Role Of Speaker Research Articles

Roaming Students’ Role as Text Analysts: An Analysis of Indonesian Tertiary EFL Students’ Review Paper

Current trend in education has acknowledged the urgency to move students from the role of traditional receiver and echoer of information to the role of critical listener, speaker, reader, and writer. In so doing, the students need to embrace the role of text analysts who continuously question texts that they encounter. This study looked for indices of students’ engagement in text analyst role. The data for the analysis were collected from 25 EFL university students’ reviews which were randomly selected. Using the guidepost developed from Luke and Freebody’s (1999) Four Resources Framework, the study highlighted points of information and/or questions or issues addressed in the students’ writing which indicated students’ role as text analysts. The study revealed that 40 percent of the students failed to practice the text analyst role. Meanwhile, those who addressed the role showcased five major patterns of indices: (1) questioned the trustworthiness of text, (2) recognized bias, (3) uncovered hidden intention/agenda, (4) identified harmed/benefitted party, and (5) provided alternate point of view/way of saying and/or personal standing. This study concludes that the students will be able to engage in text analyst role under two conditions (1) they are not struggling with the basic comprehension and (2) they have reached a state of habituation of mind in terms of questioning text. It is therefore recommended that the students be given sufficient time for familiarization and have continuous practices to make a critical approach to texts.

Sentence-final aspect particles as finite markers in Mandarin Chinese

AbstractIn Mandarin Chinese, sentence-final aspect particlesne, le, andlaizhemay occur in some types of embedded clauses, but not in other types, such as the complement of a control verb, a raising verb,lai‘come’ andqu‘go’, a non-epistemic modal, and the prepositional complementizerdui‘to’. These latter types of clauses systematically show properties of nonfinite clauses in other languages. They are intrinsically embedded, banpro-drop, their clause boundaries may be invisible for binding, and they disallow a speaker-oriented adverb and an epistemic modal. The restrictions on the distribution of the particles indicate that they are used in finite clauses only, although the language has no tense or case marker. The paper argues that finite clauses show speaker-oriented properties whereas nonfinite ones do not; instead, nonfinite clauses exhibit higher-clause-oriented properties. Identifying the role of speaker in the finiteness distinction reveals the capacity of finite clauses, whether or not the capacity is marked overtly.

A model of contact-induced language change: Testing the role of second language speakers in the evolution of Mozambican Portuguese.

Language change is accelerated by language contact, especially by contact that occurs when a group of speakers shifts from one language to another. This has commonly been explained by linguistic innovation occurring during second language acquisition. This hypothesis is based on historical reconstructions of instances of contact and has not been formally tested on empirical data. In this paper, we construct an agent-based model to formalize the hypothesis that second language speakers are responsible for accelerated language change during language shift. We compare model predictions to a unique combination of diachronic linguistic and demographic data from Maputu, Mozambique. The model correctly predicts an increased proportional use of the novel linguistic variants during the period we study. We find that a modified version of the model is a better fit to one of our two datasets and discuss plausible reasons for this. As a general conclusion concerning typological differences between contact-induced and non-contact-induced language change, we suggest that multiple introductions of a new linguistic variant by different individuals may be the mechanism by which language contact accelerates language change.

Near-native, nativelike or native? Some terminological and conceptual remarks on L2 ultimate attainment research

The main objective of this paper is to draw attention to the problem of the inconsistent and potentially confusing use of the terms near-native, nativelike and native with reference to study participants and their level of L2 ultimate attainment in age-related research, as well as to highlight certain conceptual discrepancies pertaining to this issue. A basic analysis of some of the best-known publications in the relevant literature has demonstrated that the terms near-native and nativelike are not always defined in the same way, and furthermore, distinct criteria are applied to select highly advanced subjects for studies which set out to determine whether reaching a nativelike (native) level of L2 proficiency is feasible, thereby supporting or challenging the Critical Period Hypothesis. Such a state of affairs might have serious implications both for the methodology of L2 ultimate attainment research and the interpretation of the corresponding results. It is also argued that adopting a more bilingual-oriented approach to nativelikeness and reconsidering the role of the native speaker as the yardstick for L2 performance may significantly benefit the SLA theory by facilitating the interpretation of the findings and increasing the validity of studies investigating the age factor in L2 acquisition.

