Role Of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Research Articles

The Role of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) in Indonesian Air Defense Management

Indonesia is an archipelagic state with land and maritime borders with other nations. The use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) has become crucial in safeguarding Indonesia's defense and border areas. This research employs a qualitative method, aiming to gain a deep understanding of the role of UAVs in the Defense management of Indonesia's, covering complex aspects such as policies, implementation, and their impact. The findings reveal that sustained investment in UAV technology and infrastructure is essential to strengthen Indonesia's air defense capabilities. Particularly, High-Altitude Long Endurance (HALE) UAVs prove to be effective and reliable in surveillance with their ability to operate at high altitudes and for extended durations. In the context of Indonesia's air defense, UAVs significantly enhance surveillance, reconnaissance, and national security. Effective integration and utilization of UAVs are key to maintaining protection and sovereignty over the airspace. Appropriate regulations and the establishment of ownership registries are crucial to support responsible UAV usage, especially concerning national security and counterterrorism. The evolving significance of UAVs will continue to shape defense paradigms in the future.

Mine Closure Surveillance and Feasibility of UAV–AI–MR Technology: A Review Study

In recent years, mine site closure and rehabilitation have emerged as significant global challenges. The escalating number of abandoned mines, exemplified by over 60,000 in Australia in 2017, underscores the urgency. Growing public concerns and governmental focus on environmental issues are now jeopardising sustainable mining practices. This paper assesses the role of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in mine closure, exploring sensor technology, artificial intelligence (AI), and mixed reality (MR) applications. Prior research validates UAV efficacy in mining, introducing various deployable sensors. Some studies delve into AI’s use for UAV data analysis, but a comprehensive review integrating AI algorithms with MR methods for mine rehabilitation is lacking. The paper discusses data acquisition methods, repeatability, and barriers toward fully autonomous monitoring systems for mine closure projects. While UAVs prove adaptable with various sensors, constraints such as battery life and payload capacity impact effectiveness. Although UAVs hold potential for AI testing in mine closure studies, these applications have been overlooked. AI algorithms are pivotal for creating autonomous systems, reducing operator intervention. Moreover, MR’s significance in mine closure is evident, emphasising its application in the mining industry. Ultimately, a hybrid UAV–AI–MR technology is not only viable but essential for achieving successful mine closure and sustainable mining practices in the future.

THE STATE OF PRODUCTION, APPLICATION AND SPECIFIC ISSUES OF REGULATORY AND METHODOLOGICAL SUPPORT OF UNMANNED AIRCRAFT TESTS

The experience of armed conflicts that do not cease on our planet confirms the increasing role of unmanned aerial vehicles in today's wars. The article analyzes the state and prospects of the unmanned aircraft vehicles production in the world, and highlights some problematic aspects regarding the provision of own unmanned aircraft vehicle (UAV) development and samples testing of Ukrainian and foreign UAV production in modern conditions. It is shown that the largest producers of military UAVs in the world during the last decade were the USA, Israel, the Republic of Turkey, China, and Iran. A significant part of the European NATO member states, having their own development of unmanned aircraft vehicles and sufficient capacity for their production, prefer the purchase and acceptance into service samples of UAV, mainly of American or Israeli production, which have proven themselves well during armed conflicts in the Middle East. Considering the urgent need of the Armed Forces of Ukraine for UAVs in 2014, Ukraine also followed the path of NATO countries and initially concluded contracts for the supply of foreign-made unmanned aerial vehicles. The beginning of the war with the russian federation also gave a significant impetus to the development of private defense companies in Ukraine. In 2014-2015, an entire industry of unmanned aircraft production was born, and Ukraine became the world's largest testing ground for advanced military technologies. Information about the UAVs used by the Ukrainian military is different, since the Armed Forces receive both officially accepted and adopted UAVs samples, as well as UAVs samples that are transferred by volunteer organizations and often do not have official records (especially those UAVs that are not originally intended for military use). The changes to the regulatory documents that govern the procedures for acceptance into service and acceptance of samples of weapons and military equipment are aimed at ensuring the urgent needs of the Armed Forces of Ukraine for these samples, but they create a number of problems. In the context of providing the Armed Forces with unmanned aircraft vehicles, this is an aggravation of the problems of regulatory and methodological support for the development and testing of UAV samples and the low level of readiness of UAV samples provided by their developers (manufacturers) for testing or proposed for operation under a simplified approval procedure. According to the authors, one of the ways to increase the defense capability of Ukraine is to increase the development and testing efficiency of weapons and military equipment that will be put into operation and armed in the Armed Forces of Ukraine. Therefore, it is necessary to stimulate the developers (manufacturers) of UAVs to strictly comply with the current regulatory documentation on the development of UAVs and to improve the quality of preparation of UAVs samples for testing; to study the experience of NATO countries, as well as in terms of requirements for the specialists training in the combat use of UAV; to promote the implementation of NATO standards in Ukraine in order to expand the opportunities for the participation of UAV in joint operations in NATO member countries and in Ukraine.

