Role Of Sleep Research Articles

Sleep in cardiac arrest survivors.

Insomnia, sleep apnoea and sleep loss are risk factors for the development of cardiovascular diseases. Most research on sleep disturbances includes patients with heart failure, while the role of sleep in sudden cardiac arrest survivors (SCA) has been only partially investigated and understood. Sleep-related breathing disorders and obstructive sleep apnoea increase illness and mortality in the aftermath of SCA. Also, post-traumatic stress is evident in SCA survivors, where sleep disruptions are some of the main symptoms of the condition. Consequently, it is important to identify sleep problems in SCA survivors at an early stage to avoid unnecessary suffering. The aim of this study was to investigate registered nurses' perceptions of SCA survivors' sleep, both in hospital and after discharge. This was an explorative interview study with a phenomenographic approach. Nineteen registered nurses (RNs) varying in age, sex and years in the profession participated. The nurses' perceptions of SCA survivors' sleep were categorized as: "The observer - noticing behaviours, emotions and habits of the patient that affect sleep", "The oblivious witness - attitudes that hinder the ability to recognise sleep behaviours", and "The practitioner - advising and medicating for sleep". The outcome space showed that the nurses detected both obvious and subtle signs relating to patients' sleep. However, attitudes hindering the recognition of sleep behaviours were independent of acting as an observer or practitioner. If nothing unforeseen was observed, or if the patient did not spontaneously raise the subject, sleep was considered less important than other health problems in SCA survivors. Although the nurses knew that SCA survivors suffered from poor sleep, they failed to reflect on the consequences for the patient. Nurses' feelings of insufficient knowledge about sleep, as well as their omittance of sleep in the follow-up documentation could leave sleep issues unaddressed and cause unnecessary patient suffering. Nurses need increased knowledge and training to enable them to detect subtle signs of sleep problems in SCA survivors.

Regulation of wakefulness by GABAergic dorsal raphe nucleus-ventral tegmental area pathway.

The dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) has previously been proved to be involved in the regulation of the sleep-wake behavior. DRN contains several neuron types, such as 5-HTergic and GABAergic neurons. GABAergic neurons, which are the second largest cell subtype in the DRN, participate in a variety of neurophysiological functions. However, their role in sleep-wake regulation and the underlying neural circuitry remains unclear. Herein, we used fiber photometry and synchronous electroencephalogram (EEG)/electromyography (EMG) recording to demonstrate that DRN GABAergic neurons exhibit high activities during wakefulness and low activities during NREM sleep. Short-term optogenetic activation of DRN GABAergic neurons reduced the latency of NREM-to-wake transition and increased the probability of wakefulness, while long-term optogenetic activation of these neurons significantly increased the amount of wakefulness. Chemogenetic activation of DRN GABAergic neurons increased wakefulness for almost 2 h and maintained long-lasting arousal. In addition, inhibition of DRN GABAergic neurons with chemogenetics caused a reduction in the amount of wakefulness. Finally, similar to the effects of activating the soma of DRN GABAergic neurons, optogenetic stimulation of their terminals in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) induced instant arousal and promoted wakefulness. Taken together, our results illustrated that DRN GABAergic neurons are vital to the induction and maintenance of wakefulness, which promote wakefulness through the GABAergic DRN-VTA pathway.

Acute sleep deprivation induces synaptic remodelling at the soleus muscle neuromuscular junction in rats.

Sleep is important for cognitive and physical performance. Sleep deprivation not only affects neural functions but also results in muscular fatigue. A good night's sleep reverses these functional derangements caused by sleep deprivation. The role of sleep in brain function has been extensively studied. However, its role in neuromuscular junction or skeletal muscle morphology is sparsely addressed although skeletal muscle atonia and suspended thermoregulation during rapid eye movement sleep possibly provide a conducive environment for the muscle to rest and repair; somewhat similar to slow-wave sleep for synaptic downscaling. In the present study, we have investigated the effect of 24h sleep deprivation on the neuromuscular junction morphology and neurochemistry using electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry in the rat soleus muscle. Acute sleep deprivation altered synaptic ultra-structure viz. mitochondria, synaptic vesicle, synaptic proteins, basal lamina, and junctional folds needed for neuromuscular transmission. Further acute sleep deprivation showed the depletion of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine and the overactivity of its degrading enzyme acetylcholine esterase at the neuromuscular junction. The impact of sleep deprivation on synaptic homeostasis in the brain has been extensively reported recently. The present evidence from our studies shows new information on the role of sleep on neuromuscular junction homeostasis and its functioning.

