Role Of Various Structures Research Articles

CONCEPT AND CHARACTERISTICS OF INTERNATIONAL LEGAL REGULATION OF THE RIGHTS OF PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES IN THE SPHERE OF SOCIAL PROTECTION

The article extensively examines the issues of international legal regulation of social protection for persons with disabilities and identifies its main characteristics. An analysis of the compliance of Ukrainian national legislation with international legal standards, including conventions and treaties regulating this issue, is conducted. Acts of international law at both the general and regional levels that define the rights and obligations of states in the field of social protection for persons with disabilities are analyzed. Special attention is paid to the role of the European Court of Human Rights in ensuring the protection of the rights of persons with disabilities in the field of social protection. The contribution of Ukrainian scholars to the development of scientific thought on social protection for persons with disabilities is also investigated, indicating Ukraine’s active participation in this international issue. The article also focuses on the historical context of the formation of international legal regulation of social protection for persons with disabilities. The stages of development of this issue in international law are explored, and the main achievements in this direction are identified. In addition, the role of various structures and organizations in shaping and implementing international standards in this area is noted. Such comprehensive analysis contributes to a better understanding of contemporary challenges and opportunities in ensuring social protection for persons with disabilities at the international level. The prospects for further development of international legal regulation in this area are discussed, and possible directions for further research are identified.

Mail-in-rebate and coordination strategies for brand competition

This research investigates the strategic value of combining mail-in-rebate (MIR) and branding coordination strategies in the context of a supply chain composed of a national brand's manufacturer and a traditional retailer. The retailer offers two competing brands: the national brand and his own store brand. As a first step, we examine which party should bear the cost of the MIR promotional strategy and its role as a coordination mechanism to alleviate the brand competition. When there is close positioning of NB and SB's quality and a decent ratio of MIR redemption, our results show that both parties prefer the total control of the retailer over managing the national brand in his store by supporting all the costs of the promotional strategy. As a second step, we examine the role of various structures of coordination mechanisms, and we found that the “combined branding-promotion coordination” is the best option to boost the performance of all supply chain parties at the highest levels.

Financial Oversight of the Civilian Intelligence Services in South Africa

The article assesses the state of oversight of the budget and expenditure of the South African civilian intelligence services (now called the State Security Agency). The roles of various structures, including the National Treasury, the Executive, the Joint Standing Committee on Intelligence (JSCI) and the Auditor-General, during the period 1995 to 2014, are examined. The article argues that whilst the system of financial oversight has strengths, there are systemic weaknesses which have resulted in uneven levels of financial accountability over the years. The article therefore proposes that measures to strengthen the system of oversight are needed to improve financial accountability. These include reforming the relevant legislation and providing more robust powers to the oversight actors.

Afghan migration through Turkey to Europe: seeking refuge, forming diaspora, and becoming citizens

ABSTRACTThis paper aims to investigate the Afghan-Turkish-European region migration system in light of migration system theory, which provides a comprehensive framework by asking the question of how a set of linkages including some macro-, meso- and micro-level variables relate to the larger context of migratory settings. Relating the roles of various structures, institutions and networks to the operation of the social, political and economic relationships, it seeks to analyze the dynamics of Afghan migration heading to Turkey and Europe in a historically contextualized way. The paper argues that one must focus on the root causes of flows, which are related to the presence of fragility of the Afghan state together with the continuation of flows via networks enabling the maintenance of migrants’ links to home, transit and destination countries.

Biosonar signal propagation in the harbor porpoise's (Phocoena phocoena) head: The role of various structures in the formation of the vertical beam.

Harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) use narrow band echolocation signals for detecting and locating prey and for spatial orientation. In this study, acoustic impedance values of tissues in the porpoise's head were calculated from computer tomography (CT) scan and the corresponding Hounsfield Units. A two-dimensional finite element model of the acoustic impedance was constructed based on CT scan data to simulate the acoustic propagation through the animal's head. The far field transmission beam pattern in the vertical plane and the waveforms of the receiving points around the forehead were compared with prior measurement results, the simulation results were qualitatively consistent with the measurement results. The role of the main structures in the head such as the air sacs, melon and skull in the acoustic propagation was investigated. The results showed that air sacs and skull are the major components to form the vertical beam. Additionally, both beam patterns and sound pressure of the sound waves through four positions deep inside the melon were demonstrated to show the role of the melon in the biosonar sound propagation processes in the vertical plane.