UN-YOLOv5s: A UAV-Based Aerial Photography Detection Algorithm.

With the progress of science and technology, artificial intelligence is widely used in various disciplines and has produced amazing results. The research of the target detection algorithm has significantly improved the performance and role of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), and plays an irreplaceable role in preventing forest fires, evacuating crowded people, surveying and rescuing explorers. At this stage, the target detection algorithm deployed in UAVs has been applied to production and life, but making the detection accuracy higher and better adaptability is still the motivation for researchers to continue to study. In aerial images, due to the high shooting height, small size, low resolution and few features, it is difficult to be detected by conventional target detection algorithms. In this paper, the UN-YOLOv5s algorithm can solve the difficult problem of small target detection excellently. The more accurate small target detection (MASD) mechanism is used to greatly improve the detection accuracy of small and medium targets, The multi-scale feature fusion (MCF) path is combined to fuse the semantic information and location information of the image to improve the expression ability of the novel model. The new convolution SimAM residual (CSR) module is introduced to make the network more stable and focused. On the VisDrone dataset, the mean average precision (mAP) of UAV necessity you only look once v5s(UN-YOLOv5s) is 8.4% higher than that of the original algorithm. Compared with the same version, YOLOv5l, the mAP is increased by 2.2%, and the Giga Floating-point Operations Per Second (GFLOPs) is reduced by 65.3%. Compared with the same series of YOLOv3, the mAP is increased by 1.8%, and GFLOPs is reduced by 75.8%. Compared with the same series of YOLOv8s, the detection accuracy of the mAP is improved by 1.1%.

The q-rung fuzzy LOPCOW-VIKOR model to assess the role of unmanned aerial vehicles for precision agriculture realization in the Agri-Food 4.0 era.

Smart agriculture is gaining a lot of attention recently, owing to technological advancement and promotion of sustainable habits. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) play a crucial role in smart agriculture by aiding in different phases of agriculture. The contribution of UAVs to sustainable and precision agriculture is a critical and challenging issue to be taken into account, particularly for smallholder farmers in order to save time and money, and improve their agricultural skills. Thence, this study targets to propose an integrated group decision-making framework to determine the best agricultural UAV. Previous studies on UAV evaluation, (i) could not model uncertainty effectively, (ii) weights of experts are not methodically determined; (iii) importance of experts and criteria types are not considered during criteria weight calculation, and (iv) personalized ranking of UAVs is lacking along with consideration to dual weight entities. Herein, nine critical selection criteria are identified, drawing upon the relevant literature and experts' opinions, and five extant UAVs are considered for evaluation. To circumvent the gaps, in this work, a new integrated framework is developed considering q-rung orthopair fuzzy numbers (q-ROFNs) for apt UAV selection. Specifically, methodical estimation of experts' weights is achieved by presenting the regret measure. Further, weighted logarithmic percentage change-driven objective weighting (LOPCOW) technique is formulated for criteria weight calculation, and an algorithm for personalized ranking of UAVs is presented with visekriterijumska optimizacija i kompromisno resenje (VIKOR) approach combined with Copeland strategy. The findings show that the foremost criteria in agricultural UAV selection are "camera," "power system," and "radar system," respectively. Further, it is inferred that the most promising UAV is the DJ AGRAS T30. Since the applicability of UAV in agriculture will get inevitable, the developed framework can be an effective decision support system for farmers, managers, policymakers, and other stakeholders.