Sprawa honoru. Przemówienie Józefa Becka, wygłoszone 5 maja 1939 roku w Sejmie Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej, na tle zasad retoryki

A matter of honour. Józef Beck’s address delivered on 5 May 1939 in the Polish parliament and the principles of rhetoricThe paper presents the analysis of Józef Beck’s parliamentary speech on 5 May 1939, showing its characteristics as well as its unique value in different facets of the speaker’s creative act. Accordingly, the paper has been divided into seven sections. The first one provides a historical outline and an attempt to reconstruct the background of the keynote address by the minister of foreign affairs. The second one characterises Beck as a diplomat, allowing to understand the person who adopted a role of public speaker in Poland under an imminent threat of war with the German Reich. The third one introduces some details on how the chief of diplomacy prepared himself for delivering a definite statement of his policy. The fourth, fifth and sixth sections contain the actual analysis of the text presented to listeners, and also examine how the speaker complied with the principles of the rhetorical art on the consecutive stages inventio, dispositio, elocutio of creating a text as intended to be delivered. Finally, the seventh section of this study briefly summarizes how the stages of memoria and actio, i. e. memorising and giving the speech, were conducted, according to the audiovisual record of Beck’s address delivered in the Polish Sejm.

Explicit and implicit speaker evaluations and their differential attitudinal determinants

Previous speaker evaluation studies have traditionally assessed the influence of attitudes toward languages with explicit self-report measures. Social-cognitive theories positing a differential influence of explicit and implicit attitudes on controlled versus automatic evaluative responses have not been addressed in this domain thus far. In addition to separating attitudes toward languages from attitudes toward nationality, the aim of this study was to test whether explicit and implicit speaker evaluations refer to distinct concepts. We expected that explicit attitudes would be stronger predictors of deliberate speaker evaluations than implicit attitudes would. By contrast, we expected that automatic evaluations examined with an evaluative priming task would primarily reflect implicit attitudes. Results showed that explicit speaker evaluations were influenced by explicit attitudes toward nationality, whereas implicit evaluations were mainly predicted by implicit attitudes toward nationality. The crucial role of speaker's nationality in speaker evaluation processes is further discussed within the framework of implicit group processes.

L2 voice recognition: The role of speaker-, listener-, and stimulus-related factors.

Previous studies examined various factors influencing voice recognition and learning with mixed results. The present study investigates the separate and combined contribution of these various speaker-, stimulus-, and listener-related factors to voice recognition. Dutch listeners, with arguably incomplete phonological and lexical knowledge in the target language, English, learned to recognize the voice of four native English speakers, speaking in English, during four-day training. Training was successful and listeners' accuracy was shown to be influenced by the acoustic characteristics of speakers and the sound composition of the words used in the training, but not by lexical frequency of the words, nor the lexical knowledge of the listeners or their phonological aptitude. Although not conclusive, listeners with a lower working memory capacity seemed to be slower in learning voices than listeners with a higher working memory capacity. The results reveal that speaker-related, listener-related, and stimulus-related factors accumulate in voice recognition, while lexical information turns out not to play a role in successful voice learning and recognition. This implies that voice recognition operates at the prelexical processing level.

1369P - nab-paclitaxel/carboplatin (nab-P/C) induction therapy in squamous (SCC) non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): Interim safety results from ABOUND.sqm

Background: The ABOUND.sqm trial is currently investigating treatment outcomes of 4 cycles of nab-P/C followed by nab-P maintenance therapy in patients (pts) with SCC NSCLC. Given that tolerability is an important consideration for treatment decisions, this analysis evaluated the safety of nab-P/C during induction. Methods: Chemotherapy-naive pts with stage IIIB/IV SCC NSCLC received 4 cycles of induction therapy with nab-P 100 mg/m2 d1, 8, and 15 + C area under the curve 6 d 1 (21-d cycles). Pts not progressing after induction received (2:1) maintenance nab-P 100 mg/m2 d1 and 8 (21-d cycles) + best supportive care (BSC) or BSC alone until progression/unacceptable toxicity. The primary endpoint is progression-free survival (randomization to maintenance). Secondary endpoints include safety analyzed as treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs), overall survival, overall response rate, and disease control rate. Results: A total of 334 pts were included in this analysis. Median age was 68 yrs; 90% were white, 68% male, and 68% had ECOG PS 1. During induction, 145/334 pts (43%) discontinued treatment. Of these, 51/145 (35%) discontinued due to progressive disease, 39/145 (27%) due to adverse events, 16/145 (11%) each due to death and pt withdrawal, 13/145 (9%) due to symptomatic deterioration, 9/145 (6%) due to other, and 1/145 (< 1%) due to protocol violation. The median percentage of per-protocol dose of nab-P was 74%; median nab-P dose intensity and cumulative dose were 74.08 mg/m2/week and 900 mg/m2, respectively. nab-P dose modifications included ≥ 1 reduction, missed dose, or dose delay in 55%, 60%, and 60% of pts, respectively. Grade ≥ 3 TEAEs were mainly hematologic and included neutropenia (148/334 [44%]), anemia (92/334 [28%]), and thrombocytopenia (48/334 [14%]). Grade ≥ 3 peripheral neuropathy was observed in 14/334 pts (4%). Conclusions: This interim analysis demonstrates the safety and tolerability of nab-P/C induction therapy in pts with SCC histology. The findings are consistent with those reported in subset analysis of the phase III study and provide additional support for the use of this regimen in this pt population. NCT02027428. Clinical trial identification: NCT02027428 Legal entity responsible for the study: Celgene Corporation Funding: Celgene Corporation Disclosure: C. Gridelli: Honoraria: Celgene. D. Morgensztern: Advisory role: Celgene; Speaker bureau: Boehringer. O. Juan: Advisory or Speaker role: Roche, Astra, MSD, Boehringer, BMS, Lilly, Pfizer, Pierre-Fabre. B. Levy: Honoraria: Eli Lilly, Genetech, Astra-Zeneca, Celgene; Consulting or Advisory Role: Eli Lilly, Genetech, Astra-Zeneca, Celgene; Speakers' Bureau: Eli Lilly, Genetech. A. Ardizzoni: Honoraria: Eli Lilly, BMS, MSD, Boehringer; Consulting Role: Eli Lilly, BMS, MSD, Boehringer. T. Berry: Employment and Stock Ownership: Celgene. T. Chen, N. Trunova: Employment and stock ownership: Celgene. All other authors have declared no conflicts of interest.

