Role Of Women In Politics Research Articles

Gender Attitudes and Public Opinion Towards Electoral Gender Quotas in Brazil

Research on public opinion towards affirmative action shows that citizens often support the principle of equality while simultaneously rejecting policies that promote it in a pattern described as the “principle‐policy puzzle.” The scholarship also shows that ideology and prejudice towards the targeted group explain the puzzle with respect to racial affirmative action. In this article, we use unique survey questions included in the 2014 round of the AmericasBarometer in Brazil to show that citizens tend to support electoral gender quotas while rejecting gender‐based egalitarianism in a reversed version of the “principle‐policy puzzle.” We argue that a different type of gender attitudes, namely benevolent sexism, shapes support for gender quotas as well as for the principle of equality. While benevolent sexists tend to reject gender equality based on views about gender complementarity and stereotypes about women's purity, they also support quotas as policies to foster such values. Our findings suggest that even though the political and scholarly debates can provide sound normative reasons for the adoption of quotas across different contexts, public support for them often relies on paternalistic views and expectations about the role of women in politics.

Women in Politics by Bass Diffusion Model

Gender equality through women empowerment has been a global advocacy since the early 20th century. This paper attempts to forecast the participation of women in politics, especially in the Philippines. Data from 1998 to 2016 on the number of women joining the Philippine government (elected) were extracted from the Philippine Statistics Authority. The data were used to denote the cumulative adopters by tailoring it to the Bass diffusion model by means of the Bass Forecasting Spreadsheet. It was found out that the adoption rate in 2040 will be around 37% in the present population. This means that women role in politics is expected to reach its peak based on the first data in 42 years. The use of this model delivered an idea that the growing nature of women in the politics either from local and national positions can seemingly sustain overtime. Further, it denotes that even in the increasing involvement of women in politics, there will be a time that it reaches its saturation point. In the same vein, even with the saturation, the years mark and uncover the significant contributions of women in the politics. Hence, it is not the quantity of women in the Philippine politics that matters, but rather the kind of service they can provide to uplift the quality of Filipino lives.

Partai Islam, Tafsif Agama, dan Representasi Perempuan dalam Partai Persatuan Pembangunan

Some studies about women’s participation in Islamic Political Parties are still limited in political recruitment without considering the “Islamic Values” within in. This paper aims to analyze how the Islamic Party in Indonesia supports and works for women's representation in the national legislature in 2014 amid some “mainstream-malestream” religion interpretation of a leader. By conducting in-depth interviews with the Chairman of the PPP, the most senior Islamic Party in 2014 Election, the authors found that since 2003, as stipulated in Muktamar V PPP, the party has noticed the participation and role of women in politics. It shows us that in terms of giving attention to the role of women in Politics, PPP has done it before the government launched an affirmative action policy in 2004. Unfortunately, the openness of the participation of women that have been designed by the PPP has not been followed by its efforts to change the unequal structure and gender relations. Women candidates must compete in the prevailing market mechanism which is still gender-neutral.

The impact of political reform on the stability of the state of Kuwait since 2010