Massive MIMO and Secrecy Guard Zone Based Improving Physical Layer Security in UAV-Enabled uRLLC Networks

Ultra reliable low latency communications (uRLLC) is a new service category for sixth-generation (6G) wireless networks. The security and confidentiality of information transmission faces more challenges in the context of uRLLC because of the openness nature of wireless medium. By using the inherent characteristics of wireless medium, physical layer security (PLS) can be used as a promising solution to ensure the security of wireless communications. Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) communications is frequently characterized by line-of-sight (LoS) and dynamic propagation conditions. Since UAV can provide a strong line-of-sight link with strong reliability and speed, it is widely used in various wireless communication scenarios. Much previous work ignored the role of UAVs in PLS research in uRLLC. In this paper, we consider the line-of-sight/non-line-of-sight (NLoS) path-loss model for UAV-aided air-to-ground (A2G) wireless channel. Furthermore, massive MIMO technology is adopted in the deployment of transmitter-receiver pairs. In terms of performance measurement, we introduce the network insurance framework for network users. Under this framework, this paper deduces the closed expressions of connection outage probability (COP) and secrecy outage probability (SOP) for the above UAV-enabled network scenarios. Finally, the secrecy guard zone is proposed to further protect the confidentiality. Simulations validate our derived theoretical results, and indicate that communication security increases with the radius of the guard zone, while eavesdropper density has a detrimental effect.

A Fog Computing Framework for Intrusion Detection of Energy-Based Attacks on UAV-Assisted Smart Farming

Precision agriculture and smart farming have received significant attention due to the advancements made in remote sensing technology to support agricultural efficiency. In large-scale agriculture, the role of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) has increased in remote monitoring and collecting farm data at regular intervals. However, due to an open environment, UAVs can be hacked to malfunction and report false data. Due to limited battery life and flight times requiring frequent recharging, a compromised UAV wastes precious energy when performing unnecessary functions. Furthermore, it impacts other UAVs competing for charging times at the station, thus disrupting the entire data collection mechanism. In this paper, a fog computing-based smart farming framework is proposed that utilizes UAVs to gather data from IoT sensors deployed in farms and offloads it at fog sites deployed at the network edge. The framework adopts the concept of a charging token, where upon completing a trip, UAVs receive tokens from the fog node. These tokens can later be redeemed to charge the UAVs for their subsequent trips. An intrusion detection system is deployed at the fog nodes that utilize machine learning models to classify UAV behavior as malicious or benign. In the case of malicious classification, the fog node reduces the tokens, resulting in the UAV not being able to charge fully for the duration of the trip. Thus, such UAVs are automatically eliminated from the UAV pool. The results show a 99.7% accuracy in detecting intrusions. Moreover, due to token-based elimination, the system is able to conserve energy. The evaluation of CPU and memory usage benchmarks indicates that the system is capable of efficiently collecting smart-farm data, even in the presence of attacks.

The Impact of Land Transfers on the Adoption of New Varieties: Evidence from Micro-Survey Data in Shaanxi Province, China

Land transfers play a vital role in determining the level of farm machinery service and variety selection by scattered land reduction and contiguous land enhancement, which are also conducive to poverty alleviation and welfare utilization. Based on the micro-survey data of 898 kiwifruit growers in Shaanxi Province, this paper analyzed the effect of land transfers on the adoption of new varieties by propensity score matching (PSM) technology. A stepwise regression method was used to test the mediating role of land scale and the moderating role of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). The results suggest the following: (1) Farmers with land transfers had a significant positive effect on the adoption of new varieties, with a 12.5% increase in the likelihood of new variety adoption. (2) The impact of land transfers on the adoption of new varieties was partially mediated through land scale. (3) The positive moderating role of UAV services was empirically emphasized. With the goal of promoting the average income and boosting farmland productivity, the improvement of the land property rights trading market, joint efforts from government and rural cooperatives, and professional and regular training are proposed to optimize land-use structures and reduce machinery service costs, thereby encouraging farmers to adopt new, improved varieties.

АНАЛІЗ МОЖЛИВОСТЕЙ ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ СТРІЛЕЦЬКОЇ ЗБРОЇ ДЛЯ ПРОТИДІЇ БЕЗПІЛОТНИМ ЛІТАЛЬНИМ АПАРАТАМ ПІД ЧАС ВИКОНАННЯ ЗАВДАНЬ ІЗ ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ ДЕРЖАВНОЇ БЕЗПЕКИ

