Role Of Private Sector Research Articles

Differences between Monopoly and Perfect Competition in Providing Public Transportation (Case Study: Lane No. 10 and 96 of Mashhad Bus System)

Urban infrastructure systems are the pillars and backbone of cities and play a pivotal role in any development such as mobility, lodging, energy, portable water, sanitation and communication. As far as, there would be no development without good quality and sufficient infrastructure. In between, transportation development as an important infrastructure has a high impact on urban economic and sustainability and this is the reason why transportation is a main concern of urban operators in the whole world. This paper is aimed at deeping our understanding on the functioning of competition in the public transportation industry and to evaluate its effectiveness on urban economics and management. Therefore, Mashhad public bus transportation system that includes both monopoly and competition markets in, is chosen to provide a conceptual framework to identify the best practices for provision of this specific public infrastructure. So the main question is what the role of private sectors is and what are the differences between these two kinds of markets? In response, I am going to compare costs and revenues of both private sector and current Mashhad bus transportation system in order to compare maximum efficiency and profits in competition circumstances.

Science and Technology in the Indian Business Sector: Status, Performance and Collaboration

The role of private sector has increased in the overall economy of India. After 1990, Indian enterprises have emerged as a globally competitive in number of sector such as software, pharmaceuticals, metals, and auto part and components sectors. These enterprises are also involves in innovative activities and engaged in technology absorption and development. Global competitiveness of these enterprises has been strengthened by the innovation system created and evolved over time in India. The private sector has responded by investing extensively in R&D to upgrade itself on the technology value chain. In addition to internal R&D, these enterprises are also collaborating with other international firms to access their technology in order to fill their knowledge gaps. Many Indian enterprises have already formed alliances with international firms, which is enabling them to learn and absorb the latest technologies. These alliances positively impact knowledge creation and new product development. This has improved the innovative capacity of the firms as well as attracting foreign investments in science and technology ventures. This paper attempts to understand the status, performance and role of alliances in the technological development of Indian private sector. The paper has been divided in five sections. First section outlines the importance of private section and their growing importance. Section two looks at the overall National innovation system and the role of Indian Business Sector in the field of Science and Technology. Section three presents the performance of the top high technology industries, along with innovation, export and import, FDI, innovation strategies. Section four discusses the importance of technical collaborations with the help of the case study of the Indian Pharmaceutical Sector. Finally, the conclusions and suggestions have been outlined.

Perspective on an urban transportation strategy with BRT for developing cities

A Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system is one of the best strategies for urban transportation, especially in developing cities, mainly because of its cost-efficiency. Starting from Curitiba, Brazil in 1974, including Bogota, Colombia in 1999, many cities in Latin American Countries have implemented a BRT system. In almost all cases, BRT systems are working as a reliable high capacity service. In some cases, BRT systems are well coordinated with an urban transportation strategy framework and/or an urban planning strategy framework, integrating other transportation modes and land uses. Alternatively, there have been very few cases of BRT systems in Southeast Asian countries. Many cities considering implementation of BRT systems do not consider other urban transportation strategies such as Transit Oriented Development (TOD). The objective of the paper is to discuss the perspective of a BRT for developing cities. First, the paper reviews the history of BRT systems followed by a field survey of the results in Curitiba, mainly from an urban transportation and planning strategy point of view. Second, multimodal and inter-modal aspects are discussed, where the relationship with city buses, a balance between private car use and parking policies are emphasized. Third a framework of urban bus planning, management and operation is discussed considering the roles of public and private sectors based on the experiences of several developed cities. Finally, in terms of an urban planning strategy, reviewing the original and applied concepts of TOD, the authors discuss how a TOD strategy could work with BRT systems. The authors address the possibilities and limitations of BRT systems, especially in developing cities. More specific implications are presented in the case of medium sized cities of Southeast Asian countries.

