Role Of Prostitutes Research Articles

No Way to Run a Brothel? Prostitution and Policey in the Late Medieval Holy Roman Empire

Abstract This article addresses the relationship between civic prostitution and the concept of ‘gute Policey’ in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries. It takes as its object of discussion a series of so-called Frauenhausordnungen (brothel ordinances or brothel rules) from the cities of Nuremberg, Nördlingen, Strasbourg, Constance and Ulm. Previous discussions have characterized Frauenhausordnungen from these cities as members of a coherent genre of regulations, a grouping which this article contests. By placing the creation of new brothel regulations in these cities in the larger context of the emergence of ‘gute Policey’ as a crucial category within domestic administration, the article seeks to expose civic authorities’ moral ambiguities about the role of prostitution in society, which originated well before the Reformation, often seen as the key factor in the vanishing of public prostitution from the urban landscape in the early modern era.

The Role of Prostitutes in the Political Economy of Corruption in Ben Mtobwa’s Pesa Zako Zinanuka and Dares Salaam Usiku

Summary Corruption is a vice that continues to afflict many countries in the world, those of Africa inclusive. It is inimical to the rule of law, honesty and integrity. Those involved in corruption subvert honesty while privileging depravity. In the final analysis, the moral fibre of a people becomes eroded as corruption takes the centre stage. Corruption has been a common subject matter in many literary works. Such works have depicted the ruling class and their henchmen involving themselves in the morass, eventually bringing nations economies to their knees. While literary critics have focused on the role of politicians and tycoons in corruption in literary works, little attention has been given to a number of minorities in the malfeasance. This article, which is hinged on African feminism as espoused by Gwendolyn Mikell and Oreyonke Oyewumi reports the findings of an investigation into the role of the prostitutes in the political economy of corruption in Tanzania’s Ben Mtobwa’s Pesa Zako Zinanuka (Your Money Stinks) and Dares Salaam Usiku (Dares Salaam by Night). The article argues that prostitution is hierarchical and asymmetrical in male-female relations. Male clients exert power and domination over the female prostitutes, and little wonder that harlots accrue any significant benefit from the trade. The article demonstrates that prostitutes are integral to corruption as they cavort with politicians and tycoons, where they are used as sidekicks, while in other instances they play the role of conduits in scams. They are also used as covert security operators for the corrupt, while playing stumbling blocks to the anticorruption crusaders. The article argues that this is evidence of the subordination of women as a section of menfolk thrive in corruption.

The role of prostitution on HIV transmission with memory: A modeling approach

HIV is a topic that has been greatly discussed and researched due to its impact on human population. Many campaigns have been put into place, and people have been made aware of the various effects of the disease. This paper considers a fractional-order HIV epidemic model with the inclusion of prostitution in the population and its consequences on the disease transmission. The model describes the spread of HIV disease in a system consisting of a population of susceptible males and the female sex workers. The focus is on the spread of HIV by female sex workers through prostitution, because in the present world sexual transmission is the major cause of the HIV transmission. The fractional derivatives are taken in Caputo sense and the numerical solution of the model is obtained by L1 scheme which involves the memory trace that can capture and integrate all past activity. Positivity and boundedness of the solution and the stability conditions of the fractional-order system are determined. Moreover, model equilibria are determined, and their stability analysis are considered by using fractional Routh-Hurwitz stability criterion and fractional La-Salle's invariant principle. The threshold quantity namely basic reproduction number R0 is calculated and analyzed for the disease status. On the basis of R0, the disease progress can be determined i.e., the population is free from the disease if R0<1 and disease spreads in the population if R0>1. Meanwhile, by using Lyapunov functional approach, the global dynamics of the endemic equilibrium point is discussed. Further, numerical simulations of the model and their graphical presentations are performed to visualize the effectiveness of our theoretical results and to observe the impact of the arbitrary order derivative. The results obtained show the effectiveness and strength of the applied L1 scheme.