Improvement of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and their rapid proliferation for military purposes have led to a significant increase in the role of UAVs on the battlefield, creating a problem of insufficient capabilities of air defence systems for combat units. Consequently, there is an urgent need to reconsider the concept of air defence for deployed units during combat operations. The solution of this problem is complicated by the necessity of using significant material resources, continuous improvement of both UAVs and their tactical applications, as well as the possibility of creating situations when specialized air-defence capabilities cannot be employed due to various reasons. In certain cases, due to the destruction of air-defence capabilities by the enemy, depletion of ammunition, or insufficient air-defence capabilities for a military unit, the only UAVs` countercapability can be the small arms of a unit. Therefore, despite the high potential of modern air-defence capabilities and electronic warfare systems against UAVs, in specific cases, the available small arms of a unit can be an effective air-defence capability. The main aerial targets that are most suitable for engagement with small arms fire are small UAVs (nano UAVs, micro UAVs, mini UAVs, light UAVs for frontline surveillance, light UAVs with short flight range), which at certain moments move at low speeds regarding to the aiming axis. Cases of firing with large values of the target's angle, leading to a significant decrease in firing efficiency, are not considered by the firing rules and sighting devices of small arms` main samples. As a result, the probability of hitting the target decreases several times and reaches unacceptably low values. Under such conditions, achieving a hit on the target with an acceptable probability can only be ensured by adjusting the aiming point by a certain amount, but this value is not provided in the operational documentation or training literature, thus remaining unknown to the small-arms men. Therefore, need for improving the sighting devices of small arms firing with large values of the aerial target's angle (60…90°) and development of firing rules in order to ensure effective fire against such low-altitude aerial targets are the relevant tasks.

The Use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles in Contemporary Armed Conflicts – Selected Issues

Armed conflicts which have been taking place since the end of the Cold War are characterized by, inter alia, the increasing scale of the use of unmanned means and systems, especially unmanned aerial vehicles. Scientists dealing with the history of technology look for the beginning of unmanned aerial vehicles not only in the time of the Second World War, but even earlier, going back to the beginnings of aviation. Undoubtedly, however, the development of unmanned aerial vehicles took place during the Cold War and resulted directly from the experiences of armed clashes in Vietnam, the Middle East and analyses of the hypothetical course of a Third World War. The armed conflicts initiated by the Arab Spring in 2011 and Turkey’s participation in them, the fighting in NagornoKarabakh in 2020 and the conflict in Ukraine have once again demonstrated the growing role of unmanned aerial vehicles used for military purposes. It is worth taking a closer look at the role of unmanned aerial vehicles in the aforementioned armed conflicts and try to answer the question whether they are a miracle weapon like the Excalibur, or rather an element of a more complex system involving the ability to reconnaissance, precision strike and electronic warfare? This issue is all the more interesting as not only United States, Israel, Turkey, and China are producers of effective unmanned reconnaissance and strike systems. This type of modern weapon system is also manufactured in Poland. It has been positively tested in the conflicts in the Middle East, Ukraine and during the crisis on the border of Belarus and Poland in 2021.

ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ РОЗВІДУВАЛЬНИХ ДРОНІВ В ПІДРОЗДІЛАХ ЗБРОЙНИХ СИЛ УКРАЇНИ

The analysis of the nature of modern military actions is carried out in the work, it is noted that they are connected, in particular, with increase of significance of various ways of remote influence on the enemy; priority of high-tech weapons; expanding the space for military action, namely, increasing the formations on the battlefield, increasing the depth of separation of groups of troops due to increasing the range of means of destruction of the parties; increasing activity of defense actions; increasing the importance of reconnaissance and sabotage operations in the enemy's rear; the implementation of "focused" supply instead of the creation of dispersed stockpiles of weapons and military equipment (weapons) and other material means, require increased intellectualization and robotization of weapons. At the same time, the role of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in the theater of operations is difficult to overestimate. The issue of struggle (counteraction) with the enemy's UAV is also becoming less relevant, therefore, UAVs have significant differences in comparison with the typical objectives of JI air defense, which complicates the organization of counteraction due to the following factors: - small geometric dimensions and small effective reflection surface, which is additionally provided by the use of composite materials in their design. Therefore, the best characteristics of UAV detection are the means of reconnaissance with the shortest wavelength - optical means of reconnaissance (TZK, binoculars, television optical viewfinder BM 9A33BM3), millimeter-range radar (eg equipment for assessing the area of BM 9A35 (34) M3) and other small geometric dimensions complicate the destruction of UAV missiles and anti-aircraft ammunition with contact blasting (OFZ, 9M39, 9M313); small geometric dimensions complicate the destruction of UAV missiles and anti-aircraft ammunition with contact blasting (OFZ, 9M39, 9M313); low acoustic visibility UAVs equipped with electric motors; internal combustion engines have low temperature radiation due to intermittent operation and exhaust gases in the upper hemisphere, which complicates the guidance of anti-aircraft missiles with thermal homing heads (eg missiles MANPADS 9M313, 9M39, infrared missiles 9M3M, 9M3M); UAVs are round-the-clock reconnaissance vehicles that allow you to perform tasks day and night. UAVs have the ability to act autonomously. The operation of onboard navigation systems is provided by correction with the help of receivers of global positioning systems. Keywords: high-tech weapons, reconnaissance and sabotage operations, unmanned aerial vehicles, weapons and military equipment, functionality, intellectualization and robotics.

