Role Of State Institutions Research Articles

Challenges of Traditional Crafts Centers in Governmental Agencie

Traditional crafts are considered the most important pillar of any country's tangible legacy. In Egypt, some of special properties for traditional crafts that are in each region have its own distinctive traditional crafts that belong to centuries long ago. Through sequence of periods, these crafts attracted people who are interested in Egyptian legacy, from all over the world. Moreover, there were individual and infrequent attempts resulted in opening markets for those valuable and high quality products. We have seen how Chinese recently affected cultural manufactures field and this expression means what is related to traditional crafts in all over the world. In later titles, we will elaborate in details the cooperation between China and Culture Ministry of Egypt, regarding this point and its shortcomings. Furthermore, we have to shed light on the role of state institutions in protecting traditional crafts and how they promote them, in comparison to the role of civil society institutions in regard to this field. We are going to have a commentary on each following theme, deducing results and recommended solutions.

Coronavirus Disease-19 (Covid-19) Pandemic Response Through The Universal Defense: The Role Of Intelligence

The COVID-19 pandemic that began in Wuhan China has threatened the safety and affected all aspects of human life throughout the world both in European, American, African, Middle Eastern, Australian and Asian countries including Indonesia. The problem of the epidemic cannot yet be fully addressed by the World Health Organization (WHO) so that all countries in the world competing to find a vaccine to tackle the outbreak. The latest development of a case that has been declared a pandemic by World Health Organization (WHO) last March shows that more than 4 million people have been infected with fatalities of nearly three hundred thousand people in more than two hundred countries. This condition then gave rise to the question in the public how the role of state institutions in responding to threats to public security, especially the intelligence sector, whose information is not widely known to the public. The purpose of this study is to analyze the role of Intelligence in tackling the COVID-19 pandemic within the framework of the defence of the Indonesian universe. Role theory is the author's analysis instrument to spell out the description of the role and importance of Intelligence in tackling the COVID-19 pandemic. This research is written in a qualitative methodology using a phenomenological approach and data collected from interviews and documentation studies. This research concludes that Intelligence has a real and significant role in the level of identification and detection of outbreaks and their impact so that it becomes a vital input in the formulation of policies relevant to the country in responding to the pandemic.

Merging legality with illegality in Paraguay: the cluster of order in Pedro Juan Caballero

Paraguay is often described as a territory of drug trafficking, smuggling and commercial piracy. However, the country remains understudied by academics researching criminality and illegal markets. Pedro Juan Caballero, a city located on the northern border with Brazil, is an interesting case study to illustrate how legality and illegality merge in Paraguay to create hybrid social orders. The daily life in the city, one of the best places in the world for cultivating marijuana, unfolds between the higher homicides rates and some of the lowest levels of common criminality in Paraguay. Far from being a matter of state weakness, the expansion and tolerance of illegal activities is framed within a cluster of order that combines both rational legal practices and neo-­patrimonial norms. The presence and roles of state institutions are re-signified, generating alternative hierarchies, practices and values to supply social, political and economic outcomes. Through in-depth interviews with key informants, ethnography visits and analyses of aggregated data, this paper describes the hybrid order of Pedro Juan Caballero by tallying the incentives that encourage social and institutional tolerance of illegality and describes how illegal practices create access to goods, services, protection and expectations not provided by the legal framework.

Non Conviction Based (NCB) Asset Forfeiture for Recovering the Corruption Proceeds in Indonesia

The success in recovering asset stolen from corrupt practices was one of the key success indicators in an attempt to eradicate corruption in Indonesia. The transnational corruption trend which involved many actors has made the asset recovery efforts to be more difficult. This article aimed to investigate the asset recovery efforts, the role of state institutions and the law enforcement officers in the assets recovery effort. The research method used was normative legal research, which was done by examining the secondary data in which the data were analyzed qualitatively. The conclusion derived in this article was that the Non Conviction Based (NCB) Asset Forfeiture is a critical tool for recovering the proceeds of corruption and also to combat corruption, especially in case where the proceeds have been transferred abroad. However, to ensure that such measure would be a strategic policy, it would be necessary to enter into international treaties with other countries related to the corruption case. In addition, the harmonization of Indonesian Anti-Corruption Law regarding the Eradication of Criminal Acts of Corruption should be conducted in order to support the Non Conviction Based (NCB) Asset Forfeiture. The NCB asset forfeiture system should encompass the 36 Key Concepts introduced in StAR so that the NCB system could be more effective in recovering the stolen assets.