TINJAUAN VIKTIMOLOGI PADA ANAK KORBAN PROSTITUSI (STUDI KASUS “X” DI PEKANBARU)

Child prostitution is an act of obtaining or offering a child's sexual services by a person or to another person in return for money or other remuneration. Trafficking of children for sexual purposes or prostitution is a violation of human rights and is one of the worst forms of child exploitation due to its exploitative nature, both in the process of withdrawing children into prostitution and in their work and impacting the physical, mental and moral development of children, because exploited children are vulnerable to physical, psychological, sexual abuse. Through qualitative research methods by conducting in-depth interviews it can be concluded that, the tendency of perpetrators to choose girls as victims is due to the vulnerability of girls caused by age, physical condition, weak mental condition. The victim's vulnerability makes them more accessible to the perpetrator. The perpetrators can approach the victim in various places ranging from the public space, with various methods, such as lure prize money. The child as a prostitute victim also plays a role in the prostitution of this child, because the crime committed is actually used by the victim or child to get a big advantage and the cooperation between the victim is the child and the perpetrator is pimps due to the provocation or encouragement of the child so that the pimp acting and taking the role of prostitution in children.

دورالمصاهرات فی سیاسة الدولة الفاطمية (297- 567هـ/909 -1171م)

دورالمصاهرات فی سیاسة الدولة الفاطمية (297- 567هـ/909 -1171م)

The Figure of the Prostitute in Scandinavian Women’s Literature of The Modern Breakthrough

Despite the fact that prostitution and the figure of the prostitute as represented in Scandinavian women’s literature of the last decades of the nineteenth-century is a significant topic, a systematic study on the role of prostitution in Scandinavian women’s literature of The Modern Breakthrough is largely lacking. This article, in which prostitution is conceptualised in the broadest meaning of the word, analyses the literary representations of the figure of the prostitute in the novel Lucie (1888) written by the Dano-Norwegian Amalie Skram, Rikka Gan (1904) by the Norwegian Ragnhild Jølsen, and the Swedish novella Aurore Bunge (1883) by Anne Charlotte Leffler. By means of close textual analysis, this article analyses how prostitution is represented in these three works and explores what factors were at play in causing the protagonist to be ‘fallen’ and with what consequences. The findings highlight the psychological and social implications of three unique forms of prostitution: prostitution within the marriage, a socially constructed form of prostitution as a shadow hanging over a marriage, and a relational form of prostitution parallel to a marriage.

Stability Analysis of HIV/AIDS Transmission with Treatment and Role of Female Sex Workers

Abstract This paper concentrates on the role of prostitutes in HIV/AIDS disease transmission among common population. In this communication, a nonlinear Susceptible-Infected-Treated-AIDS infected (SITA) model is developed to study the transmission dynamics of HIV/AIDS infection in three different classes. The behavior of the model is analyzed by the basic reproduction number R 0 and the results of the model are investigated by using stability theory of differential equations. Analysis of the model demonstrates that the disease-free equilibrium is locally stable for R 0 &lt; 1 ${R_0}\, \lt \,1$ and at R 0 &gt; 1 , ${R_0} \gt \,1, \,$ the endemic equilibrium is globally stable. Further, numerical simulation of the model is carried out.

Associating the Aulêtris : Flute Girls and Prostitutes in the Classical Greek Symposium