A Survey on Intelligent-Reflecting-Surface-Assisted UAV Communications

Both the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) are attracting growing attention as enabling technologies for future wireless networks. In particular, IRS-assisted UAV communication, which incorporates IRSs into UAV communications, is emerging to overcome the limitations and problems of UAV communications and improve the system performance. This article aims to provide a comprehensive survey on IRS-assisted UAV communications. We first present six representative scenarios that integrate IRSs and UAVs according to the installation point of IRSs and the role of UAVs. Then, we introduce and discuss the technical features of the state-of-the-art relevant works on IRS-assisted UAV communications systems from the perspective of the main performance criteria, i.e., spectral efficiency, energy efficiency, security, etc. We also introduce machine learning algorithms adopted in the previous works. Finally, we highlight technical issues and research challenges that need to be addressed to realize IRS-assisted UAV communications systems.

Drone Networking in the 6G Era: A Technology Overview

Sixth generation (6G) wireless communication networks are envisioned to be empowered with novel enabling technologies to guarantee ubiquitous coverage requirements, heterogeneous communication scenarios, and improved network intelligence, spectral rates, and security. The 6G vision is not only limited to terrestrial networks, but also extends to non-terrestrial networks encompassing satellites and aerial networks, thus exploring a full spectrum of heterogeneous communication links. In 6G scenarios, the role of unmanned aerial vehicles is of paramount importance, as flying devices are expected to densely populate aerial space, providing an intermediate network layer between ground networks and space ones. As a vision of fully integrated 6G heterogeneous networks, ground, aerial, and satellite networks will coexist, thus realizing the space-air-ground integrated communication network for 6G scenarios. This work highlights several novel 6G enabling technologies, and presents the detailed study and evaluation of communication technology candidates from the perspective of aerial communication networks, key design considerations, and technical challenges.

The role of unmanned aerial vehicles in military communications: application scenarios, current trends, and beyond

The role of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) is becoming increasingly important for military conflicts. UAVs are more and more strongly considered as a force multiplier that could play a decisive role for the final outcome of an ambiguous battle. While the role of UAVs for Identification/Surveillance/Reconnaissance missions has been well established within many modern armies, their contribution to the upgrade or the restoration of military communications is still vague. In the current paper we review the current situation in military communications utilizing UAV platforms, and we also explore its future trends and capabilities taking into consideration the parallel developments in the civil UAV manufacturing sector involving UAV swarms and fifth-generation networks. Furthermore, a set of realistic combat scenarios involving the utilization of UAVs as a multipurpose communication node is presented and discussed, highlighting its critical role as a catalyst for the successful accomplishment of diverse military missions.

The role of unmanned aerial vehicles and mmWave in 5G: Recent advances and challenges

AbstractNext‐generation wireless communication networks, in particular, the densified 5G will bring many developments to the existing telecommunications industry. The key benefits will be the higher throughput and very low latency. In this context, the usage of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is becoming a feasible option for deploying 5G services on demand. At the same time, the immense bandwidth potential of mmWave has strengthened its performance in radio communication. In this article, we provide a consolidated synthesis on the role of UAVs and mmWave in 5G, emphasis on recent developments and challenges. The review focuses on UAV relay architectures, identifies the relevant problems and limitations in the deployment of UAVs using mmWave in both access and backhaul links simultaneously. There is a critical analysis of the optimum placement of the UAVs as a relay with a focus on the mmWave band. The distinctive rich characteristics of the mmWave propagation and scattering are presented. We also synthesis mmWave path loss models. Then, the scope of artificial intelligence and machine learning techniques as an efficient solution for combating the dynamic and complex nature of UAV‐based cellular communication networks are discussed. In the end, security and privacy issues in UAV‐based cellular network are spotlighted. It is believed that the literature discussed, and the findings reached in this article are of significant importance to researchers, application engineers and decision‐makers in the designing and deployment of UAV‐supported 5G network.

