Role Of Perceived Risk Research Articles

The role of attitude and attitude ambivalence in acceptance of the cancer risk associated with red meat

Many cancers are linked to varying degrees with common lifestyle factors such as smoking, drinking and diet, and are therefore partially preventable. Building on existing risk perception literature, this article uses the case of red meat consumption to examine the effect of people’s attitudes and attitude ambivalence on health risk perceptions where there is some uncertainty about the risk. Data was obtained from an opportunity sample of community-dwelling adults (n = 167) using an online survey. The survey included information from a recent press release on the cancer risk associated with red meat consumption (‘probably carcinogenic’) as well as measures of attitude to red meat, attitude ambivalence, ambiguity aversion, information evaluation and acceptance of cancer risk. Participants who were more inclined to accept the risk of cancer linked to red meat tended to have a more negative attitude to red meat, higher attitude ambivalence, more favourable evaluation of the information provided, lower ambiguity aversion and lower red meat consumption; they also tended to be of older age. Attitude was a weaker predictor of risk perception among participants who were highly ambivalent. This, coupled with the finding that people with an ambivalent attitude to red meat evaluated the risk information more favourably and were more convinced that red meat can cause cancer, suggests that attitude ambivalence may play a more important role in risk perception than previously thought. These findings are discussed in the context of strategies for dealing with risk when drawing on rational and non-rational logics of handling evidence.

Why Riders Perform Risky Riding Behavior in Jakarta: The effects of Hazardous Situation, Gender, and Risk Perception

The relationship between risky riding behavior and traffic accidents has been identified in previous research. However, there is limited research that focuses on the interaction between internal and external factors and the effect this has on riders’ risky riding decisions. The aim of this study is to examine the effect of hazardous situations and gender on risk perception and risky riding behavior among motorcyclists. We focus on lane-splitting behavior as one of the most common risky riding behaviors among motorcyclists in Jakarta. A 2×2 mixed-groups factorial ANOVA (hazardous situation × gender) was conducted with 72 participant riders, male as well as female. Participants were asked to read different scenarios and watch six video clips that showed pro-risk and anti-risk hazardous situations. At the end of each clip, participants answered questions related to risk perception and lane splitting decisions. Results show that hazardous situations have a significant effect on each dimension of risk perception and on risky riding behavior. However, results suggest that gender has a significant effect only on two dimensions of risk perception, namely, efficacy and worry and insecurity. We also found a significant effect of the interaction between hazardous situations and gender on risk perception, which is the dimension of the likelihood of an accident. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that it is important for law enforcement to consider the role of risk perception when granting motorcycle licenses.

The Moderating Role of Risk Perception on The Relationship Between Satisfaction and Repurchase Intention of Bottled Water in Nigeria: A Research Proposition

There has been a surge of bottled water consumption globally to date. This phenomenon requires investigation on why consumers intend to repeat purchase the product. While past literature has applied Oliver’s expectation disconfirmation theory (EDT) to explain the link between customer satisfactions (CS) and repurchase intention (RI), other studies have reported conflicting findings. Thus, this study argues that risk perception (RP) should be added as a moderating variable between CS-RI which should improve our understanding of the RI behaviour in the context of EDT, bottled water consumption, policy and marketing strategy research. A new framework is proposed to explain the role of RP in EDT, with the aim of stimulating further enquiry.

Impact of the Fukushima Nuclear Accident on Belief in Rumors: The Role of Risk Perception and Communication

Rumors about nuclear power energy and its risks in terms of technology are common. However, these rumors are sometimes exaggerated and not true. Our research question is what factors and variables have influence the rumors related to the Fukushima nuclear accident. We analyzed data collected through social survey (n = 1572). To measure the dependent variable, we asked respondents whether rumors related to the Fukushima nuclear accident were true or false, and the degree to which they trusted such rumors. We measured three factors in determining belief in rumors: psychometric paradigm, communication, and risk perception. We then analyzed the direct impact of these three factors on belief in rumors and the indirect moderating effect of perceived risk of the Fukushima nuclear accident on the relationship between psychometric factors and belief in rumors. Results show that in the communication factors, source credibility decreases belief in rumors whereas usefulness of information and receiver’s ability increase it. All the psychometric variables have significant impacts on belief in rumors. Perceived benefit, trust, and knowledge decrease belief in rumors, and perceived risk and stigma increase it. Finally, the perceived risk of Fukushima accident plays a role of moderators between psychometric paradigm and belief in rumors.