Do your troubles today seem further away than yesterday? On sleep's role in mitigating the blushing response to a reactivated embarrassing episode.

The "sleep to forget and sleep to remember hypothesis" proposes that sleep weakens the emotional tone of an experience while preserving or even enhancing its content. Prior experimental research however shows contradictory findings on how emotional reactivity changes after a period of sleep, likely explained by methodological variations. By addressing these inconsistencies, we investigated the mitigating effect of overnight sleep on emotional reactivity triggered by memory reactivation. Using a karaoke paradigm, we recorded participants' singing of two songs, followed by exposing them to one of the recordings (rec1) to induce an embarrassing episode. After a 12-hr period of either day-time wakefulness (N = 20) or including nighttime sleep (N = 20), we assessed emotional reactivity to the previously exposed recording (rec1) and the newly exposed recording (rec2). Emotional reactivity was assessed with a physiological measure of facial blushing as the main outcome and subjective ratings of embarrassment and valence. Sleep and wake were monitored with diaries and actigraphy. The embarrassing episode was successfully induced as indicated by objective and subjective measures. After controlling for an order effect in stimulus presentation, we found a reduction in blushing response to the reactivated recording (rec1) from pre- to post-sleep compared to wakefulness. However, emotional reactivity to the reactivated recording (rec1) and the new recording (rec2) did not differ after sleep and wakefulness. This study shows that facial blushing was reduced following overnight sleep, while subjective ratings were unaffected. Whether the beneficial effect of sleep is due to changes in memory representation or rather emotion regulation remains elusive.

Transportation noise exposure, insulin resistance and diabetes: what is the role of sleep?

Transportation noise exposure, insulin resistance and diabetes: what is the role of sleep?

The Role of Working Memory in Age-Related Emotional Memory Bias

Aging is accompanied by deterioration in both working memory (WM) and long-term memory (LTM), yet whether these changes are related is not understood. Sleep plays a role in the formation of LTM in young adults, but the findings in older adults are not as clear. The types of memories we store also shift with age as young adults preserve a higher proportion of negative experiences when compared to older adults. The reason for this age-related change in emotional memory bias is also not clear; however, some studies have suggested that WM changes across aging may be an important factor. In the current study, we examined performance in WM and emotional LTM in younger and older adults. We added a daytime nap in half the subjects to examine a possible role of sleep on emotional LTM. In the morning, 93 younger (18–39) and 121 older (60–85) adults completed a WM task. Subjects also encoded neutral or negative word pairs and provided valence and arousal ratings for each pair. After half the subjects took a daytime nap, LTM was examined, and valence and arousal ratings were reassessed. Results indicate that older adults showed worse recognition for negative word pairs compared with neutral, as well as decreased negative valence ratings in the afternoon. This decrease in emotional reactivity was correlated with better LTM performance. In contrast, younger adults performed better on the negative compared to neutral word pairs, with no change in emotional reactivity and no association between emotional reactivity and LTM. In addition, WM was positively related to LTM in younger, but not in older adults. Lastly, no differences were shown across sleep, regardless of age. Our findings suggest that the emotional memory bias may be associated with the emotional saliency of the information in older adults, and with WM capacity in younger adults.