Associating the Aulêtris:Flute Girls and Prostitutes in the Classical Greek Symposium Max L. Goldman (bio) Introduction Symposiasts in the late archaic Greek period began hiring trained female slaves to furnish musical entertainment.1 The profession grew so pervasive that the female aulos player, the aulêtris, came to seem as necessary to a proper party as wreaths and wine. While shopping for party supplies, for example, Theophrastus’s repulsive man hires some pipers. What is so repulsive? He shows off his supplies, makes indiscriminate invitations, and boasts at the barber’s and perfumer’s shops that he will get drunk.2 And how do the pipers fit? James Diggle (2004, 318–9) suggests that Mr. Repulsive, in addition to being a braggart, also offends when he insinuates that his guests can have sex with the women. Although I am not convinced that the neuter tauta includes the pipers with the other supplies, as Diggle infers, in any case the only sexual insinuation in the text would have to stem from the nature of the pipers themselves. Mr. Repulsive does not mention sex, but drunkenness. The question becomes, Must the female piper imply venal sex? Recent scholarship has indeed emphasized the female piper’s sexual labor, even taking the word aulêtris as a synonym for prostitute.3 James Davidson (1997, 81) has influentially highlighted the sexual role of the female piper, one that not only has her regularly provide sex for the guests at the end of the symposium, but also imagines her soliciting men on the street. Many scholars follow Davidson to a greater or lesser degree.4 Matthew Dillon (2002, 183), for example, presumes that female pipers ended their performances by having sex with the guests. Warren Anderson (1994, 143) follows a similar assumption and unaccountably undresses them: “Auletrides, scantily clad young women, were paid to provide all-male gatherings of symposiasts with aulos music and fellation.” Marina Fischer (2013, 222) claims that entertainers provided “not only musical and acrobatic entertainment during banquets but also [End Page 29] engaged in sexual activities with the symposiasts (D. 59.33; Is. 3.13–17).” Fischer’s claim is particularly difficult to evaluate because neither passage cited mentions entertainers. Other scholars have underplayed the element of prostitution. Kenneth Dover (1968, 220) says that “it would be unfair to say” that slaves hired to entertain at the symposium “were necessarily prostitutes, although they could be prostituted.” Chester Starr (1978, 409) believes that the evidence does not allow us to imagine that the symposium with female entertainers “always, or even usually” resulted in orgies. Given the servile status of the aulêtris and her frequent presence among groups of carousing men, she was likely at times subject to prostitution. I have found no certain evidence, however, that she ever engaged in venal sex within the symposium and evidence for prostitution is slim and vague. What the evidence, written and visual, does reveal is that the female piper in classical Athens had a far more complex and nuanced set of associations than venal sex, and this raises important methodological questions for how we talk about slave women in classical Athens, the role of prostitution in our reconstructions, and the nature of the symposium. We encounter female pipers at the center of intersecting Athenian discourses on sexuality, luxury, music, and gender. These discourses form the subject of the sections in this article. First, I briefly recount some evidence for female pipers outside of the symposium. I then treat evidence where she stands in synecdoche for the party itself, where she serves as an instrument of moral condemnation and where men eroticize her. Next, I examine her activities within the party, including evidence for how the prostitution may have worked. This examination raises questions about the life of the female piper. I limit my focus to the female performer in classical Athens, for as the postclassical period progressed, the status and role of performers appear to have changed sufficiently to require a separate treatment.5 It is impossible, however, to draw a sharp terminus for the classical period. In addition, a significant amount of evidence reaches us filtered through much later sources. The evidence...

Leaving Prostitution: Getting Out and Staying Out of Sex Work By Sharon S. Oselin New York University Press. 2014. 218 pages. $23 paper

The scholarly and public debate on sex work remains polarized between those who see sex work as a form of gendered reproductive or intimate labor and those who see sex work as morally unacceptable gendered exploitation. Sharon Oselin's book Leaving Prostitution: Getting Out and Staying Out of Sex Work largely avoids becoming embroiled in these debates. Instead, drawing on Ronald Weitzer's (2009) “polymorphous” perspective on sex work as highly variable, Oselin provides a detailed look at “prostitute-serving organizations,” or PSOs, that work with urban street prostitutes to facilitate their exits from the profession. The role of these organizations in street prostitutes' lives is understudied. One of the book's major contributions is to highlight the interplay of organizational cultures and personal trajectories in shaping street prostitutes' desire to leave sex work, and their ability to do so in the long term. The book draws on participant observation periods of three months each at four PSOs in Chicago, Los Angeles, Minneapolis–St. Paul, and Hartford, as well as 54 semi-structured interviews, 40 with clients of PSOs (all women and former or current urban street prostitutes) and 14 with staff members. Chapter 2 analyzes women's entry into prostitution, arguing that those who enter under age 18 do so to escape abuse and regain control of their sexuality or because they live in environments where sex work is “normalized” and glamorous, while those who enter over age 18 do so to sustain drug addiction or to survive economically. Chapters 3, 4, and 5 then outline the process of leaving prostitution: initial exits due to both individual motivations or turning points and external encouragement from PSOs or other mediators; “role distancing” from the role of prostitute and adoption of a new identity; and longer-term role embracement and identity change. All three stages involve the interplay of organizational dynamics and individual motivations. Oselin shows that PSOs sustain individuals' commitment to leave prostitution through formal rules and controls as well as informal mechanisms—familial bonds among staff and clients, role modeling and mentoring, and peer disapproval of “bad” behavior. The PSOs most effective in facilitating exits from prostitution also celebrate “conversion-like” narratives and public confessions of commitment to transform one's role. In the longer term, former prostitutes complete the transition of roles through new employment or educational endeavors, reestablishing relationships with children, and building new social-support networks distinct from their prior networks.