Demand and supply of labor market: A case of UAE

United Arab Emirates (UAE) witnessed a progress of growth booming since its establishment, which as result puched all economic componets to indicated a active movement in term of employment and capital investment as well. This steady economic growth has been marked by an increase in the income by the country’s citizens, both national as well as the foreign residents This paper to axamine the supply and demand of labor market in UAE. The technique used to source the data is a secondary resource and methodology employed in descriptive and analytical. The study found that, the diversification of the economy, and enhance the role of private sector increased the demand for labor as well as increased the diversification for nationalities in the country. From other side, because of diversification strategy, the foreigners labor have more numbers in total employment structure.
 JEL CODE: O12

Status of Poultry Industry in Bangladesh and the Role of Private Sector for its Development

Status of Poultry Industry in Bangladesh and the Role of Private Sector for its Development

The Private Sector Role in Offensive Cyber Operations: Benefits, Issues and Challenges

This paper explores the role that companies play in supporting offensive cyber operations. It finds that contractors play critical roles in two key functions: intelligence/reconnaissance and planning/mission support. The reliance of the U.S. military on cyber contractors brings both benefits and risks. Benefits include access to rapidly evolving technologies and the ability to obtain access to in-demand skills sets quickly and easily. Challenges fall into two categories: domestic policy and international relations. In the former case, the main issues are over-reliance on non-government personnel and challenges in oversight of cyber contractors, which could result in undesirable financial and strategic outcomes. Within the international arena, cyber contractors may affect the balance of power of states. The most likely outcome is that the use of contractors will exacerbate existing power discrepancies between developed and developing countries. However, it is possible that wealthy but less developed states could rely on private sector capability to quickly develop their cyber attack capabilities. Another issue that may affect international relations is uncertainty about the legal status of cyber contractors as combatants. A final concern surrounds the observation that companies may find themselves on both sides of a cyber operation. To accrue the benefits and address the challenges posed by contractor support to offensive cyber operations, several actions should be taken. There needs to be a public debate about the proper role of cyber contractors in military operations. Companies should have a voice in this debate due to their increasingly important role in cyberspace. In addition, the US government and international community must provide guidance to cyber contractors on the role that they should play in offensive cyber operations. Export controls are helpful but they are blunt tools that often bring heavy costs and do not always accomplish their desired outcomes. More precise direction is needed, most likely beginning with norms of behavior.

The great paradox: how Obama’s opening to Cuba may imperil the country’s reform process

This article examines the kind of development and political model most likely to emerge in Cuba, particularly in the wake of the gradual US–Cuban normalisation currently taking place. The rapprochement process, culminating with President Obama’s historic visit in March 2016, has unleashed stiff resistance in both countries. The liberal democratisation paradigm is held up against what we have termed ‘socialist neo-patrimonialism’, with both seen as alternative tools for assessing the direction of social transformations underway in Cuba, focusing on the debate about the role of the national private sector. Paradoxically, normalisation with the USA may so far have had the contrary effect of what President Obama had in mind in this respect: judging from the 7th Congress of the Communist Party in April 2016, it seems that resistance against economic reforms has hardened, caused by a fear that Obama’s charm offensive, combined with a strengthened entrepreneurial sector, will undermine the entire revolutionary project. The article concludes with a discussion of four development scenarios.

The role of private sector in built heritage conservation: a case study of Xinhepu, Guangzhou

ABSTRACTThe pursuit of cultural heritage conservation is particularly problematic in China as the country has been undergoing substantial changes in its governance processes in the post-reform era. As the regime becomes less authoritarian and more pluralized, a multitude of stakeholders (both state and non-state), are now involved in promoting, constructing, challenging and safeguarding a variety of meanings and values in heritage. This paper focuses the attention on the market sector and examines the extent of market forces in contributing to effective heritage conservation using the designated historic district of Xinhepu in the old residential district of Yuexiu in Guangzhou as a case. The concept of neoliberalism implies a larger role played by the market, which is defined as investment, expertise and innovations from the private operators. Informed by a review of relevant documents and publications, and semi-structured interviews with Guangzhou-based state- and non-stakeholders who have extensive knowledge on managing the historic district, this paper examines the achievements and difficulties of individual private operators face in protecting heritage buildings and historic buildings on the site. The findings suggest that Guangzhou has yet to fully embrace a neoliberal approach to heritage conservation. The conditions of extending market forces to successfully conserve the entire historic district include the formulation of a clear set of regulatory rules and the presence of implementing agencies with enhanced institutional and organizational strength, both of which are regrettably absent in the case.