A többműszakos munkavégzés biztonsági kihívásai a rend- és honvédelmi szerveknél

Összefoglalás. A krónikus napközbeni aluszékonyság és a vele járó figyelemzavar igen gyakori panasz, amely jelentősen rontja a munkavégzés teljesítményét, az életminőséget, összetett mechanizmus révén gátolja a mentális funkciókat, gyakran vezethet – munkahelyi és közlekedési balesetek okozójaként – fatális következményhez is. A krónikus napközbeni aluszékonyság mint panasz mögött a krónikus alvás depriváció mellett az elsődleges alvászavarokat kell keresnünk. Summary. Police and military service, at the appropriate level of care, require neuropsychological functions from the service provider such as constant vigilance, sustained attention and concentration, and the compulsion to make quick, responsible decisions. However, the service is often accompanied by difficult external conditions, such as monotony, harsh weather factors, or shift work, which place a heavy burden on the service provider. In both police and military service, in addition to a varied shift schedule, we often expect special mental and physical performance from those serving. However, a multi-shift schedule breaks the circadian rhythm of service, causing metabolic and hormonal changes, and can have a profound effect on one’s behavior and one can remain deeply inferior to oneself during a given performance. Not everyone is adaptable to such conditions, especially those with primary sleep disorders. Therefore, it is particularly important to recognize those suffering from primary sleep disorders among multi-shift workers. People with severe obstructive sleep apnea have an abnormally high degree of daytime sleep and their attention, concentration, vigilance, work and cognitive performance decline significantly compared to their peers in multi-shift work conditions. Much of the experience gained in the field of sleep disorders becomes a practice in the field of occupational health. One of our main goals was to make the diagnosis, treatment and screening of diseases belonging to this professional and scientific topic. The Military Health Sleep Diagnostic Laboratory is tasked with screening out dyssomnia sufferers from performing under special multi-shift conditions. During military service, in modern warfare, the importance of multi-shift work schedules, the continuous standby system, and work periods of different than usual duration and content have increased. All of this has significantly changed the demands on human performance during waking hours and the role of sleep in regeneration, restoration, preparation. In parallel with these requirements, unwanted drowsiness and exhaustion also increased in everyday work, and manifested itself in errors and accidents during operational actions. Sleep deprivation fundamentally affects cognitive areas such as speed of thinking, decision making, divergent thinking, executive functions, emotions, understanding humor, memory, morality, risk taking, and alertness. A number of special functions are associated with the prefrontal cortex. Judgment, decision making, impulse control, attention, and visual association are related to this part of the cerebral cortex. This area of the cortex is very vulnerable and, as a result of sleep deprivation, a disturbance of the functions represented here can be observed. Sleep disorders severely and often unexpectedly limit mental and physical performance. They can cause serious confusion during training, exercise, and tactical and operational activities, so knowledge of them is important for prevention, interpretation, and effective therapy. Sleep disorders can occur in greater numbers due to the special conditions of police and military service.

Mutual interaction between visual homeostatic plasticity and sleep in adult humans.

Sleep and plasticity are highly interrelated, as sleep slow oscillations and sleep spindles are associated with consolidation of Hebbian-based processes. However, in adult humans, visual cortical plasticity is mainly sustained by homeostatic mechanisms, for which the role of sleep is still largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that non-REM sleep stabilizes homeostatic plasticity of ocular dominance induced in adult humans by short-term monocular deprivation: the counterintuitive and otherwise transient boost of the deprived eye was preserved at the morning awakening (>6 hr after deprivation). Subjects exhibiting a stronger boost of the deprived eye after sleep had increased sleep spindle density in frontopolar electrodes, suggesting the involvement of distributed processes. Crucially, the individual susceptibility to visual homeostatic plasticity soon after deprivation correlated with the changes in sleep slow oscillations and spindle power in occipital sites, consistent with a modulation in early occipital visual cortex.