Genesis of a red-light district: prostitution in Nantes between 1750 and 1810

ABSTRACT:This article examines the origins of a red-light district in a French provincial city before the implementation of official regulation. It aims at redefining the role of prostitutes, police and society in the development of ‘reserved districts’. Based on the study of judicial archives over a 60-year period, the mapping of the spatial distribution of prostitutes in Nantes reveals the spread of prostitution in most of the city's districts. However, the migrations and movement of prostitutes within the city show a gradual clustering over two districts: this was motivated by economic rationales and was initiated by the prostitutes and, only later in the century, encouraged by the police and community.

Gendered Border Crossings: The Films of Division in Divided Germany

Gendered Border Crossings:The Films of Division in Divided Germany Mark A. Wolfgram (bio) This article uses the respective national cinemas of the German Democratic Republic (GDR) in the east and the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) in the west to access the national discussion of Germany's division. I use cinema as a location for constructing a national narrative within which the defining of distinct East and West German identities took place. The division became not only geopolitical but also cultural, with a clear gendering of the east as female and the west as male. Traditional scholarship on nationalism has largely ignored the role of gender and has instead focused on class, ethnicity, and modernization.1 More recently scholars have begun to take gender into account and the role gender plays in the formation of national identities. For example, Koester looks at the feminine in Icelandic history and how this became a symbolic resource used by feminists in present-day politics. Marakowitz examines the position of women in Finnish society and how the welfare state ideology is tied to feminine identity. The linkages that Marakowitz draws between the welfare state and the feminine in the Finnish state are worth noting, as these feminine images come to represent socialist East Germany in German cinematic culture. More recently, Jeffrey has used the role of prostitution in Thailand and state policies to control its practice as an example of how sexuality and gender are tied to the formation of a Thai national identity. The German case adds to our understanding of how gender can be used to create social divisions and represent national boundaries. As Cold War politics led to the division of an already clearly articulated national community, gender became a powerful symbolic marker with which to define the new German-German border. [End Page 152] In conducting this research, I viewed a wide variety of films that make the division of the country central to the film's narrative. I then compared and contrasted these "films of division" looking for similarities and differences in their narration and representation of the division. Although there have been limited and more extensive treatments of some of the films mentioned here, there is no exclusive study of division as a theme in German cinema covering the entire time of the separation, nor have scholars paid specific attention to the role of gender in these films of division.2 The films of division include those within which the crossing of the border plays a central role. There are certainly other films within which the nation's division played a role, but I am particularly interested in the discussion of the border and attempts by various characters to transcend it, as I discuss further below. The nature of this border changed over time, from one that was highly permeable prior to 1949, at which point German leaders on both sides declared two separate sovereign states, to one which was firmly sealed and controlled after the building of the Berlin Wall in August 1961. Although German films continued to discuss east and west differences after the opening of the wall in 1989, I am only interested in the narratives between 1945 and 1989. Although the nature of the border was ambiguous between 1945 and 1949, one can still view in these films an attempt to define east and west, especially in the eastern cinema. Although the social, political, and economic context for film production differed in both halves of Germany, there are a number of similarities in the portrayal of Germany's division, which I discuss below. In the east, the authoritarian-socialist state dominated the film industry through direct ownership of the only film company, DEFA. Although the level of state control over the industry varied over time, with the early postwar years offering the greatest flexibility, state censors eventually had direct oversight of production and distribution. The opportunity for filmmakers to critique socialist society in eastern Germany also changed over time with the door being slammed firmly shut in December 1965 at the Eleventh Plenary of the SED, the communist party. Almost an entire year's production was barred from public showings at that time...