Purpose The study aims to deal with three theoretical approaches to answer the research question: Does political reform in rentier States (Kuwait as a model) lead to political stability? The first approach: Following the steps of political reform in rentier States leads eventually to political stability. The second approach: Political stability in rentier States does not necessarily lead to political reform. The third approach: In rentier States, the decisive factor in interpreting the correlation between political reform and political stability requires explaining other intermediary factors. Design/methodology/approach David Easton’s input-output model: Easton defined the political system as the interactions related to the authoritarian allocation of values in society, that is, the distribution of resources by decisions adopted by individuals, and provided a framework for analysis of the political system in which it sees an integrated circuit of a dynamic nature that starts with inputs and outputs feedback, input and output. Inputs refer to the effects of the environment on the system. Outputs are the effects of the system on the environment, which are the decisions and policies taken by the system to meet the demands. Reverse feedback is the flow of information to the system about the results of its actions, the results of its decisions and policies. Generate new inputs in the form of a demand or support, and the system’s feedback feeds a kind of movement. Findings It can be said that the future of the rentier state is particularly dangerous in the Arab countries where the problem today is the sharp drop in oil prices, which requires the need to enter into the stage of major transformations and work to bring about fundamental changes and enter into radical constitutional, economic, political and social reforms before turning them from the state rent to countries that lack political stability. Research limitations/implications The aim of this research is to present a theoretical study of political reform. The study began to consolidate the concept of political reform, which was and still is the goal of many political and social reform leaders and movements, in addition to being a major topic in political theories. Reform can be carried out by violence and by peaceful change. In any case, reform remains a humanitarian need that cannot be ignored or avoided, because the alternative is worsening and deteriorating political and social conditions. Practical implications The Arab Spring revolutions set many challenges for the Arab countries. These countries had to start political reforms. The State of Kuwait was one of the most important rentier countries that, after the Arab Spring revolutions, was concerned with ensuring that individuals and groups exercised their political rights through political participation in decision-making. It guarantees the human existence of society and protects it through the law and its legislation, and grants rights and freedoms and does not oppose it. Social implications Political reforms lead to accommodating the demands of the opposition, increasing the political participation of citizens, activating the political role of women, activating the role of civil society and increasing political mobility. Originality/value The importance of the research paper is to emphasize the term rentier state and confirm the importance of reform in rentier countries and the paper asks whether the expansion of political rights, citizenship and participation will lead to stability or instability in these countries.

From Text to Context: Hermeneutics of Sacred Texts and Gendered Public Sphere in Islam

The Quran is a primary sacred text for all Muslims which provides a basic idea of Islamic legislation and women role in politics. There are numerous verses in the Quran that teaches the followers to understand and support the participation of women in politics in a given context. Hermeneutics of Quran and the gendered public sphere have complex and critical relationships with each other. The sacred religious text of the Quran is interpreted in multiple perspectives depending on socio-cultural and historical context. Society largely reconcile its intellectual tone through interpretation of text and knowledge production. The paper is an attempt to elaborate on the hermeneutics of the Quran in the context of women's politics. There is a contradictory hermeneutical debate on Quranic text on the issue of women existing in the political sphere. Interpretation is a continuous process and deeply embedded in socio-cultural dynamics. Based on a principles of hermeneutics, Quran is considered to be for all times and ages. As per the rhetoric of the 21stcentury, the contemporary hermeneutics of the Quran provides equal human space to all genders.

The Political Role of Women in the City of Santri, Situbondo (Overview of Political Communication)

This study aims to show how the role of women's political communication in the city of santri (a student in Islamic boarding school) in facing political power that is dominated by men in Situbondo. It becomes a development in women's political communication in a practical and scientific manner. The reality of the political climate in Situbondo is inseparable from the influence of the kyai as religious and cultural figures, so each of his political perceptions and views certainly has its own perspective and far from gender justice. Consequently, this affects the political space for female santri in Situbondo. In this research, building theoretical interconnections from building theoretical frameworks used such as political communication, gender analysis and phenomenology, related to the focus of research. With a qualitative-explorative research approach, several steps in the procedure of collecting observational data, interviews and documentation are applied consistently and continuously. The results of the research are firstly Santri woman has a political outlook with the benefit of minimizing conflict; secondly cultural barriers as a medium of political communication are effectively overcome by female santri. Besides, female santri tend to override political choices by preferring the political choices of the figures they envision for benefit purposes.

A Model of Education and Struggle of Social Status of Rural Women in Practical Politics at Bali Province

The targets of this study were: find out a model of the political education for rural women in the province of Bali based on the wisdom of local cultural values. For the first year (2012), the product of this study consisted of: the constellation of practical politics of Bali woman profile, the draft of a model-based political education gender equality, gender mainstreaming draft models for Bali women in the political, scientific articles published in accredited journals. Overall the research data was analyzed using descriptive qualitative analysis techniques and statistical analysis to test the effectiveness of political education model for rural women in Bali. Based on the overall research process, it gained some critical issues related to gender mainstreaming in politics at the indigenous Bali as a conclusion of this study, namely: 1) the pattern of communication and daily activity of customary village communities, the role of women’s political participation tends to be low Bali. It is mostly contributed by the application of patriarchal ideology, an ideology of kinship that put men as central ownership of the rights and obligations of the public at the level of everyday life, so that the position and status of women are subordinated. (2) The status and role of women in politics so marginalized activity, except in some aspects that still exist within the family environment, as can be seen in a symbolic meaning for the name pungkusan each nuclear family. (3) Climate and communication patterns of family life, customary village and administrative village, school does not support the process of political education for indigenous Balinese women to achieve improvement. (4) Customary village as the as the highest symbolism level of the indigenous Balinese, structurally, yet real activity in relation to the political education of the girls. (5) The process of the formation of Indonesian civil society, in conjunction with the purpose and characteristics of the indigenous Balinese customary village turned out to be quite relevant in creating a climate of gender equality