UAV-Based Survey of Glaciers in Himalayas: Challenges and Recommendations

Role of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)-based remote sensing (RS) applications in glaciology have increased in recent years. UAV-based RS studies on mountain glaciers are mainly focussing on obtaining accurate ultra-high-resolution data from UAV images for different glaciological applications. However, studies understanding the challenges involved during UAV surveys on complex terrains of high mountain glaciers are inadequate and they are not available for places like Himalayas. Therefore, this study aims to examine and derive strategies to minimize those challenges on such complex glacier and their margin topography. Here, UAV surveys were conducted using a fixed-wing commercial-grade off-the-shelf UAV (eBee series, SenseFly) on three glacier sites (East Rathong, Hamtah and Panchinala-A) located in different climate regimes within the Indian part of Himalayas. From the UAV collected images, ultra-high-resolution ortho-mosaicked images and Digital Elevation Models were generated at 0.1 m ground sample distance and their accuracies were assessed using the collected ground control points. Based on the challenges observed, the study recommends criteria for selection of best-suited take-off/landing locations on a mountain glacier and its margins for conducting efficient UAV surveys in the complex terrain such as in the Himalayas and possibly beyond. Recommendations reported in this article shall be useful to minimize the challenges and associated risks during UAV data acquisition using fixed-wing UAVs.

Operator State Estimation to Enable Adaptive Assistance in Manned-Unmanned-Teaming

With the continued development of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) technologies, the UAV on-board automation is increasingly more capable of performing tasks formerly done by human operators. Thereby, the role of UAVs is changing from being mere tools to become members of integrated manned-unmanned systems. However, the high automation necessary to achieve this cooperation, introduces a new set of negative effects for the human operator such as complacency or automation bias. Adaptive assistance is one approach to counteract these negative effects seen in human-automation-interaction. To enable adaptive assistance, we present a cognitive state estimation framework for a MUM-T aircraft application. The goal of this approach is to assess attention allocation and SA of a pilot in real-time and identify possible breakdowns in the situational picture that could cause performance decrements and errors. The design of a MUM-T cockpit simulator is presented to describe how this cognitive state estimation framework is integrated into a human-autonomy-teaming environment. The results of initial simulator experiments are presented and areas of further research are identified.

A Pilot Study of Smart Agricultural Irrigation using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles and IoT-Based Cloud System

This article introduces a new mobile-based application of modern information and communication technology in agriculture based on Internet of Things (IoT), embedded systems and an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). The proposed agricultural monitoring system was designed and implemented using Arduino microcontroller boards, Wi-Fi modules, water pumps and electronic environmental sensors, namely temperature, humidity and soil moisture. The role of UAV in this study is to collect these environmental data from different regions of the farm. Then, the quantity of water irrigation is automatically computed for each region in the cloud. Moreover, the developed system can monitor the farm conditions including the water requirements remotely on Android mobile application to guide the farmers. The results of this study demonstrated that our proposed IoT-based embedded system can be effective to avoid unnecessary and wasted water irrigation within the framework of smart agriculture.

An Introduction to Smart Hydrones (Platforms): Design, Performance, and Applications