The politics of prostitution and the politics of public health in the Irish Free State: a response to Susannah Riordan

In an earlier article inIrish Historical Studiesthe present author argued that the beginnings of the Irish Free State’s campaign against venereal disease were caught up in a politics of prostitution that mobilised nationalist, republican and post-colonial sentiments, revolving around the struggle between military and civilian authority, and invoking the moral arbitration of the Catholic church. Susannah Riordan’s recent response has clarified the administrative history of interdepartmental inquiries into the threat posed by venereal diseases, setting concerns over the role of prostitution in propagating disease within the context of the wider public health programme. She properly identifies inquiry references to ‘prophylaxis’ with chemical disinfection following exposure to infection, and rightly separates the report filed by Major Donal Carroll, the army’s chief sanitary officer, from that of Dr Robert Percy McDonnell, Medical Inspector of the Department of Local Government and Public Health.

THE SOILED DOVES OF SOUTH GRANITE STREET: THE HISTORY AND ARCHAEOLOGY OF A PRESCOTT, ARIZONA BROTHEL

Recent archaeological excavations in the center of historical Prescott, Arizona, have provided new insights into the town’s early history. Excavations were conducted in the heart of the town’s red light district. Archival research and excavations resulted in the identification of a two-story brothel and associated privy laden with historical artifacts. The role of prostitution in the Old West and Prescott, the history of the lot on which the brothel was located, and a discussion of the archaeology of prostitution are presented.

Trading for a Place

On the basis of participant observation at an organization dedicated to helping poor and marginalized women escape prostitution, I argue that prostitution cannot be adequately understood without considering the conditions under which poor women live. Conversely, 1 also argue that women's poverty cannot be adequately understood without analysis of the role of prostitution in it. In much scholarship, public opinion, and according to the state, however, prostitute women are defined primarily as “criminal” or “deviant,” rather than as impoverished citizens legitimately in need of assistance. Further, scholarship on women's poverty generally treats “poor women” and “prostitutes” as mutually exclusive categories. To counter what I believe to be faulty assumptions in existing scholarship, 1 offer and expand upon three basic assertions: (a) poor women do not generally enter prostitution by choice, (b) prostitution is not analogous to legitimate employment for poor women, and (c) prostitution is not a way out of poverty for poor women.

A stochastic model of the HIV epidemic for heterosexual transmission involving married couples and prostitutes: II. The chain multinomial model of the HIV epidemic

This is a follow-up paper of Tan and Zhu [1] in which we have considered a large population consisting of single males, single females, married couples, and prostitutes. For assessing effects of risk factors on the HIV epidemic by heterosexual transmission and the role of prostitutes in this paper, we have developed chain multinomial models for the HIV epidemic in these populations. Through Monte Carlo studies, we have shown that prostitutes form a stepping stone for the HIV epidemic by heterosexual transmission. Among the risk factors affecting HIV prevalence, our numerical results have indicated that the frequency of condom use is the most important factor followed by the number of sexual partners per unit time. Thus, promoting condom use among prostitutes may serve as a major avenue to control the spread of HIV through heterosexual transmission.

A stochastic model of the HIV epidemic for heterosexual transmission involving married couples and prostitutes: I. The probabilities of HIV transmission and pair formation

To assess effects of risk factors on the HIV epidemic by heterosexual transmission and the role of prostitutes, in this paper we consider four populations and derive the probabilities of HIV infection in these populations. The four populations considered are the single males, the single females, the married couples, and the prostitutes. It is shown that prostitutes form a stepping stone for the HIV epidemic by heterosexual transmission. Thus, in a society in which homosexual transmission and IV drug use are not frequent, the HIV epidemic can hardly be maintained without prostitutes.

