The research’s relevance is caused by the need to improve the effectiveness of social work with drug users in the probation system. Drug users face problems such as social stigma, weak social ties, and limited resources. The study is aimed to analyze sociological theories for application in the practice of social work with drug users in the probation system. A literature review and analysis of documents on sociological theories and problems of drug addiction were used. The following results were achieved. The theory of stigmatization helps to analyze the impact of stigma on drug users and develop methods to reduce stigma. Social network theory provides insight into the role of social connections. Recovery capital theory analyzes the available resources and support. The article concludes that these sociological theories contribute to a deeper understanding of drug users’ problems and the development of more effective strategies for rehabilitation and reintegration into society.