Risk perceptions on cruise ships among young people: Concepts, approaches and directions

Cruising is becoming a more popular form of tourism, leading to the increasingly sophisticated demand and expectations of cruise passengers and the growing number of young cruise passengers. Therefore, it is essential that cruise operators develop a thorough understanding of their customers and determinants influencing the decision-making process. Risk perception plays a key role in affecting purchase intention and retention, and shaping consumer experiences and satisfaction. This paper synthesises the existing knowledge on the role of risk perception in cruising, explores theories underpinning risk perception and its measurements, and identifies key factors influencing risk perception. The paper offers a comprehensive conceptual framework for risk perception on cruise ships, and identifies knowledge gaps that have not yet been explored in the extant cruising literature. This paper contributes to the advancement of risk knowledge in cruise ship behaviour, and allows cruise operators to better understand customer behaviour, especially the youth.

Asthma and odors: The role of risk perception in asthma exacerbation

Asthma and odors: The role of risk perception in asthma exacerbation

The role of risk perception in willingness to respond to the 2014\u20132016 West African Ebola outbreak: a qualitative study of international health care workers.

BackgroundThe 2014–2016 West Africa Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) outbreak was an unprecedented public health event, and in addition to claiming over 11,000 lives, it resulted in the deaths of more healthcare workers than any outbreak in recent history. While a cadre of willing and able health workers is essential for an effective epidemic response, health workforce capacity in times of crisis may be significantly impacted by how risks are perceived by health staff. This study aimed to explore how risk perceptions influenced healthcare workers’ willingness to respond during this outbreak.MethodsThrough in-depth interviews with 11 front-line international health care workers who chose to respond to the West Africa outbreak, this qualitative study explores how perceptions of risk developed and subsequently mediated the decision to respond to the outbreak. Data was thematically organized using NVivo 10.ResultsWe found that numerous individual and social-level factors played a role in modifying risk perception in health workers. Institutional trust emerged as a key risk attenuator, as did past experience, self-efficacy, duty of care, humanitarian ethos, and cognitive heuristics. Feelings of risk were amplified by infections of co-workers, and risk perceptions of family members and the public, which were mainly informed by media reports, also hampered willingness to respond in some cases.ConclusionsUnderstanding the risk perceptions of health workers, institutions, and the public, while complex and interdependent, are each crucial to understand for an effective public health response to epidemics, and as such should be taken into consideration in future program planning and research.

Public trust in local governments and environmental risks in China: the effects of media use, perceived dread, and perceived inequality

This study deals with the phenomenon of air pollution in China, focusing on the relative influence of media use and risk perception on public trust in local governments. In particular, risk perception is specified as perceived dread and perceived inequality. Detailed analyses of the survey data showed that perceived dread partially mediated the positive impact of the use of news media or social media on public trust in local governments. Specifically, the mediating effects were stronger when the public’s perceived inequality regarding risk distribution was high than when their perceived inequality was low. The findings shed light on how perceived dread and perceived inequality bridge and condition the impact of media use on public trust in local governments in China, thus highlighting the role of risk perception in the mechanism of political trust in the context of environmental risks.

A Walk on the Wild Side: The Impact of Music on Risk-Taking Likelihood.