The role of sleep in health and health inequities in early childhood in Aotearoa New Zealand

ABSTRACT This research investigated associations between multiple aspects of sleep health and child health, and the role of sleep in ethnic health inequities in early childhood. Questionnaire data on sleep and health of 3-year-old children (340 Māori, 570 non-Māori) in the Moe Kura: Mother and Child, Sleep and Wellbeing in Aotearoa/New Zealand study were analysed cross-sectionally. Logistic regression models investigated associations between poor sleep and health; and the contribution of socioeconomic deprivation, racism, and poor sleep to ethnic inequities in health (socioemotional difficulties; overweight/obesity; and asthma/eczema/allergy). Sleep measures included weekday and weekend sleep duration (per 24h), differences between weekday and weekend sleep duration and sleep timing, and sleep disturbance. Multiple aspects of sleep were associated with socioemotional or physical health outcomes. Ethnic health inequities existed, with Māori children having higher odds of poor health for all health measures. In sequential logistic regression models, socioeconomic deprivation attenuated ethnic health inequities, as did further adjustment for racism, and for sleep. Findings indicate that poor sleep health may be a pathway linking social disadvantage to ethnic inequities in health outcomes in early childhood. Results provide support for tackling systemic drivers of racism, and social and sleep inequities, to achieve health equity in early childhood.

The roles of sleep and executive function in adolescent nighttime eating

Nighttime eating has been associated with obesity, inflammation, and poor nutritional intake, yet correlates of this behavior are understudied in pediatric populations and among adolescents in particular. The current study examines modifiable factors related to nighttime eating, including sleep parameters and regulatory abilities—as well as the interplay between these constructs—in adolescents. A total of 223 adolescents (Mage = 15.32 years, 52.9 % female, 15.7 % classified as overweight, 21.1 % had obesity) wore ActiGraph devices to measure sleep and were instructed to complete three 24-h dietary recall measures over a two-week period. Participants also completed self-report measures of executive function. Greater variability in sleep duration was consistently associated with higher average calorie, sugar, and fat consumption after 8, 9, and 10 PM. The main effect of global executive function on all nighttime eating measures was nonsignificant, and executive function did not moderate relationships between sleep parameters and nighttime eating measures. Since adolescents' eating habits may set the stage for lifelong dietary practices, efforts to ensure consistent sleep duration may reduce risk for nighttime eating in this nutritionally vulnerable population.

Pineal Gland from the Cell Culture to Animal Models: A Review.

This review demonstrates current literature on pineal gland physiology, pathology, and animal model experiments to concisely explore future needs in research development with respect to pineal gland function and neuro-regenerative properties. The pineal gland plays an integral role in sleep and recovery by promoting physiologic circadian rhythms via production and release of melatonin. Yet, the current literature shows that the pineal gland has neuroprotective effects that modulate both peripheral and central nerve injuries through several direct and indirect mechanisms, such as angiogenesis and induction of growth factors and anti-inflammatory mediators. Animal models have also shown correlations between pineal gland function and metabolic homeostasis. Studies have shown that a functional pineal gland is essential in preventing and slowing the progression of certain diseases such as diabetes, osteoporosis, vertebral osteoarthritis, and neurodegenerative processes. Lastly, the array of cell culturing methods and animal models that can be used to further develop the study of pineal gland function and nervous system injury were reviewed.

Copy number variation at the 22q11.2 locus influences prevalence, severity, and psychiatric impact of sleep disturbance