Hyperbolic quantum mechanics

We start to develop the quantization formalism in a hyperbolic Hilbert space. Generalizing Born’s probability interpretation, we found that unitary transformations in such a Hilbert space represent a new class of transformations of probabilities which describe a kind of hyperbolic interference. The most interesting problem which prompted by our investigation is to find experimental evidence of hyperbolic interference. The hyperbolic quantum formalism can also be interesting as a new theory of probability waves that can be developed in parallel with the standard quantum theory. Comparative analysis of these two wave theories could be useful for understanding of the role of various structures of the standard quantum formalism. In particular, one of distinguishing feature of the hyperbolic quantum formalism is the restricted validity of the superposition principle.

Chapter 31 Locomotor Performance and Adaptation after Partial or Complete Spinal Cord Lesions in the Cat

Publisher Summary Much of the information on the role of various structures of the central nervous system (CNS) in the regulation of different aspects of locomotion in the cat comes from the studies based on microstimulation, unit recordings, or acute ablations. Less attention has been paid to the performance and functional reorganization of locomotor control after chronic lesions of these central structures. In part, this may be because interpretation of the results of such studies is problematic in that it has to take into consideration the fact that the consequences of the lesion on the expression of the remaining functions are a mixture of deficits due to the removed structures and due to compensation by other structures. Nevertheless, some indication of the degree of compensation can be obtained by comparing the short- and long-term locomotor performance. In the short term, the deficits represent the uncompensated state and give some indication of the normal role of a given structure in the control of locomotion. Later, after the maximal compensation has taken place, the remaining permanent behavioral deficits give a fair indication of the essential contributions of the ablated structures and the limits of other structures to replace, totally or in part, the function of the missing structures. This chapter summarizes the results of the different studies in which the locomotor performance of chronically instrumented cats was documented before and after either partial or complete spinal lesions. It discusses some of the kinematic and electromyographic (EMG) changes that occur during ordinary treadmill locomotion and briefly describes how these lesioned cats adapt their locomotion to more demanding situations (slopes, tilts, and obstacles). Finally, it correlates these changes with the current knowledge on the function of different supra-spinal structures in the control of locomotion obtained from unit recording and microstimulation studies.

Cochlear origin of [formula omitted] distortion products assessed by using 2 types of mutant mice

Mutant mice with a particular type of cochlear pathology are excellent models to study the functional role of various structures in the cochlea. In order to assess the contribution of inner and outer hair cells to the generation of distortion product emissions (DPEs) we have recorded the 2ƒ 1−ƒ 2 DPE in a control group of CBA mice, which have normal numbers of inner and outer hair cells and two different types of mutant mice: the Bronx-waltzer mice and the W v/W v mice. In the Bronx waltzer mutant mice, 70% of inner hair cells are missing whereas the outer hair cells are present in normal number. The distortion product emissions 2ƒ 1−ƒ 2 is clearly recordable with a 10–20 dB lower magnitude as compared to normal CBA control mice. The homozygous W v/W v mutant mice on the other hand present a selective outer hair cell loss as a constant defect with no progressive degeneration of the organ of Corti and an essentially normal inner hair cell population. The cubic distortion products 2ƒ 1−ƒ 2 could not be detected in all but one animal. Therefore, the present study strongly suggests, that the outer hair cells are critically involved in the production of DPEs.

A Targeting Sequence for Dense Secretory Granules Resides in the Active Renin Protein Moiety of Human Preprorenin

Human renin plays an important role in blood pressure homeostasis and is secreted in a regulated manner from the juxtaglomerular apparatus of the kidney in response to various physiological stimuli. Many aspects of the regulated release of renin (including accurate processing of prorenin to renin, subcellular targeting of renin to dense secretory granules, and regulated release of active renin) can be reproduced in mouse pituitary AtT-20 cells transfected with a human preprorenin expression vector. Using protein engineering, we have attempted to define the roles of various structures in prorenin that affect its production and trafficking to dense core secretory granules, resulting in its activation and regulated secretion. Replacement of the native signal peptide of human preprorenin with that of a constitutively secreted protein (immunoglobulin M) had no apparent effect on either the constitutive secretion of prorenin or the regulated secretion of active renin in transfected AtT-20 cells. Removal of the pro segment resulted in a marked reduction in total renin secretion, but did not prevent renin from entering the regulated secretory pathway. Single or combined mutations in the two glycosylation sites of human renin did not prevent its regulated secretion; however, the complete elimination of glycosylation resulted in a significant increase in the ratio of renin/prorenin secreted by the transfected cells. Thus, these results suggest that 1) at least one of the sequences that target human renin to dense secretory granules lies within the protein moiety of active renin; 2) the presence of the pro segment is important for efficient prorenin and renin production; and 3) glycosylation can quantitatively affect the proportion of active renin secreted.