Impartiality of the Chair: Politics versus Convention in New Brunswick's 55th Legislature

This paper will examine the nature of Speaker impartiality within the British Parliamentary system by examining the political involvement and the casting vote of Speakers. This will attempt to historically contextualize the role of the Speaker in the province of New Brunswick and explain the institutional circumstances of the unusual conduct of Speakers Bev Harrison and Michael ‘Tanker’ Malley during the third session of the 55th Legislative Assembly. This paper argues that the source of this irregularity was the close seat count between opposition and government members. This issue illustrates the difficulties of smaller Legislative Assemblies reaching the convention established by the British Parliament respecting the impartiality of a Speaker where a Speaker is apolitical, thereby divorced from partisan politics. In the British convention, which serves as the fount of parliamentary practice, the Speaker refrains from any active political involvement, and in return the Speaker is uncontested in upcoming parliamentary elections.

The difference between indexicals and demonstratives

In this paper, I propose a new way to distinguish between indexicals, like “I” and “today”, and demonstratives, like “she” and “this”. The main test case is the second person singular pronoun “you”. The tradition would generally count it as a demonstrative, because the speaker’s intentions play a role in providing it with a semantic value. I present cross-linguistic data and explanations offered of the data in typology and semantics to show that “you” belongs on the indexical side, and argue that they can be generalized to a novel criterion for distinguishing between indexicals and demonstratives. The central theoretical claim is that the semantic values of indexicals are objects which play certain utterance-related roles, which are fixed independently of the words being used in the utterance. For instance, the speaker plays the speaker role whether or not she uses the word “I”, and the addressee plays that role whether or not the speaker uses the word “you”. Demonstratives, on the other hand, pick out objects that play no such role, and are instead helped by the speaker’s word-specific intentions.

Language ideologies on English as a Lingua Franca in Brazil: conflicting positions expressed by undergraduate students

Abstract Drawing on the concept of ideology proposed by Voloshinov (1929 [1999], Marxismo e filosofia da linguagem: Problemas fundamentais do método sociológico na ciência da linguagem. Trad. Michel Lahud; Yara Frateschi Vieira 9 ed. São Paulo: Editora Hucitec.) and on the notion of language ideology (Woolard 1998, Introduction. In Bambi B. Schieffelin, Kathryn A. Woolard &amp; Paul V. Kroskrity (eds.), Language ideologies practice and theory, 3–47. Oxford: Oxford University Press; Kroskrity 2004, Language ideologies. In Alessandro Duranti (ed.), A companion to linguistic anthropology, 496–517. Blackwell Publishing), this paper addresses language ideologies expressed by participants of an Academic Writing course taught to undergraduate students majoring in English and Portuguese in a public university in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The data from which participants’ language ideologies are interpreted come from two literacy events that integrate a wider set of literacy practices (Street 2000, Literacy events and literacy practices. In Marilyn Martin-Jones &amp; Kathryn E. Jones (eds.), Multilingual literacies: Comparative perspectives on research and practice, 17–29. Amsterdam: John Benjamin’s, Street 2009, Ethnography of writing and reading. In David R. Olson &amp; Nancy Torrance (eds.), The Cambridge handbook of literacy, 329–345. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press) in which participants engaged in Moodle, the virtual learning environment of the course. Concerning students’ positions, the analysis depicts how they entextualize ELF scholars’ language ideologies to either (re/de)construct their own standard native-based language ideology about English or to reinforce this same ideology. The paper also examines the stance adopted by the professor in her responses to students’ writings in terms of both her ideological alignment with theories that challenge the role of the native speaker as English expands worldwide and her resistance to naïve and romantic views of this expansion.