From a marketing perspective, there has been substantial interest in on the role of risk-perception on consumer behavior. Specific ‘problem music’ like rap and heavy metal has long been associated with delinquent behavior, including violence, drug use, and promiscuous sex. Although individuals’ risk preferences have been investigated across a range of decision-making situations, there has been little empirical work demonstrating the direct role music may have on the likelihood of engaging in risky activities. In the exploratory study reported here, we assessed the impact of listening to different styles of music while assessing risk-taking likelihood through a psychometric scale. Risk-taking likelihood was measured across ethical, financial, health and safety, recreational and social domains. Through the means of a canonical correlation analysis, the multivariate relationship between different music styles and individual risk-taking likelihood across the different domains is discussed. Our results indicate that listening to different types of music does influence risk-taking likelihood, though not in areas of health and safety.

Preparing for flooding in England and Wales: the role of risk perception and the social context in driving individual action

Flooding is a major threat to the local communities in the UK, and the risks are increasing due to climate change. Encouraging homeowners to prepare for the consequences of catastrophic flooding is imperative. This study aims to examine the ways in which individuals’ risk perceptions and socio-cultural characteristics co-determine the preparedness for flood hazards. It is based on a social survey about household arrangements that can reduce the economic losses arising from flooding and enhance community resilience. A total of 485 responses were solicited from homeowners in England and Wales. Results confirm that the intention to act is socially motivated. This indicates the need for addressing the role of social networks and engagement with local community in enhancing community resilience to flooding. On the other hand, the effect of risk-related considerations is complicated. Perceived severity of flood damage is associated with intended actions, whereas risk characteristics are not. This implies that although providing relevant risk information to the public is crucial, appealing to the feelings of fears and uncertainties is less likely to be effective in driving actions for managing flood risks than has been usually assumed. The findings have practical implications for policy-making and climate risk communication.

The Role of Risk Perception in Flu Vaccine Behavior among African-American and White Adults in the United States.

Seasonal flu vaccination rates are low for U.S. adults, with significant disparities between African and white Americans. Risk perception is a significant predictor of vaccine behavior but the research on this construct has been flawed. This study addressed critical research questions to understand the differences between African and white Americans in the role of risk perception in flu vaccine behavior: (1) What is the dimensionality of risk perception and does it differ between the two races? (2) Were risk perceptions of white and African-American populations different and how were sociodemographic characteristics related to risk for each group? (3) What is the relation between risk perception and flu vaccine behaviors for African Americans and whites? The sample, drawn from GfK's Knowledge Panel, consisted of 838 whites and 819 African Americans. The survey instrument was developed from qualitative research. Measures of risk perception included cognitive and emotional measures of disease risk and risk of side effects from the vaccine. The online survey was conducted in March 2015. Results showed the importance of risk perception in the vaccine decision-making process for both racial groups. As expected, those who got the vaccine reported higher disease risk than those who did not. Separate cognitive and emotional factors did not materialize in this study but strong evidence was found to support the importance of considering disease risk as well as risk of the vaccine. There were significant racial differences in the way risk perception predicted behavior.

Does risk perception really exist?

The main aims of the current study were to examine the risk perception concept and the role of risk perception and worry in demands for risk mitigation in urban transport. The results are based on a self-completion questionnaire survey carried out in representative samples of six Norwegian urban areas (n=1047). Risk perception, worry and demand for risk mitigation were found to differ according to the type of travel mode in question. The results did not support the idea that risk perception could be conceptualised as a reflective construct of accident probability assessment and judgement of the severity of the consequences. Factors previously assumed to be important in the conceptualisation of risk perception may not be a fruitful basis for understanding how the urban public perceives risks in transport. It is not primarily the risk, but the risk source that is perceived. Risk perception is less conceptual than object-centred, and measures aimed at influencing perceptions of travel mode risk should to a larger extent take into consideration how such risk is perceived.