BackgroundSleep disturbance is common, impairing, and may affect symptomatology in developmental neuropsychiatric disorders. Here, we take a genetics-first approach to study the complex role of sleep in psychopathology. Specifically, we examine severity of sleep disturbance in individuals with a reciprocal copy number variant (CNV) at the 22q11.2 locus and determine sleep’s effect on psychiatric symptoms. CNVs (deletion or duplication) at this locus confer some of the greatest known risks of neuropsychiatric disorders; recent studies suggest the 22q11.2 deletion negatively impacts sleep, but sleep disruption associated with 22q11.2 duplication has not been investigated.MethodsWe compared subjective sleep disturbance and its relationship to psychiatric symptoms cross-sectionally and longitudinally over 1 year in 107 22q11.2 deletion (22qDel) carriers (14.56±8.0 years; 50% male), 42 22q11.2 duplication (22qDup) carriers (16.26±13.1 years; 54.8% male), and 88 age- and sex-matched controls (14.65±7.4 years; 47.1% male). Linear mixed models were used to compare sleep disturbance, assessed via the Structured Interview for Psychosis-Risk Syndromes (SIPS), across groups. Next, CNV carriers were categorized as good or poor sleepers to investigate sleep effects on multiple neurobehavioral traits: psychosis-risk symptoms (SIPS), autism-related behaviors (Repetitive Behavior Scale (RBS) and Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS)), real-world executive function (Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF)), and emotional/behavioral problems (Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL)). Linear mixed models tested the effect of sleep category and a group-by-sleep interaction on each measure, cross-sectionally and longitudinally.Results22qDel and 22qDup carriers both reported poorer sleep than controls, but did not differ from each other. Cross-sectionally and longitudinally, poor sleepers scored higher on positive symptoms, anxious/depressed, somatic complaints, thought problems, and aggressive behavior, as well as RBS and SRS total scores. There were significant group-by-sleep interactions for positive symptoms and the majority of CBCL subdomains, in which the difference between good and poor sleepers was larger in 22qDel compared to 22qDup.ConclusionsOur findings indicate that CNVs at the 22q11.2 locus impact sleep which, in turn, influences psychopathology. Sleep disturbances can differentially impact psychopathology, depending on 22q11.2 gene dosage. Our findings serve as a starting point for exploring a genetic basis for sleep disturbance in developmental neuropsychiatric disorders.

Sleep habits are associated with cognition decline in physically robust, but not in frail participants: a longitudinal observational study

Frail older adults are vulnerable to stressors; thus, sleep related cognition impairment might more greatly affect frail than healthy older adults. In the present study, we investigated whether the association between sleep problems and cognition varies with physical frailty status (modified from Fried et al.). Participants 55 years and older who completed a baseline and follow-up questionnaire (median follow-up: 5.5 years), were included in the analysis. Sleep parameters were evaluated in an interview at the baseline. Cognitive decline was defined as a loss of 3 or more points on the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) at follow-up. Associations between sleep problems and cognitive decline were examined using logistic regression and were stratified by baseline physical frailty status, adjusted for potential confounders. A short total sleep duration (< 5 vs. 7–9 h, odds ratio (OR) = 1.88, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.18–3.00), excessive daytime sleepiness (OR = 1.49, 95% CI 1.04–2.13), low sleep efficiency (< 65% vs. ≥ 85%, OR = 1.62, 95% CI 1.07–2.46), and insomnia complaints (OR = 2.34, 95% CI 1.23–4.43) were associated with MMSE decline in physically robust. The association was stronger for the sleep summary score, which summarized abnormal sleep duration, excessive daytime sleepiness, and insomnia complaints (ge 2 vs. 0, OR = 3.79, 95% CI 2.10–6.85, p < 0.0001). Due to the low prevalence of frailty in this community-dwelling population, the statistical power to detect an association was low. More evidence is needed to clarify the role of sleep in the progression of cognitive decline in frail individuals.

Effect of Sleep upon Recovery and Sports Performance of the University Players

The relationship of sleep, recovery and performance was the pivot of this research study. The role of sleep is vital for the health, physiological, and cognitive functioning of players. However, the complex processes of sleep are yet unclear. A bulk of literature is available documenting the effect of sleep upon human health, and a meager amount of information exists about the role of sleep in the perspectives of players. Respondents of this research study comprised of 82 university players representing Cricket, Foot Ball, Hockey, Volley Ball, Basket Ball, Badminton, Table Tennis, and Track and Field events. Data were collected using an adapted questionnaire, "Athlete Sleep Behavior Questionnaire”. Anova and Coefficients were used for the analysis of data. Analysis revealed that there exists a highly significant association between sleep, recovery, and performance of the players. Similarly,the role of sleep in the perspective of recovery and performance of the player has also been found highly significant. Considering the findings of the study, it is suggested that players should be provided a conducive environment for sound sleep, ensuring having the proper amount of sleep during all three phases, including pre, during, and post-competition to have a rapid recovery and good performance.

Online academic satisfaction during the COVID-19 pandemic in medical students: role of sleep, emotions, college adjustment, and digital skills.