Animal Farm Is a World of Man

In the beginning of the 20th century, feminist literary theory was concerned mainly
 with the social and political role of women, as well as women’s role in literature. In
 the second half of the century, it is tried to study women’s social positions and their
 rights compared to the male counterpart. One of the most explored themes since
 then was gender and patriarchy. The aim of this paper is to show how women were
 depicted in literature after half a century of the struggle of the first wave feminist
 towards equality and stress the importance of theorizing the concept of patriarchy, as a
 first step to understanding women’s subjugation. This unfolds through a re-visitation of
 George Orwell’s fiction novels. Orwell is better known by his political writing. Although
 he has never used the word “Feminism”, in any of his fictional works, two decades
 after his death, the radical feminist, Daphne Patai accused him that he is anti-feminist,
 fundamentally because of his deprecatory stands towards women through his female
 characters. The selected texts reinforce patriarchal ideology, through the way Orwell
 portrayed his male and female characters. A feminist analytical approach will be
 adopted in the realization of this research, in order to analyse the novel in depth, with
 a focus on Orwell’s portrayal of female characters. Observing and commenting how he
 debases, mistreats and degrades them. Further, it sheds the light on how he portrays
 his male characters by analysing female and male protagonists. The significant of the
 study is to show the social and political context of the time regarding the role and the
 identity of women in the British society in the 20th century, and how women were
 treated under patriarch society and still until our days. Moreover, it sheds light on how
 patriarchy the concept of women oppression helped in the development of feminist
 theories.

Perempuan dalam Partisipasi Politik di Indonesia

In social life, women are often seen as second-class humans. This is caused by patriarchal culture that considers men are in hingher position than women. Islam itself wants equality between men and women, for example in political field. There are two verses in Al-Qur’an that instruct muslims to conduct deliberations, ie. (QS Al-Syura: 38 and QS Ali ‘Imran: 159). In 1998, Indonesian women began to have courage to express their opinions marked by the emergence of movements that speak of equality between men’s and women’s positions, particularly in political field such as the representation of women in goverment. Indonesia has accomodated the role of women in politics, as instructed in constitution law No. 2 of 2008 and constitution law No. 7 of 2017. However in reality it is inversely proportional, the women involvement in political field, especially as legislators, has not been carried out optimally. This research will discuss the role of women in building national politics by using historical analysis method, which is in analyzing the data based on the history that has happened.

STRATEGI DINAS PEMBERDAYAAN PEREMPUAN DAN PERLINDUNGAN ANAK (DPPPA) KABUPATEN KARAWANG DALAM PROGRAM PERAN SERTA DAN KESETARAAN GENDER DALAM PEMBANGUNAN

The results of this study indicated that the Strategy carried out by the Women's Empowerment and Child Protection Office of Karawang Regency, as a goal to accelerate the role of women and gender equality in various fields of development. At the Goal, the objective increased the role of women in politics. It improved gender equality in development planning documents. The implementation environment of the strategy and the threatening externalenvironment came from the influence of the Patriarchal culture. Theunpreparedness of women in various fields of development and incomplete understanding of gender. Theopportunity got great support from the Karawang Regent. The internal environment was supported by good organizational capacity. Determining Direction carried out with each SKPD in Karawang who has a gender analysis workflow method namely (Gender Analysis Pathway) GAP and (Gender Budget Statment) GBS by targeting a minimum of 10 SKPD and maximizing the quota of 30% women to be legislated until the target of Karawang DPRD Chair is female. The action was carried out by providing socialization to the SKPD to include the work method of gender analysis in each development planning document and providing training needed by female legislative candidates. Learning was carried out by conducting direct socialization to the Head of the SKPD who has the power in the process of making planning documents and pressing political parties to increase the presence of female party cadres in each training made.