IMPACT OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT ON HIGHER EDUCATION

The purpose of this paper is to examine how Foreign Direct investment (FDI) can be leveraged to enhance its impact on Higher Education.
 This paper attempts to discuss the possibilities of bringing quality, excellence and more opportunities in “Higher education” through the FDI route.
 FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT:Education sector is growing day by day and gaining lots of importance in the world and India as well. Education Industry is likely to grow by the Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) by 2020. Foreign Direct Investment up to 100% is allowed in most of the sectors more significantly, Thus the role of private sector in higher education has significantly increased in the last decade & the growth of the this sector alone, estimates, to grow to US$ 70 billion by 2013 and US$ 115 billion by 2018. The study focuses on advantages of FDI in Education with reference to India particularly, and evaluates the advantages and disadvantages of going in for FDI.
 Foreign Direct Investment has always been a matter of concern for India, when it comes to education sector 100% FDI is allowed by the Government but, besides its advantages, it has some limitations or disadvantages also. In this paper an attempt has been made by the authors to highlight the good and bad effects of FDI in Education Sector

Harapan Baru Atas Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Air terkait Putusan MK Nomor 85/PUU-XI/2013

The Decision of Constitutional Court No.85/PUU-XI/2013 (The Decision of CC 2013) has canceled Law No. 7 Year 2004 on Water Resources (Law on WR 2014). The cancellation is a new hope for improving the management of water resources. During the implementation of Law WR 2004, there is mismanagement in the provision of drinking water. This paper has two focus issues, namely: first, how the low responsibility of the state for managing water resources impacts the fulfillment of drinking water for the citizens? Second, how are the improvements of water resources management expected to be realized through the Decision of CC 2013? From the discussion, the author has two conclusions. First, the negligence of the state caused that the role of the state in providing drinking water for the citizens was lost by the role of private sector. For example, a year before judicial review (2012), the number of consumers of drinking water supplied by the national sector in in the counting unit of household level is only the part of 11.79 percent. The number was lost by the supply of private sector covering 38.85 percent of households nationally. Second, the Decision of CC 2013 brings a new hope. Some basic thought are the improvement of state’s responsibility for managing water resources, termination on the private’s monopoly and termination on commercialization of water value.

Analysis of Three Actors: Roles of Government, Private Sector, and University toward Startup Growth in Yogyakarta

Information, communication, and technology advancements in 21st century encourage startups to innovate and develop their business further. Because it’s an ICT based business which is supported by the existence of internet, this kind of business starts to become borderless. As a result, the distributions of the products start to become unlimited. The conveniences offered by these advancements invite more ICT based product developers. The positive impact as a result of that such as more new jobs, easier way to access the markets, and also cheaper production cost with guaranteed profits. In addition to that, this of course also becomes an added value to the country because it increases Network Readiness Index and nation’s income from taxes. This research aims to analyze startup’s growth, in addition to its relation with related actors such as government, private sectors, and universities. Analysis on every actor will emphasize on their contribution to startup developments in Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta directly or indirectly. In conclusion, there will be an illustration about how big the contributions and how close the actors are between startups and the three actors.

Exchange development: Preparing the grounds for achievement of resistance economy

Some economic conditions in Iran such as presence of stagflation, inappropriateness of business environment, foreign investment decrease, and technological and technical knowledge disconnection of domestic product prepare a ground for activities in resistance economy field. Resistance economy prepares the grounds for the comprehensive growth and development even in the economic pressures and sanctions. Relying on the resistance economy, dependency on foreign countries should be reduced and increasing the self-reliance and the use of domestic products should be emphasized. Undoubtedly, stock market positively affects on manufacturing domestic products and reduces the market liquidity, since growth in manufacturing domestic products will reduce the country’s dependence on some foreign goods and play pivot role in forming the proper consumption pattern in the resistance economy. Therefore, more companies will be established, product and national income will be increased and unemployment will be reduced. Currently, these effects are not obvious in the economy of the country, because the structure of Iran’s financial system is seemingly bank-based not market-based. This descriptive-correlational study aims to investigate the impact of increase in stock market turnover on the disappearance of Iran’s market-oriented economy which results in the formation of resistance economy. To this end, the statistics obtained of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) in 2006 and 2009 were used as statistical sample. The results revealed that the increase in Iran’s stock market turnover emphasized on the vital role of private sector in expanding country’s economy opportunities and prepared the grounds for achievement of resistance economy through increasing domestic product.