Stakeholder Management in the Development of Building Organizations

This article explored theoretical concepts of stakeholder management development and features of their usage in practical functioning of building organizations. There is a description of potential partners of these organizations.Also, the expediency of studying internal opportunities of communication system`s development is given, where important role belongs to management`s quality, by the criterion of evaluation ‘enterprise- consumer’.Within external stakeholders the role of state institutions is highlighted, which can be involved in realization of building projects on the basis of public-private partnership. Structural and functional way of the cooperation evaluation between building organization and its stakeholders is developed, we can consider it as a basis of requirements formation concerning creation of the building organization`s professional partnership performance.Moreover, we explain the importance of the strategic management in enterprise development considering technologies of stakeholder management was explained.

Cycles of nationalisation and privatisation, and the role of the state in Ireland

The article examines how the roles of state institutions and state owned enterprises have been changed in Ireland since its independence, with special regard to the role of state ownership and crisis management. The history of planning and social partnership, the courses of nationalisation and privatisation and the problem of damaging the state are discussed as well. The author concludes that the crisis has not resulted in the strengthening of the developmental or welfare role of the state, the evolution of a “developmental welfare state” has become less likely in Ireland in the course of crisis management. Another lesson is that the state can manage certain bad assets of the private sector in a way that yields a profit to the public. There are other costs of the crisis management, however, which are to be paid by the people and result in a decrease of state ownership and a shrinking of the welfare systems.

Aging Policies in Ghana: A Review of the Livelihood Empowerment against Poverty and the National Health Insurance Scheme

Ghana has ratified almost all international legislative instruments aimed at enhancing the welfare of the elderly. At the domestic level, the country has formulated and implemented policies that seek to improve the lives of elderly. Using mainly secondary data and also analysis of research conducted at Ga Mashie in the Greater Accra Region, the paper provides a narrative review of the existing legal framework and the role of state institutions in advancing the interest and welfare of the aged. Two flagship programs, the Livelihood Empowerment Against Poverty (LEAP) and National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS), both of which have components intended for the vulnerable including the aged, were evaluated. The most striking similarity in both the LEAP and NHIS interventions (and also the newly introduced EBAN project) is the exclusion of the elderly between the ages of 60 and 64 from qualified beneficiaries. While people within that age bracket are constitutionally classified as elderly, interventions meant for the elderly do not cover them. Also, insufficient funds, poor targeting, and inaccurate implementation and evaluation of data make otherwise well-designed programs intended for the elderly lose their focus and merit. We make three recommendations. First, there is a need for a downward review of the age criteria for beneficiaries of social intervention programs meant for the aged. Second, a mechanism should be developed, going forward, to enable the elderly that have worked in the informal sector throughout their lives, to contribute to and also benefit from the SSNIT pension scheme. Finally, an adequate and reliable database on the elderly should be developed to help improve targeting, implementation, and monitoring of existing social protection programs aimed at the aged.

Aging Policies in Ghana

Ghana has ratified almost all international legislative instruments aimed at enhancing the welfare of the elderly. At the domestic level, the country has formulated and implemented policies that seek to improve the lives of elderly. Using mainly secondary data and also analysis of research conducted at Ga Mashie in the Greater Accra Region, the paper provides a narrative review of the existing legal framework and the role of state institutions in advancing the interest and welfare of the aged. Two flagship programs, the Livelihood Empowerment Against Poverty (LEAP) and National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS), both of which have components intended for the vulnerable including the aged, were evaluated. The most striking similarity in both the LEAP and NHIS interventions (and also the newly introduced EBAN project) is the exclusion of the elderly between the ages of 60 and 64 from qualified beneficiaries. While people within that age bracket are constitutionally classified as elderly, interventions meant for the elderly do not cover them. Also, insufficient funds, poor targeting, and inaccurate implementation and evaluation of data make otherwise well-designed programs intended for the elderly lose their focus and merit. We make three recommendations. First, there is a need for a downward review of the age criteria for beneficiaries of social intervention programs meant for the aged. Second, a mechanism should be developed, going forward, to enable the elderly that have worked in the informal sector throughout their lives, to contribute to and also benefit from the SSNIT pension scheme. Finally, an adequate and reliable database on the elderly should be developed to help improve targeting, implementation, and monitoring of existing social protection programs aimed at the aged.