REPRESENTATION OF POLITICAL ROLE OF BUNDO KANDUANG IN THE REGIONAL GOVERNMENT SYSTEM IN STRENGTHENING LOCAL DEMOCRACY IN WEST SUMATERA

This paper intends to describe in depth the representation of the political role of political parties in strengthening local democracy in West Sumatra after returning to the regional government system that changed the political system of local government in Minangkabau. Through Regional Regulation No. 2 of 2007 concerning the Principles of Regional Government, the political system of local government in West Sumatra is based on the concept of "Basandi Syarak Customary, Syarak Basandi Kitabullah". With this concept, the implementation of regional government implemented in the context of local democracy comes from three elements, one of which is the custom of Bundo Kanduang (female figure) who represents women in the area. Representation and political role of women as part of the administration of regional government, their position is formally within the Regional Musyawwah Agency (BAMUSDA). Bundo kanduang is one of the traditional institutions which is a representation of women in the area. His main task is to preserve the culture and customs of Minangkabau based on Basandi Syarak, Syarak Basandi Kitabullah. Changes in the structure of the local government system in West Sumatra have shifted the representation and role of women who were previously only guardians of the continuity and preservation of customs.

Women Politicians, Institutions, and Perceptions of Corruption

Why do people assume female politicians are less likely than men to engage in the illegal use of public positions for private gain? We argue that voters may perceive women as marginalized within political institutions, or as more risk averse and consequently more constrained by institutional oversight, which could lead to perceptions of women as less likely to engage in corruption. Using an original survey experiment, we test these mechanisms against conventional wisdom that women are seen as more honest. We find strong support for the risk aversion explanation, as well as heterogeneous effects by respondent sex for both the marginalization and honesty mechanisms. These findings suggest that the institutional contexts in which women are operating can help explain why people perceive them as less likely to engage in corruption. Identifying these mechanisms is critical to understanding the role of women in politics and for improving trust in government.

Discord in Matrilineality: Insight into the Khasi Society in Meghalaya

The matrilineal society of the Khasi tribe in Meghalaya is now undergoing a transitional phase, whereby, on the one hand, the government is attempting to destine its traditional political institutions into more efficient instruments of democratic decentralisation, resulting into contradictions over the ‘manoeuver of village-level governance’ between the government and the Khasi Hills Autonomous District Council (KHADC), and, on the other hand, a section of Khasi men presuming themselves to be deprived of the property rights wanting to be recognised at par with the Khasi women. Given such a situation, this piece of work attempts to analyse the status of both Khasi males and females in terms of their involvement in social, economic and political affairs under matrilineality. It also critically evaluates the fecundity of the Village Administration Bill (VAB) of 2014 keeping a gender perspective in focus. The article, however, argues that despite having claimed to have placed women in higher position than men in the society, the Khasi matrilineality vitriolically relegates the role of women in politics and governance, thus portraying a contradiction. This contradiction even vividly exists in the recent VAB passed by the KHADC. Our primary survey also reflects that the female workforce has mostly established a foothold in the low-profile economic activities while dominance of the male workforce is found in those economic activities that are associated with a higher social status.

From Gender Stereotyping to Constructing Political Identity: Changes in Malaysiakini’s Portrayal of Women Candidates during Malaysia’s 2008 and 2013 General Elections

The under- and misrepresentation of women politicians and electoral candidates in the news media has been well documented. Much less is known, however, about how news providers portray women politicians differently over time, either in tandem with developments in the political and media landscape—e.g., the presence, visibility, and role of women in politics—or to reflect changes in internal newsroom policies. Against this background, this study aims to compare and contrast the news coverage of female candidates in two successive general elections, using multiethnic Malaysia as its case. Samples of news articles from Malaysiakini —one of Malaysia’s major independent online newspapers—were collected for the election periods of 2008 and 2013 and subjected to qualitative content analysis, with a focus on headlines. Findings suggest that the more recent reporting of women candidates helps position women as competent professionals compared with the more gendered portrayals five years before. At the same time, there is a trend away from descriptive to interpretive journalism, putting the many challenges that Malaysian women face as candidates in a wider societal and international context. The relevance and originality of the study lies in how it identifies and charts significant changes in the news media’s construction of women’s political identity.