Background: The measures taken to contain the COVID-19 pandemic, led to significant changes in university education, resulting in the new normal standard of virtual teaching in many undergraduate medical schools worldwide. Therefore, the aim of this paper was to determine the factors related to academic satisfaction with virtual teaching in medical students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: A cross-sectional-analytical study was conducted on medical students at a private university in Peru, through self-reported questionnaires divided into sociodemographic data and variables of interest that could influence academic satisfaction during the pandemic. To evaluate possible factors related to academic satisfaction, stepwise regression models were performed for both sexes. Results: In total, data from 310 medical students, 117 males and 193 females, were analyzed. Academic satisfaction reached a score of 11.2 ± 2.9, which was similar in both sexes. The best regression model for males (AIC: 544.32; RMSE: 2.42; R 2: 0.30) showed that adaptation to university life (favorable change) and depression (unfavorable change) explained 30% of changes in students' academic satisfaction. While in females (AIC: 907.59; RMSE: 2.49; R 2: 0.22) the model integrated favorable factors such as adjustment to college life and anxiety; while depression and poor sleep quality were unfavorable factors. Conclusion: Factors that contributed to academic satisfaction in medical students were determined in this study, which differed by gender. Thus, it is important to take into account the particularities of male and female medical students in order to improve their academic satisfaction during their university careers.

The Associations of Electronic Media Use With Sleep and Circadian Problems, Social, Emotional and Behavioral Difficulties in Adolescents.

BackgroundElectronic media use (EMU) becomes one of the most common activities in adolescents. The present study investigated the deleterious influence of excessive EMU and EMU before bedtime on social, emotional, and behavioral difficulties (SEBD) in adolescents. The role of sleep and circadian problems in mediating the association of EMU with SEBD was examined.MethodsA cross-sectional survey study was conducted with 3,455 adolescents (55.7% female, mean age = 14.8 ± 1.57 years, 36.6% monthly family income < HK$15,000) between December 2011 and March 2012 in Hong Kong. The associations of EMU with sleep and circadian problems and SEBD were analyzed using multiple binary logistic regression and path analysis. Sleep problems were measured by the Insomnia Severity Index and the reduced Horne and Östberg Morningness and Eveningness Questionnaire. Circadian problems were calculated based on established formulas. SEBD was measured using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Participants' mental health status was assessed by the General Health Questionnaire.ResultsA longer duration of EMU, excessive EMU (daily duration ≥ 2 h), and bedtime EMU (an hour before bedtime) were associated with the risk of sleep and circadian problems, poor mental health, and SEBD (p < 0.05). Insomnia, eveningness, social jetlag, and sleep deprivation were found to mediate the associations of EMU (including bedtime EMU of computers, electronic game consoles, phones, and televisions, together with excessive EMU of computers for leisure purposes and phones) with mental health and SEBD.ConclusionsThe findings suggest the need for setting up guidelines and advocacy for education for appropriate EMU and intervention for the associated sleep and circadian problems to ameliorate EMU-related mental and behavioral health problems in adolescents.

Paradoxical relationship between subjective and objective cognition: the role of sleep.

Subjective memory complaints and objective cognitive dysfunction are common in aging populations; however, research investigating the associations between them is inconclusive. Given the high prevalence of sleep complaints in middle-aged/older adults, this research tested whether objective cognition interacted with sleep parameters in its associations with subjective cognition. Cognitively healthy adults aged 50+ years completed the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Cognitive Failures Questionnaire, and cognitive tasks: Stroop, Sternberg, and Posner cueing. Multiple regression and simple slope analyses examined whether objective cognition interacted with sleep parameters in its associations with subjective memory. Stroop performance and sleep (efficiency and disturbances) had interactive associations with Cognitive Failures Questionnaire-memory. Specifically, better Stroop performance (faster reaction time-control trials) was associated with more memory complaints at worst and average but not best sleep efficiency. Additionally, faster reaction time was associated with more memory complaints only for worst sleep disturbance. Similarly, Sternberg performance and sleep (efficiency and disturbances) had interactive associations with Cognitive Failures Questionnaire-memory. Specifically, higher proportion correct was associated with more memory complaints only at worst sleep efficiency and sleep disturbance. Finally, Posner performance and sleep disturbance had an interactive association with Cognitive Failures Questionnaire-memory. Faster exogenous orienting was associated with more memory complaints only for worst sleep disturbance. Objective cognition interacts with sleep efficiency and sleep disturbances in its associations with subjective memory in mid-to-late life. Findings suggest sleep fragmentation plays a role in the discrepant relationship between objective and subjective cognition. Future studies should investigate this relationship in aging populations with sleep disorders and/or cognitive impairments. Costa AN, McCrae CS, Cowan N, Curtis AF. Paradoxical relationship between subjective and objective cognition: the role of sleep. J Clin Sleep Med. 2022;18(8):2009-2022.