On the role of agency, marginalization, multilingualism, and language policy in maintaining language vitality: Commentary on Mufwene

This commentary focuses on three main topics raised in Mufwene’s (2017) target article, in addition to language policy, which I propose must be taken into account in order to support language vitality. First, this commentary explores the nature and role of speakers’ agency regarding the fate of their language. Second, it addresses whether it is always the case that populations shift because they sense that preserving a language can marginalize them, since this is presented as a possible cause of language loss in Mufwene’s article. Third, it reflects on the role of multilingualism in language death. I argue that multilingualism and/or competing languages need not result in language loss but may rather result in language coexistence, as long as each language fulfills a distinct function. Finally, I explore the key role of language planning and policy in determining the life or death of languages, likely to be one of the most effective ways to ensure language vitality, if the right language policy is adopted.

Коммуникативно-прагматическая неудача: взгляд молодого уральского драматурга

The author’s reproduction of living dialogical speech in linguo-cultural context of the current time is considered on the material of the play “The Very Day” by the young playwright Yaroslava Pulinovich. It is noted that the Ural school of modern drama in Yekaterinburg under the leadership of Nikolai Kolyada, which representative is Y. Pulinovich, is characterized by the presence of established aesthetic convention. The core of this convention is a method of linguistic naturalism. Analysis of the dialogues of the play have led to the conclusion that a naturalistic reproduction of speech is provided in part by inclusions of obscene vocabulary, elements of the urban vernacular, jargon. The predominant method is the method of linguistic realism, covering the construction of cooperative and conflictual dialogs. The analysis highlights the types of replicas aimed at the development of communicative contact; the inextricable link between the social role and communicative position of speakers is confirmed. On the material of speech party of the heroine the interpretation of communicative-pragmatic failures is given, their causes are revealed. Taking into account the role hierarchy the internal family communication is considered. The destructive consequences of abnormal distribution of rights and responsibilities of regular communication partners are highlighted. Axiological content of the metaphor of the road appearing in the play final is revealed.

Team Communication as a Collaborative Process

Communication channels can reveal a great deal of information about the effectiveness of a team. This is particularly relevant for teams operating in performance settings such as medical groups, military squads, and mixed human-robot teams. Currently, it is not known how various factors including coordination strategy, speaker role, and time pressure affect communication in collaborative tasks. The purpose of this paper is to systematically explore how these factors interact with team discourse in order to better understand effective communication patterns. In our analysis of a corpus of remote task-oriented dialogue (CReST corpus), we found that a variety of linguistic- and dialogue-level features were influenced by time pressure, speaker role, and team effectiveness. We also found that effective teams had a higher speech rate, and used specific grounding strategies to improve efficiency and coordination under time pressure. These results inform our understanding of the various factors that influence team communication, and highlight ways in which effective teams overcome constraints on their communication channels.

Estudio preliminar de marcadores discursivos y cortesía verbal en el español de hispanohablantes en los Estados Unidos

This preliminary study determines the dynamics of the discourse markers and politeness in sociolinguistic interviews among Spanish speakers living in the Chicago area. The analysis is based on theories of social relations and politeness strategies (Brown and Levinson, 1987 and Bravo, 1999). By analyzing the markers within the turn organization (i.e. beginning of the turn and during the turn development), this study revealed that speakers make use of three main types of markers: connectors, modals, and appellatives. The findings suggest that the selection of a marker maintains a close relationship with the speaker’s main goal in the conversation. Either, the speaker detaches himself/herself from the interlocutor or he/she gets close to him/her. Thus, the speaker employs mitigation or intensification strategies through various linguistic forms or pauses that appear with the marker or within the turn. This study with Spanish speakers living in the area of Chicago confirms, as other studies in Spanish, that the interaction between markers and politeness is conditioned to the context and the role of the speakers.