A socioeconomic, clinical and serological study in an African City of prostitutes and women still married to their first husband

The aim of this paper was to compare women involved in prostitution with a group of women still married to their first husband and reporting having had only one sexual partner, in order to ascertain what factors if any contributed to women going into prostitution or staying still married to their first husband, their only sexual partner, and thereafter to compare clinical and serological aspects of the gynaecological conditions of the women in these two groups. The role of prostitutes in transmission of sexually transmitted diseases (STD) is widely recognised. Socioeconomic factors determining whether a woman will drift into prostitution or have a stable first marriage are largely unknown as are prevalence rates of STD, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and cervical cancer in these women. A socioeconomic, clinical and serologic study is reported for 2111 Ethiopian women attending teaching hospitals and maternal and child health clinics in Addis Ababa, analysing basic demographic data of three groups of women: (i) 278 engaged in prostitution, (ii) 730 still married to their one and only sexual partner, and (iii) 1103 single, widowed, divorced or married to their second or subsequent partner. Thereafter groups (i) and (ii) were compared and cotrasted with regard to further socioeconomic, clinical and serological associations. The most significant socioeconomic associations for women in prostitution were low income (95% had <50 Ethiopian birr [< U.S. $25] per month), ethnic group, and the timing of first coitus in relation to the menarche (81% were first married by age 15), in that order. Women still married to their first sexual partner had higher income, higher age at first marriage and longer duration of marriage. Sero-prevalence rates of STD in prostitutes were high: gonorrhoea 88%, genital chlamydiae 78%, syphilis (TPHA) 62%, HSV2 and HBV 46%, and chancroid 19%: 67% had PID and 2.9% cervical cancer. In comparison, rates for women married to their first and only sexual partner were: gonorrhoea 40%, genital chlamydiae 54%, syphilis (TPHA) 19%, HSV2 33%, HBV 35%, chancroid 13%, PID 47% and cervical cancer 1%. While the very high prevalence of STD in women involved in prostitution is not so unexpected, the high rate of STD in women still married to their first and only sexual partner is indicative of male promiscuity. Control of prostitution and diseases spread by it, together with education of both men and women is a national priority.

Sexual networking of market women in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria.

The manifestation of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) all over the world has increased the need for information on the nature and pattern of sexual networking in Africa, where there is a dearth of such information. In the present study, information on the sexual networking of market women in Benin City, Nigeria, was obtained using a questionnaire instrument. The questionnaire covered the sexual, reproductive, and health behaviors of these women. The data revealed that the levels of both premarital and extramarital sexual networking are high. Such a high degree of sexual networking has exposed a number of these women to sexually transmitted diseases. The manifestation of AIDS in this society will be widespread and devastating to the people and the society because these women are in a polygamous relationship in a society that frowns on the use of contraceptives by couples. In addition, controversies surround the correlation between socioeconomic status (SES) and AIDS, geographical areas of prevalence, and the role of prostitutes in the spread of the disease. For example, studies in Africa show that whereas there is no correlation between SES and AIDS in Kinshasa, the attack rate was higher in educated people in Rwanda and Zambia. Moreover, there are predominantly urban outbreaks in other countries, such as Uganda (Piot & Carael, 1988).

Prostitution, AIDS, and preventive health behavior

Although considerable attention has been placed on the role of prostitutes in the AIDS epidemic, little attention has been directed to features of prostitutes' work lives which are relevant to the control of AIDS. This article reviews several aspects of prostitution in the United States which have implications for control of the epidemic. The article first reviews the epidemiology of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection among prostitutes. The legalized system of prostitution in Nevada serves as a basis for comparison to illegal prostitution. This article examines the effectiveness of mandatory testing of prostitutes for monitoring and controlling the epidemic. And finally, a peer education approach as a means to control HIV infection among prostitutes is explored.

From Sex as Sin to Sex as Work: COYOTE and the Reorganization of Prostitution as a Social Problem

COYOTE (an acronym for “Call Off Your Old Tired Ethics”) is the central organization in the social movement to challenge traditional definitions of prostitution as a social problem. Using historical documents, this work focuses on COYOTE's campaign to sever prostitution from its historical association with sin, crime, and illicit sex, and place the social problem of prostitution firmly in the discourse of work, choice and civil rights. COYOTE has done this through extended debate with law enforcement officials over discrimination and selective enforcement of the law, with the feminist movement over the freedom of women to control and use their bodies as they see fit, and with public health agencies over the role of prostitutes in the AIDS epidemic. Combined, these concerns form the foundation of COYOTE'S crusade to redefine prostitution as a social problem.