The Sleep Behaviors of Elite Australian Rules Footballers Before and After Games During an Entire Season.

Most athletes sleep poorly around competition. The aim of this study was to examine sleep before/after games during an entire season in elite Australian Rules footballers (N = 37) from the same team. Sleep was monitored using activity monitors for 4 consecutive nights (beginning 2 nights before games) during 19 rounds of a season. Differences in sleep on the nights before/after games, and differences in sleep before/after games as a function of game time (day vs evening), location (local vs interstate), and outcome (win vs loss), were examined using linear mixed effects models. Players fell asleep earlier (+1.9h; P < .001), and woke up later (+1h; P < .001) on the night before games compared with the night of games. Players obtained less sleep on the night of games than on the night before games (5.2h vs 7.7h; P < .001), and this reduction was exacerbated when games were played in the evening-after evening games, players obtained approximately 40 minutes less sleep than after day games (P < .001). Sleep duration on the nights before and after games was not affected by game location or game outcome, but players had later sleep onset (P < .001) and offset times (P < .001) on most nights when sleeping away from home. Elite footballers obtain good sleep on the night before games but obtain approximately 30% less sleep on the night of games. Given the role of sleep in recovery, it will be important to determine whether a reduction in sleep duration of this magnitude impairs recovery on the days following games.

Melatonin Beyond Sleep, Part I: An Overview

The pineal hormone melatonin has many and various physiologic actions. While it plays key roles in sleep and chronobiologic functions, melatonin also possesses antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties and helps modulate mitochondrial homeostasis. Because of these numerous actions beyond direct effects on sleep, melatonin has therapeutic potential in a large number of conditions. Trials demonstrate a multitude of actions of melatonin for people with liver disease, autoimmunity, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, and more. Part I, an overview, discusses melatonin's effects in general medicine, including a discussion of safety, while Part II specifically focuses on the use of melatonin in oncology.

Evaluation of the sleep hygiene index and physical activity states of the elderly living in nursing homes

The aim: the sleep quality and physical performance play a vital role in older adults’ well-being to maintain good overall health. Therefore, the parameters that have a role in sleep and physical capacity are crucial to achieve a healthy aging outcome. In this study, we aimed at comparing the quality of sleep and physical activity state of the elderly living in 5 nursing homes.&#x0D; Methods: the 181 elderly individuals living in 5 nursing homes were included in this cross-sectional study. Physical activity, sleep hygiene index and demographics were analysed using SPPS 23.0.&#x0D; Results: overall, 68.5 % of the participants were male, and 31.5 % were female. There was no significant correlation between the sleep hygiene scores and physical activity states (p &gt;0.05). Those who were divorced, those who were on at least one type of medication, those who smoked and those with poor perception of health had statistically significant difference in terms of the Sleep Hygiene Index (p&lt;0.05).&#x0D; Conclusion: other than findings of the presented study that influence sleep and physical activity, the many other factors in different geographical areas or cultures could be a reason that is interrelated with sleep quality and physical performance of older adults. In this study, for primary care and family physicians to boost the sleep quality of the elderly, we recommend improving their health perception, quitting smoking, discontinuing unnecessary medications, and increasing their social interactions