Role of the private sector in vaccination service delivery in India: evidence from private-sector vaccine sales data, 2009-12.

India's Universal Immunization Programme (UIP) provides basic vaccines free-of-cost in the public sector, yet national vaccination coverage is poor. The Government of India has urged an expanded role for the private sector to help achieve universal immunization coverage. We conducted a state-by-state analysis of the role of the private sector in vaccinating Indian children against each of the six primary childhood diseases covered under India's UIP. We analyzed IMS Health data on Indian private-sector vaccine sales, 2011 Indian Census data and national household surveys (DHS/NFHS 2005-06 and UNICEF CES 2009) to estimate the percentage of vaccinated children among the 2009-12 birth cohort who received a given vaccine in the private sector in 16 Indian states. We also analyzed the estimated private-sector vaccine shares as function of state-specific socio-economic status. Overall in 16 states, the private sector contributed 4.7% towards tuberculosis (Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG)), 3.5% towards measles, 2.3% towards diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus (DPT3) and 7.6% towards polio (OPV3) overall (both public and private sectors) vaccination coverage. Certain low income states (Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Assam and Bihar) have low private as well as public sector vaccination coverage. The private sector's role has been limited primarily to the high income states as opposed to these low income states where the majority of Indian children live. Urban areas with good access to the private sector and the ability to pay increases the Indian population's willingness to access private-sector vaccination services. In India, the public sector offers vaccination services to the majority of the population but the private sector should not be neglected as it could potentially improve overall vaccination coverage. The government could train and incentivize a wider range of private-sector health professionals to help deliver the vaccines, especially in the low income states with the largest birth cohorts. We recommend future studies to identify strengths and limitations of the public and private health sectors in each Indian state.

Banking regulation in China, the role of public and private sectors

Banking regulation in China, the role of public and private sectors

Protection of Critical Waterborne Transport Infrastructures: An Economic Review

It is essential that transport infrastructures are protected against events which cause their failure. At an optimal level of protection, the sum of protection costs and expected residual damages following from disruptions will be minimized. In most cases however, this optimal level is not achieved because infrastructure protection is susceptible to various market and government failures. This brings us to the question who (a private or public actor) should do how much (the level of protection and intervention). This question is addressed in the present paper.The starting point of the paper is the Directive of the European Council on the identification and designation of European Critical Infrastructures. We review the protection of critical waterborne transport infrastructures from an economic perspective. The review is based on a literature study and several interviews with Critical Infrastructure experts. For the studied infrastructures, we have identified causes and effects of their failure and examined the private–public roles in protecting them. Considering the market and government failures which occur in such configuration of roles, we propose several changes. We conclude that from a national policy perspective there are two important routes: (1) reinforcement of private sector roles among others by defining liabilities and providing information on risks and (2) strengthening of supra-national collaboration via improving and standardizing regulations, cost-sharing initiatives and penalty systems.

Public and Private Translation Sectors in Jordan

The present paper aims to highlight the role of public and private sectors in the Jordanian translation movement. The paper starts with a general introduction about translation and interpretation in Jordan. The role of public and private sectors in prompting the translation movement in Jordan is thoroughly investigated through providing names, statistics and highlighting and commenting on the main activities carried out by these organizations. The Jordan Committee of Arabicization, Translation and Publication; Jordan Academy for Arabic; The Royal Scientific Society; The Royal Academy for Islamic Civilization Institute for Islamic Thought; Ministries and Governmental Institutions; The Ministry of Culture; The Ministry of Education; The Ministry of Communication; The Ministry of Awqaf; The Ministry of Information; The Ministry of Health; The Ministry of Tourism; The Jordanian Universities; and the Private Sector such as the Private Publishers are investigated. The paper concludes with some conclusion and recommendations that benefit translators, student of translation, researchers and people in charge of translation alike..

