regulations for Law Enforcement Officials and Witness and Victim Protection Institutions concerning Protection of Witnesses and Victims. Complainant, Reporting Witness and Perpetrator Witness Working Together.