Does accent matter? Investigating the relationship between accent and identity in English as a lingua franca communication

This paper reports on a qualitative inquiry into the under-researched relationship between accent and identity in English as a lingua franca (ELF) communication from the perspectives of second language (L2) speakers/learners of English. Using data collected via in-depth interviews with a group of students at a Hong Kong university on their ELF communication experiences, the paper reveals that participants’ perceptions of the relationship between accent and identity in ELF communication are highly complex and that their accent preferences appear to be driven by a range of identity-related and practical reasons. In terms of identity-related reasons, participants’ desire to speak English with a native-like accent was found to be related to their wish to express their identities as competent L2 speakers of English, whereas participants who indicated a preference to speak English with a local accent tended to emphasize the need to project their lingua-cultural identities and avoid native speaker associations. Further, participants’ concerns about intelligibility in ELF communication were found to be among the main pragmatic considerations in their accent preferences. The findings demonstrate the role of L2 speakers’ accent preferences in shaping their pursuit of desired identities in ELF communication and have important implications for pronunciation instruction in ELT.

Learner attention to form in ACCESS task-based interaction

This study explored the potential effects of communicative tasks developed using a reformulation of a task-based language teaching called Automatization in Communicative Contexts of Essential Speech Sequences (ACCESS) that includes automatization of language elements as one of its goals on learner attention to form in task-based interaction. The interaction data collected from a class for English as a second language (ESL) over a four-week period was analysed for incidence, outcome and characteristics (i.e. focus, initiation, response, and turn length) of language-related episodes (LREs) operationalized as evidence of learner attention to form. The results showed that during ACCESS task-based interactions, learners attended to form as reflected in a large number of LREs. Despite being brief, a majority of these LREs were correctly resolved, self-initiated, self- and other-responded, and focused on the target linguistic item: past-tense verbs. These results are discussed in terms of the potential effects of ACCESS task principles, different task features (i.e. task complexity, pre-task modeling, speaker role and group size), and learners’ approach to tasks on the incidence and characteristics of LREs.

Speakers' awareness and the use of do be vs. be after in Hiberno‐English

ABSTRACTThis paper investigates the interface of social and linguistic factors in contact‐induced language change with data from Hiberno‐English (HE). The evidence from my survey suggests that morphosyntactic forms in HE are unevenly marked in speakers’ subjective judgments of use, non‐use, Irishness and ‘bad grammar’. This study particularly examines the cause of the contrasting judgements between the do be and be after forms. The examination leads to the suggestion of the constraint of morphosyntactic conformity and provides further theoretical perspectives on the role of speakers.

A technology prototype system for rating therapist empathy from audio recordings in addiction counseling.

Scaling up psychotherapy services such as for addiction counseling is a critical societal need. One challenge is ensuring quality of therapy, due to the heavy cost of manual observational assessment. This work proposes a speech technology-based system to automate the assessment of therapist empathy-a key therapy quality index-from audio recordings of the psychotherapy interactions. We designed a speech processing system that includes voice activity detection and diarization modules, and an automatic speech recognizer plus a speaker role matching module to extract the therapist's language cues. We employed Maximum Entropy models, Maximum Likelihood language models, and a Lattice Rescoring method to characterize high vs. low empathic language. We estimated therapy-session level empathy codes using utterance level evidence obtained from these models. Our experiments showed that the fully automated system achieved a correlation of 0.643 between expert annotated empathy codes and machine-derived estimations, and an accuracy of 81% in classifying high vs. low empathy, in comparison to a 0.721 correlation and 86% accuracy in the oracle setting using manual transcripts. The results show that the system provides useful information that can contribute to automatic quality insurance and therapist training.

Different paradigms in the history of Spanish language policy and planning

ABSTRACTThe current glocal dynamics poses new questions and challenges for scholars engaged in the study of language policy and planning (LPP), especially with regard to the adoption of measures for the democratisation of languages and their speakers. The latest studies have highlighted the role of speakers’ agency (their attitudes, beliefs and practices) as triggering factors in the successful implementation of language policies. In view of the above, the present paper analyses how the different theoretical frameworks in the history of LPP are reflected upon the discursive performance of the different normative agents in the Spanish-speaking world: from governments and other regulatory organisations such as language academies to LPP researchers themselves, whose work is crucial to develop the conceptual and methodological tools of the discipline. An adaptation and contextualisation of the orientations developed by Ruiz [1984. “Orientations in Language Planning.” NABE Journal 8: 15–34] will help us observe the evolution of the different paradigms in the Spanish-speaking world when it comes to the writings of mainstream linguists and language planners. It is our conviction that an ethnographic and critical approach to the inquiry of Spanish LPP needs to be adopted in a de facto promotion of plurilingualism and pluriculturalism.