How mediated power affects opportunism in owner–contractor relationships: The role of risk perceptions

Contractor opportunism is an obstacle to close collaboration in owner–contractor relationships for construction projects. But little is known about what causes it. This study examines how the mediated power of an owner influences contractor opportunism from the risk perception perspective. Using data from 156 responses to an opinion questionnaire survey, the moderating effect of solidarity on the relationship between mediated power and risk perceptions in the owner–contractor relationship is explored. The data were analyzed with Partial-Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The results show that the relational risk perceptions and the performance risk perceptions of contractors have a positive influence on their tendency to become opportunist; while the mediated power of the owner can increase the contractor's negative perceptions of relational risks but not performance risks. High solidarity helps to weaken the positive influence of mediated power on the contractor's relational risk perceptions. These findings confirm that risk perception is an important perspective to understand why contractors behave opportunistically. In addressing this situation, owners should put themselves in the contractor's shoes to perceive what kinds of risks the contractor would face, and consider the potential impact of their own behavior to the contractor.

Climate Change Perceptions of NY State Farmers: The Role of Risk Perceptions and Adaptive Capacity.

Climate change is expected to severely impact agricultural practices in many important food-producing regions, including the Northeast United States. Changing climate conditions, such as increases in the amount of rainfall, will require farmers to adapt. Yet, little is known with regard to farmers' perceptions and understandings about climate change, especially in the industrialized country context. This paper aims at overcoming this research limitation, as well as determining the existing contextual, cognitive, and psychological barriers that can prevent adoption of sustainable practices of farmers in New York State. The study is framed within the adaptive capacity and risk perception literature, and is based on a qualitative analysis of in-depth interviews with farmers in 21 farms in two counties in Central New York. The results reveal diverging views about the long-term consequences of climate change. Results also reveal that past experience remains as the most important source of information that influences beliefs and perceptions about climate change, confirming previous research.

The Affective Bases of Risk Perception: Negative Feelings and Stress Mediate the Relationship between Mental Imagery and Risk Perception.

Recent research has documented that affect plays a crucial role in risk perception. When no information about numerical risk estimates is available (e.g., probability of loss or magnitude of consequences), people may rely on positive and negative affect toward perceived risk. However, determinants of affective reactions to risks are poorly understood. In a series of three experiments, we addressed the question of whether and to what degree mental imagery eliciting negative affect and stress influences risk perception. In each experiment, participants were instructed to visualize consequences of risk taking and to rate riskiness. In Experiment 1, participants who imagined negative risk consequences reported more negative affect and perceived risk as higher compared to the control condition. In Experiment 2, we found that this effect was driven by affect elicited by mental imagery rather than its vividness and intensity. In this study, imagining positive risk consequences led to lower perceived risk than visualizing negative risk consequences. Finally, we tested the hypothesis that negative affect related to higher perceived risk was caused by negative feelings of stress. In Experiment 3, we introduced risk-irrelevant stress to show that participants in the stress condition rated perceived risk as higher in comparison to the control condition. This experiment showed that higher ratings of perceived risk were influenced by psychological stress. Taken together, our results demonstrate that affect-laden mental imagery dramatically changes risk perception through negative affect (i.e., psychological stress).

Commodity markets volatility transmission: Roles of risk perceptions and uncertainty in financial markets

This paper uses GJR–GARCH estimations to analyze the price volatility transmissions among the crude oil, corn, soybeans, sugar, and wheat markets. Special role is also given to two driving mechanisms of the relationship: (i) the volatility index (VIX) as a measure of risk perceptions, and (ii) the equity market uncertainty (EMU) index as a measure of uncertainty in financial markets. The analysis covers the daily futures markets data from January 1, 1990 to July 31, 2015, and several sub-periods in the empirical strategy are also considered. The empirical results show that (i) crude oil return is positively related to four agricultural commodity returns; (ii) a higher risk perception in financial markets suppresses both the corn and soybeans returns over the period August 1, 2008–July 31, 2015; (iii) a higher uncertainty in financial markets is negatively related to the corn and soybeans returns for the period from June 1, 2010 to July 31, 2015; (iv) the results for the effects of risk perceptions and uncertainty on wheat market returns are not statistically robust; i.e., these results are time-specific in the different sub-period analyses.