This electric monograph is divided into five chapters: The first presents a general description of each chapter in detail. The second chapter evaluates the crucial role of unmanned aerial vehicles –UAV’s- (or Drone) in the case of natural disasters response and relief humanitarian aid. The main objective of this chapter is to evaluate how unmanned aerial vehicles –UAV’s- (or Drone) in the present and near future can play a crucial role to help survivors in the case of a tsunami, earthquake, flooding, and any natural disaster. Basically, we need to assume that in any natural disaster always exist the high possibility of damage in the infrastructure, transportation systems, telecommunications systems access, and basic services immediately. We propose in three areas the uses of unmanned aerial vehicles –UAV’s- (or Drone) in the case of natural disasters response and relief humanitarian aid: (i) the aerial monitoring post-natural disaster damage evaluation; (ii) the natural disaster logistic and cargo delivery; (iii) the post-natural disaster aerial evaluation. The third chapter presents three new smart hydrones for surveillance, rescue, security, cleaning, searching, and logistic operations anywhere and any time. We have three new models of smart hydrones such as the MAR21 smart hydrone, MAR25 smart hydrone, and MAR27 smart hydrone. Initially, the MAR21 smart hydrone has a large structure to facilitate surveillance, rescue, security, cleaning, and logistic operations anywhere and anytime. At the same time, the MAR21 smart hydrone can handle also to do it a deep cleaning service of any area was affected by pollution or natural disasters damages subsequently. Additionally, the MAR21 smart hydrone, MAR25 smart hydrone, and MAR27 smart hydrone offers to private sector, government, and humanitarian agencies an alternative maritime transportation system. The MAR21 smart hydrone, MAR25 smart hydrone, and MAR27 smart hydrone construction is based on basic materials such as PVC pipes with PVC glue, high reception radio control systems, a modern GPS system, high reception antenna and radar systems, HD cameras (live), powerful lipo batteries, high resistance ESC systems, and powerful electric motors to support large operations in case of surveillance, rescue, security, cleaning, searching, and logistic operations. The design of the structure of the MAR21 smart hydrone, MAR25 smart hydrone, and MAR27 smart hydrone have different and special characteristics that can be adapted to any weather condition, temperature levels, and levels of wa-ter respectively. In fact, the cost of production of MAR21 smart platform, MAR25 smart hydrone, and MAR27 smart hydrone is relatively cheap and easy to be produced in developing countries and least developed countries according to this research. Subsequently, the chapter fourth introduces a new concept of unmanned aerial vehicles –UAV’s- are called Smart Flying Platforms (SFP). The main objective of this chapter is to evaluate how smart flying platforms in the present and near future can play a crucial role to help to fight terrorism. Basically, we need to assume that in any terrorist attack always exist the high possibility of damage in the people, infra-structure, transportation systems, telecommunications systems access, and basic services immediately. We propose in three areas the uses of smart flying platforms in the case to fight terrorism response: (i) the aerial monitoring pre-terrorist attack evaluation; (ii) the destruction of terrorist logistic and cargo delivery; (iii) the post-terrorist attack aerial evaluation. Finally, the chapter fifth presents two new smart hydrones in case of floods or Tsunami rescue and relief operations anywhere and anytime. We have two models of smart hydrones such as the MAR21 smart hydrone and MAR27 smart hydrone. Initially, the MAR21 smart hydrone has a large structure to facilitate the carrying of food, medi-cines, and water to areas were affected severally by any flood or Tsunami. At the same time, the MAR21 smart hydrone can handle also to do it a deep cleaning service of any area was affected by a flood or Tsunami subsequently. Addition ally, the MAR21 smart hydrone and MAR27 smart hydrone offers to government and humanitarian agencies an alternative emergency maritime transportation system in case of floods or Tsunami disasters. The MAR21 smart hydrone and MAR27 smart hydrone construction is based on a high reception radio control system, a modern GPS system, high reception antenna and radar systems, HD cameras (live), powerful batteries, high resistance ESC systems, and powerful electric motors to support large operation in case of a flood or Tsunami rescue and relief operations anytime. The design of the structure of the MAR21 smart hydrone and MAR27 smart hydrone has special characteristics that can be adapted to any weather condition, temperature levels, and levels of water respectively. In fact, the cost of production of MAR21 smart hydrone and MAR27 smart hydrone is relatively cheap and easy for his construction according to this research.

The uses of unmanned aerial vehicles –UAV’s- (or drones) in social logistic: Natural disasters response and humanitarian relief aid

This paper evaluates the crucial role of unmanned aerial vehicles –UAV’s- (or Drones) in the case of natural disasters response and humanitarian relief aid. The primary objective of this paper is to evaluate how unmanned aerial vehicles –UAV’s- (or Drones) in the present or near future can help survivors in the case of a tsunami, earthquake, flooding, and any natural disaster. Initially, we assume that in any natural disaster always exist the high possibility of damage to the infrastructure, transportation systems, telecommunications systems access, and basic services immediately. This research proposes three areas the uses of unmanned aerial vehicles –UAV’s- (or Drones) in the case of natural disasters response and humanitarian relief aid. These are (i) the aerial monitoring post-natural disaster damage evaluation, (ii) the natural disaster logistic and cargo delivery, (iii) the post-natural disaster aerial assessment.