Role of private sector in family planning programme in Rajasthan, India - a rapid assessment

Background: Traditionally for family planning services, more reliance is on public facilities, but recently due to growing recognition and well-placed private provider networks private sector can also add in significantly. In order to assess how each of these sectors performs and what could be the future role of private sector, a study was planned to identify and understand the role of private institutions in providing family planning services in major cities of Rajasthan.Methods: Looking to the existence of private partners, total 5 bigger districts (Ajmer, Bikaner, Jaipur, Kota & Udaipur) were selected. Out of these districts, 114 sample size was taken which includes registered, non-registered hospitals and Outlets and 50 official CM&HOs/Ad/Dy/CM&HO (FW) of the respective districts and officials from NGO partners, were interviewed.Results: Out of 76 hospitals visited (38 registered and 38 non registered) approx 90% of the hospitals were conducting deliveries and providing family planning services to the clients. As per 50% (19) of the registered and 74 % (28) non registered hospitals their services are demand based. Only 24% (9) registered and 11% (4) nonregistered organizing family planning camps and most of the camps were organized within the facility. Among facilities only 22 (58%) registered & 10 (26%) non registered were aware about the Govt scheme related to FP services. Total 37 outlets were visited which included pan shops, community based depots, grocery shops, medical shops and whole seller. Majority of the beneficiaries preferred private contraceptive providers compared to Government providers due to perceived confidentiality, privacy and convenience and availability of various brands of contraceptives. According to the (29) owners of outlets/ Medical shops, the demand of the family planning products from the last five years has increased, the advertisements and IECs play a greater impact on the user’s choice as well as the quality & the effectiveness of the branded family planning products.Conclusions: Private sector have a greater influence on usage and increase of family planning services, if proper involvement will be there than the private sector can create wonders and the usage of the products will extensively increase, it can expand the total family planning market which will help in catering the existing and future unmet need for contraception. Therefore it is for the government’s advantage to encourage greater private sector involvement in the national family planning program.

The Education and Health Scenario in India: From Parochialism to Reciprocity

The condition of public healthcare and education system in India has little to rejoice for. Government apathy and increasing role of private sector in these arenas of life makes it more pathetic and vulnerable, which makes the situation worse. Apart from the universal healthcare, the ignorance towards basic tenets of health and education and its several nuances along with ground realities and reasons are ignored by the successive governments. This effort talks about the eight concerns related to health and education where government, citizenry and other stakeholders must get united and move ahead in the right direction.

Environment and Women Entrepreneurs in Albania

Albania has become a much attractive environment for the development of women's entrepreneurship. If women are provided with the necessary resources, skills and opportunities to create strong businesses, and if they are willing to pursue the growth potential of these companies due to a more favorable environment, will benefit from economic growth. Promoting women entrepreneurs will create employment, empowerment and gender equality. But in fact the woman in the enterprise faces many challenges caused by various factors. In this study sought to analyze women entrepreneurs and their work environment in Albania and the challenges they face. It will identify policies for the development of enterprises managed by women in Albania. The data for this study were provided by various sources of literature. Secondary data are the result of the review of a wide and contemporary literature about women entrepreneurs, the environment and challenges. Primary data collection were carried out a series of in-depth personal interviews with some powerful women entrepreneurs in Albania. The results of this study show that woman has won respect in society and plays an important role in governance, political and private sector. It is clearly evidenced that women are becoming increasingly involved in social and economic life of the country and that an enabling environment for women's entrepreneurship, consolidates and supports their role.

Changing Role of State in a Globalised Economy: Case Study on Malaysia-India Companies

Globalisation has a significant impact on the role of nation-state. Hyper globalists, sceptics, and liberals in the realm of international relations theory, contend that globalisation renders the state irrelevant, diminishes the state’s role, and erodes state power. The objective of this study is to analyse the impact of globalisation on companies in Malaysia and India. This article presents four case studies of companies operating in Malaysia and India to determine the impact of globalisation as well as evaluating the role of state and private sectors in moving forward economic cooperation. Given the structure of the goods and services trade between Malaysia and India, some analysts argue that the onus will be on the private sector to carry economic relations forward. This paper advocates that Malaysia strives to adopt a pragmatic approach, by trying to strike a balance between state intervention and withdrawal in economic matters, in order to achieve specific ends without affecting political stability and economic growth. In the case of Malaysia-India economic relations, it is apparent that the state is not only an important actor, but also a key driver. Indeed, the state is seen as a major supporter and beneficiary of economic and technological advances. Although challenges persist in terms of government regulations, bureaucratic red tape and state government policies, nevertheless business continues to thrive.