The Role of Risk Perception in Child Mobility Decisions in West Africa, Empirical Evidence From Benin

Summary Ethnographic research suggests that child mobility serves as a social risk management strategy for vulnerable, uninsured rural households. In line with this research, and as a supplement to previous empirical research on child mobility, this article suggests that child mobility is not only implemented as response to shocks and poverty, but also ex-ante such situations. That is, it is assumed that when households perceive themselves to be at heightened risk of critical poverty or shock, the likelihood of child-relocation increases. The hypothesis is tested by looking at the statistical association between child mobility and household head risk perception, operationalized as his or her level of worry about not being able to provide the family with food in the upcoming 12 months. Data from 2,078 households with eligible children in rural Benin, 2012, are analyzed. In 2010, Benin was struck by a massive flood that affected almost half the sampled households. In the OLS presented, child mobility is regressed on poverty, being shocked by the 2010 floods, and risk—understood as level of worry about the future food situation—and a set of socioeconomic controls. Household head risk perception is systematically associated with child mobility, while poverty and shock are not. If future risk perception indeed also predicts high-risk child relocations, then predictable social safety nets should be an adequate policy response.

Impact of Financial Literacy, Financial Knowledge, Moderating Role of Risk Perception on Investment Decision

The purpose of this paper is to assess the financial literacy and financial knowledge of the individual and professional investors who invest in the local market. In additions, it examines the relationship between financial literacy, financial knowledge and the influence of risk perception that effect investment decision. The survey was conducted on different investors of Rawalpindi and Islamabad. Data was collected from 257 personnel using adopted questionnaires consisting of measuring each variable on five point likert scale. For data analysis statistical tools such as correlation and regression were tested using SPSS. Result indicates that there is significant positive relationship between financial literacy, financial knowledge, risk perception and investment decision. However, the demographic factors such as gender and age are negatively associated with to investment decision. The current study is considered the first of its kind conducted in Pakistan. To the best of my knowledge, no such studies have been conducting regarding measuring financial literacy, financial knowledge and risk perception or the relationship between financial literacy, financial knowledge level and risk perception that influence investment decisions.

Health Prevention and Savings: How to Deal with Fatalism?

In this paper, we first analyze the trade-off between primary prevention and savings when individuals face health (long-term care) risk. We suppose that there is no private insurance market for this risk and consider two risk management tools: primary prevention and savings. We emphasize the role of risk perception and, more precisely, we focus our discussion on the existence of a type of individuals that we call fatalists. Secondly, we analyze the role of risk perception on long-term care public policy. We propose to combine subsidies for prevention with a social insurance co-payment for long-term care expenditures. We show that the presence of fatalists is crucial in the optimal policy design.

Risk and benefit judgment of excreta as fertilizer in agriculture: An exploratory investigation in Rwanda and Uganda

ABSTRACTThis research explores the use of psychometric techniques to improve understanding of psychological mechanisms underlying judgment of excreta as fertilizer in agriculture including other excreta-related activities. Participants consisted of environmental health students, smallholder farmers, and traders in rural and urban Rwanda and Uganda. The finding reveals an inverse relationship between risk and benefit judgments. This relationship holds for the three groups of participants with significant risk and benefit correlations of p < .0001. This finding is consistent with other studies in showing that affect plays a key role in risk perception, judgment, and decision-making. Building on this finding, we conclude that individuals with high risk and low benefit judgment for excreta-related practices would eschew them or emphasize strict standards. Individuals with a high benefit and low risk judgment would engage in excreta management practices regardless of the actual risks involved. This finding is relevant for risk communication and risk management as it indicates that individuals do not rely only on risk management information they receive concerning excreta and related risks but also depend, to an extent, on their feelings about these substances when making judgments and decisions regarding the purpose for using excreta as fertilizer and the level of exposure they can tolerate and manage.