Land Institutions and Political Ethnicity in Africa: Evidence from Tanzania

Existing work on land politics in Africa suggests that governments, by creating and upholding neocustomary land tenure regimes, create powerful incentives for individuals to embrace state-recognized ethnic identities. This paper strengthens this argument about the institutional determinants of ethnicity's high political salience through the use of contrasting evidence from Tanzania. In Tanzania, non-neocustomary land tenure institutions prevail, and the political salience of ethnic identity is low. Even in a hard-test region of high in-migration and high competition for farmland, the political salience of ethnic identity in land politics is low. The findings suggest that political science needs to take seriously the role of state institutions in producing politically-salient ethnic identities in Africa.

THE INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE OF INTERACTION BETWEEN GOVERNMENT AND BUSINESS IN THE SPHERE OF INNOVATION: NEW TOOLS FOR INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT

The article is devoted to the study of international experience of interaction between government and business in the innovative development of the industrial sector. Purpose of the paper is to determine the features and content of the new mechanisms of industrial development, based on integration platform of economic agents’ partnership. Methodology. The complex of system, synergy, institutional, evolutionary, and endogenous approaches is used as a methodological basis of research. Methodological apparatus of the article is presented by methods of the analysis, synthesis, abstraction, logical generalization. Results: the assessment of influence of government and commercial structures partnership on the innovative industrial development is given; the tendency of expansion of a partnership segment in the innovative sphere of the industry is empirically illustrated; features and key technologies of the new integration mechanism of industrial development are given. Conclusion: complication of innovative processes in combination with other factors results in expediency of development of partnership of economic entities in the sphere of industrial development. The extent and effectiveness of partnership practices in innovation is largely determined by the role of state institutions. For innovation of industrial development it is expedient to form the mechanisms using the integrated capacity of public and private institutions. Practical implications: the results of the study can be used in the justification of the priorities and measures of the state innovation and industrial policy, the development of concepts and programs of clustering of the regions and the development of public-private partnerships, and also formation of strategy of development of industrial structures.

Implementing REDD+ at the local level: Assessing the key enablers for credible mitigation and sustainable livelihood outcomes

Achieving cost-effective mitigation and sustainable livelihoods through reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+) depends heavily on the local context within which REDD+ projects are implemented. Studies have focused on how REDD+ can benefit or harm local people, with little attention paid to how people, their assets and institutions can promote or impede REDD+. This paper examines the key local assets necessary for REDD+ to protect forests and support local livelihoods based on evidence from a globally-linked REDD+ project in Kenya. Household interviews (n = 100), focus group discussions (n = 6) and in-depth interviews with government (n = 8) and project stakeholders (n = 14) were undertaken to rank and explain how local assets interact with the project's efforts to protect forests, and the role of State institutions in shaping project–asset interactions. Locally, pro-poor assets such as land tenure and water access had most influence on the project's ability to protect forests. Inclusion of communal forests as part of the REDD+ project entitled local poor peasant farmers to participate in and benefit from the project and so dissuaded them from using protected forests for charcoal production. Water access determined agricultural productivity and intensity of forest use for livelihoods and coping. Even though carbon revenues were distributed equally between social groups and support directed to pro-poor livelihood initiatives, efforts were impeded by State decisions on land that interfered with communal approaches to forest conservation, by strict carbon standards that limited trade-offs between livelihoods and forest protection and by fluctuating carbon prices and buyers that limited funds needed for project operations and local livelihoods. Equitable and pro-poor benefit sharing are necessary but not sufficient for effective REDD+ implementation unless national institutions are reformed and global carbon pricing harmonized with local livelihood needs.