Role of Panchayat Raj in Women Empowerment: Regional Analysis of India

The main objective of the study is assessing the role of women in politics. Indian constitution promised a complete quality to women. 73rd and 74th Amendment Acts of 1992, Panchayati Raj system was established in India. This act empowered the rural women by giving one-third reservations to them. Rural women were the one who were more away from the development work. Now, they know what role should be played by them in the political system. Once political status is improved, it makes them economically empowered and their social status is also improved. This helps to remove the social evils like child marriage, illiteracy and others. 73rd and 74th Amendment Act of 1992 brought a tremendous change in the participation of women in political system. This grassroot level democracy of women to participate in government decision-making and active participation in Panchayat Raj system makes rural women to think about their rights. This made them to change their social status. Women in India are much better represented in the Panchayat Raj Institutions as compared with the Parliament. As per the Ministry of Panchayati Raj, in 2008 the Gram Panchayats had 37.8% women members, the Intermediate Panchayats 37% women members and the District Panchayats 35.3% women members. In Panchayat Raj system, women representatives show tremendous increase in political participation. According to Indian Institute of Public Administration and Ministry of Panchayati Raj, during 2012–2013 in the Panchayat setup, overall 46.7% women are present; with maximum 58.6% in Jharkhand and minimum 32.3% in Goa. This study basically explores the active participation of women in Panchayat Raj system. It includes the state-wise analysis of elected women representatives in the three levels of Panchayati Raj Institutions; this study is based on the secondary sources of data.

الیات دعم منظمة الأمم المتحده لقضایا المراة السیاسیة فی الیمن

الملخص: تهدف هذه الدراسة لمعرفه الدور الذي تقوم به منظمة الامم المتحده من خلال مکاتبها وبرامجها المختلفه في اليمن لدعم القضايا السياسية للمرأة اليمنية. ولتحقيق هذا الهدف استخدمت الباحثه کلأ من المدخل القانوني ومدخل النظم في هذه الدراسة وتوصلت الى ان المنظمة من خلال الياتها المختلفة في اليمن قد عملت على إنشاء شراکة قوية مع الحکومة اليمنية لتعزيز دور المرأة السياسي ، کما تشجع المنظمة على معالجة قضايا المرأة عبر تمويل وتنفيذ العديد من المشاريع التنموية في مختلف المجالات معالترکيز على البناء المؤسسي وبناء القدرات للمرأة في اليمن لتتمکن من الدفاع عن قضاياها السياسية، کما تشجع على تعزيز المساواة بين الجنسين في البرامج والسياسات من اجل تمکين المرأة اليمنية من المساهمة في الحياة السياسية والوصول لمستويات صناعة القرار المختلفة والمساهمة في وضع السياسات العامة لبلدها . ونتيجة لما سبق تبنت الحکومة اليمنية الاستراتيجيات الخاصة بالمرأة إضافة إلى الکثير من التدابير التشريعية والقانونية ، والسياسات والاستراتيجيات الوطنية الداعمة لقضايا المرأة اليمنية ، والعمل على تحقيق المساواة بين الجنسين من خلال تنفيذ برامج لرفع الوعي بالأدوار الاجتماعية بين النساء والرجال. Abstract: This study aims to identify the role of the United Nations to support the political issues of Yemeni women through its different offices and programs. To achieve this goal the researcher used both legal and systems entrances in this study and concluded that the organization through various its mechanisms in Yemen has worked to establish a strong partnershipwith the Yemenigovernment toenhance the role of women 's political role. the Organization also encourage to address the women's issues through the financing and implementation of many development projects in various fields, with a focus on institutional building and capacity building for women in Yemen to be able to defend political issues, as it promotes gender equality in programs and policies in order to enable Yemeni women to contribute to the political life and reach to different levels of decision-making and to contribute to the development of the policies of the country.As a resultofpreviously the Yemeni government adopted strategies for women in addition to many of the legislative and legal measures and, Policies and National strategies Supporting women's issues in Yemen, Andwork on achieving equality between genders through the implementation of Programs to raise the awareness in the social roles between women and men.