Importance of the Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries in Georgia

The economic downturn in the 1990s and early 2000s associated with the break-up of the Soviet Union had a negative impact on Georgian fisheries. Both marine and freshwater fisheries and aquaculture suffered considerable decline. The Georgian fishing fleet deteriorated. The role of state institutions in fisheries management weakened and funding of scientific research diminished. Economic and institutional problems had a negative effect on the state of aquatic bio-resources. The excessive and relentless use of living resources, use of illegal fishing gear and degradation of coastal ecosystems led to a considerable reduction in fish stocks, while the number of vulnerable and endangered species increased. Starting from the new millennium the attitude has changed. In 2004-2005 the 15-year plan for the development of the ecosystem approach to fisheries in Georgia was initiated with support from the FAO. A Georgian law on fisheries and aquaculture has been introduced. Discussions on responsible fisheries and an aquaculture code have also started, but are still pending. On the other hand, the fisheries department of the Ministry of Agriculture was abolished and the single fisheries research institute met a similar fate. Fisheries regulation came under the authority of the ministry of environment. There is still a lot to be done in order to establish an ecosystem approach to fisheries in Georgia. First of all, the legislative base must be addressed, including the Georgian law on fisheries, which would consider such issues as long-term sustainable development of fisheries, a responsible code of conduct for fishermen, monitoring and management structures at the national level, allocation of resources and application of scientific approaches in development of fisheries, aquaculture and mariculture.

Quase pretos de tão pobres? Race and Social Discrimination in Rio de Janeiro's Twentieth-Century Criminal Courts

Conceived as a contribution to debates about the role of state institutions in perpetuating racial inequality in modern Brazil, this article explores the relative importance of social and racial characteristics in determining defendants' treatment in Rio de Janeiro's criminal courts between 1930 and 1964. Focusing on rarely noted aspects of defendants' class and citizenship status, and emphasizing the importance of judicial procedure, it argues that social discrimination was open in Rio de Janeiro's courts, but that race alone was a relatively poor predictor of defendants' fates. At the same time, it suggests that racial and social characteristics ought not to be seen as separate and competing categories, both because “social' language had important racial meanings and because ”social“ discrimination had significant racial implications. Institutionalized social prejudice may thus go far in explaining the stubborn persistence of racial inequity in an age when ”racial democracy“ became a national hope and mantra.

Quaese pretos de tao pobres? Race and Social Discrimination in Rio de Janeiro's Twentieth-Century Criminal Courts

Conceived as a contribution to debates about the role of state institutions in perpetuating racial inequality in modern Brazil, this article explores the relative importance of social and racial characteristics in determining defendants' treatment in Rio de Janeiro's criminal courts between 1930 and 1964. Focusing on rarely noted aspects of defendants' class and citizenship status, and emphasizing the importance of judicial procedure, it argues that social discrimination was open in Rio de Janeiro's courts, but that race alone was a relatively poor predictor of defendants' fates. At the same time, it suggests that racial and social characteristics ought not to be seen as separate and competing categories, both because "social" language had important racial meanings and because "social" discrimination had significant racial implications. Institutionalized social prejudice may thus go far in explaining the stubborn persistence of racial inequity in an age when "racial democracy" became a national hope and mantra.

Protected areas, people and incentives in the search for sustainable forest conservation in Honduras

SummaryAttitudes and incentives of people living around protected areas are widely considered to constrain successful management of these areas. Two contrasting protected areas in Honduras, a Biosphere Reserve of high biodiversity rainforest, and a cloud forest providing essential environmental services to the capital city, are analyzed in terms of their management problems and the strategies used for their protection. The response at the national level to the issues raised in these case studies is then assessed, focusing on the impact of government policies, legal changes affecting land tenure and use, and the role of state institutions in protected area management. The case studies indicate that while the non-government organizations (NGOs) have tried to promote a more participatory approach to conservation (with mixed success), the Honduras Government has tried to follow a more regulatory approach but without the resources and political will to implement it effectively. Opportunities have been missed to provide positive incentives for protection, for example in the area of eco-tourism and community-based natural forest management in situations where this would appear to be a viable option. The participatory approach has also been complicated by policies and land legislation which have sent out negative or ambiguous signals to local communities. Above all the case studies show how critical local attitudes are to the achievement of conservation objectives, and demonstrate the need for positive economic incentives that link development with conservation in buffer zones and surrounding areas.