Do Government Positions Held by Women Matter? A Cross-National Examination of Female Ministers' Impacts on Women's Political Participation

Current research shows that female legislators serve as role models for women. Understudied is how and the extent to which female ministers inspire women to participate in politics. We argue that with their high visibility and greater ability to influence policy, female ministers also serve as role models, but their influence differs depending on the form of political engagement. Using the World Values Survey and additional national-level variables, we employ multilevel modeling techniques to explore how women in the cabinet influence various forms of women's political engagement. We find that the proportion of women in the cabinet has a stronger effect on participation than the proportion of women in parliament. All else being equal, a higher proportion of women in the cabinet increases women's conventional participation (voting and party membership), petition signing, and engagement in peaceful demonstrations, but it does not influence women's participation in strikes or boycotts. Our findings add to current studies of women's political representation, in which ministerial representation is often underexplored or not differentiated from parliamentary representation, and help distinguish various forms of participation. Future research should consider examining a wider variety of women's political roles in other areas of the political arena.

A Republican Housewife: Marie‐Jeanne Phlipon Roland on Women's Political Role

In this paper I look at the philosophical (and sometimes personal) struggles of one eighteenth‐century woman writer to reconcile a desire and obvious capacity to participate in the creation of republican ideals and their applications on the one hand, and on the other a deeply held belief that women's role in a republic is confined to the domestic realm. I argue that Marie‐Jeanne Phlipon Roland's philosophical writings—three unpublished essays, published and unpublished letters, as well as parts of her memoirs—suggest that even though she adopted a Rousseau‐style rural republicanism that relies on complementarity of men and women's virtues, she somehow succeeds in proposing a less sexist picture of the republican family, one that makes it possible for men and women to take an equal part in family business and politics.

Sex-equality norms versus traditional gender values in Communist Mongolia

Mongolian religious norms were rooted in the worship of patrilineal ancestors which placed a higher value on the masculine. They assigned gender status and roles to individuals, notably by confining access to the socio-political sphere to men. These norms have subsequently oriented Buddhist practices in Mongolia. The Soviet-style revolutionary regime established in 1924 substituted a new normative model: until 1990, it suppressed gender differentiation among citizens, imposed equal political rights, and promoted women’s access to education, public activity and work outside the home. Urbanization and industrialization played a significant role in changing the socio-economical context and kinship relations, weakening the hold of tradition on individuals. However, the differential valency of gender was not as challenged as it might seem, especially in politics. This is evidenced in post-communist Mongolia, where the subordinate role of women in politics remains an issue.

Why does a woman’s deliberative faculty have no authority? Aristotle on the political role of women

In this paper I will discuss Aristotle?s controversial philosophical views on women. I will critically examine three main interpretations of his claim that women have deliberative faculty ?without authority?. According to the first line of interpretation, Aristotle has in mind that women?s incapacity of advice-giving and decision-making in public affairs are determined by conventions in the political context of his time. I will attempt to point out the disadvantages of this kind of interpretation. Furthermore, I will put forward the reasons why is implausible the more recent interpretation, given by Marguerite Deslauriers. According to her reading, the lack of authority of deliberative faculty in women means nothing else than the tasks over which women have authority are for the purpose of the tasks put forth by men. The prevailing interpretation among scholars is that, in Aristotle?s view, women are naturally inferior to men, due to the fact that they are all too frequently overruled by the irrational ?forces? of their nature. I will argue that this line of interpretation elucidates what Aristotle presumably has in mind, although it makes his account of women and their rationality, if not inconclusive, then indisputably problematic. In other words, I attempt to prove that, if the prevailing line of interpretation is correct, such view of women produces some philosophically ?insurmountable? problems for Aristotle. The aim of the last section of the paper is to point out how some of these problems could eventually be resolved.