Role Of Omega-3 Fatty Acids Research Articles

Seafood, fatty acid biosynthesis genes, and multiple sclerosis susceptibility

Background: The role of omega-3 fatty acid in multiple sclerosis (MS) susceptibility is unclear. Objective: To determine whether fish/seafood intake or genetic factors that regulate omega-3 fatty acids levels are associated with MS risk. Methods: We examined the association of fish and shrimp consumption and 13 tag single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in FADS1, FADS2, and ELOV2 with risk of MS in 1153 individuals from the MS Sunshine Study, a case-control study of incident MS or clinically isolated syndrome (CIS), recruited from Kaiser Permanente Southern California. Results: Consuming fish/seafood at least once a week or at least once a month with regular fish oil use was associated with 44% reduced odds of MS/CIS (adjusted OR = 0.56; 95% CI = 0.41–0.76; p = 0.0002) compared with consuming fish/seafood less than once a month and no fish oil supplementation. Two FADS2 SNPs (rs174611 and rs174618) were independently associated with a lower risk of MS (adjusted ORs = 0.74, 0.79, p = 0.0056, 0.0090, respectively). Association of FADS2 SNPs with MS risk was confirmed in an independent dataset. Conclusion: These findings suggest that omega-3 fatty acid intake may be an important modifiable risk factor for MS. This is consistent with the other known health benefits of fish consumption and complementary genetic studies supporting a key role for omega-3 regulation.

Can A Nutritional Factor Modulate The Hdl Functionality: Role Of Omega-3 Fatty Acid

Background and Aims: Show impact of omega-3 on HDL functionality in randomized, parallel, placebo controlled clinical trial.

Hepatic Glycogenoses Among Children—Clinical and Biochemical Characterization: Single-Center Study

Glycogen storage disease (GSD) is typified by early morning seizures. Absence of this results in delayeddiagnosis, especially the non-GSD 1 group. Data are limited to few patients with unclear outcome. 1. Study the common presentation and types of GSD. 2. Study the clinical and biochemical outcome. 3.Review genetic mutations. Observational study from May 2016-April 2019 at metabolic clinic at our center. Total of 30 patients were diagnosed with GSD. Ten were excluded-Fanconi-Bickel (3) and <4 months follow-up (7). Data were analyzed for 20 patients (16 males). Mean age at presentation was4.3yrs. All had hepatomegaly, 90% had short stature, and 40% had early morning seizures. Mean follow-up was 22 months. There was a statistically significant improvement in metabolic parameters on treatment (mean)-fasting glucose from 50.4 to 79.5mg/dl, SGPT from 416 to 199 U/L. Lipid profile showed reduction in triglycerides (318-225mg/dl) but minimal increase in cholesterol (178-188mg/dl). Mean weight centile improved from 14.1 to 20.3 and height centile from 2.3 to 7.9. Genetic testing confirmed types VI(3), III (3), IXa (1), IXc (1), and Ia (1). Liver biopsy confirmed GSD in 15/20. All were managed with uncookedcorn starch. In addition, omega-3 fatty acid was used in 8/20 and high protein diet in 2 with GSD type III. Awareness of GSD needs to improve among pediatricians and hepatologists. Themost common symptoms are asymptomatic hepatomegaly and short stature. Dietary therapy with uncooked corn starch remains mainstay of treatment. Mixed hyperlipidemia is difficult to control despite good metabolic improvement. Role of omega-3 fatty acid needs to be explored further. Genetic mutation analysiscanassist with tailoring treatment and should get precedence over liver biopsy.

Bipolar disorder and the role of omega-3 fatty acids in modulation of aggressive behavior among the forensic population

Food is a versatile national, social, and cultural marker. It represents more than just a means of survival (Stajcic, 2013); it is an expression of identity (Jones, 2017). Food has a symbolic power and carries a sense of community, relays customs, habits, and values. According to Godderis (2006), people “do” food. In institutional settings, such as prisons, often stripped of basic human rights and dignity, food can acquire yet another dimensions. It can become a means to pass time, regain normalcy, and cope with daily hardships. Despite its multifaceted importance, there is a paucity of research on prisoners’ diet, with most being done on the US, UK, and Scandinavian prison systems (Smoyer, 2019; Smoyer & Kjaer Minke, 2015).This article drew from academic and non-academic sources (e.g., government reports, newspaper articles, prison blogs) to provide an overview of the Balkan prison systems through the lens of food. It will present weekly menus from three different countries and discuss alternative ways of accessing food in prisons (i.e., through prison commissary, prison farms, and food packages). It will further demonstrate prisoners' use of food to regain autonomy in the context of multiple deprivations. Lastly, this paper will reflect on the role of food, coffee, and cigarettes in prisoners’ socialization, as well as in reiteration of prisoner subculture.

Oral administration of EPA-rich oil impairs collagen reorganization due to elevated production of IL-10 during skin wound healing in mice

Wound healing is an essential process for organism survival. Some fatty acids have been described as modulators of wound healing. However, the role of omega-3 fatty acids is unclear. In the present work, we investigate the effects of oral administration of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)-rich oil on wound healing in mice. After 4 weeks of EPA-rich oil supplementation (2 g/kg of body weight), mice had increased serum concentrations of EPA (20:5ω-3) (6-fold) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6ω-3) (33%) in relation to control mice. Omega-3 fatty acids were also incorporated into skin in the EPA fed mice. The wound healing process was delayed at the 3rd and 7th days after wounding in mice that received EPA-rich oil when compared to control mice but there was no effect on the total time required for wound closure. Collagen reorganization, that impacts the quality of the wound tissue, was impaired after EPA-rich oil supplementation. These effects were associated with an increase of M2 macrophages (twice in relation to control animals) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) concentrations in tissue in the initial stages of wound healing. In the absence of IL-10 (IL-10−/− mice), wound closure and organization of collagen were normalized even when EPA was fed, supporting that the deleterious effects of EPA-rich oil supplementation were due to the excessive production of IL-10. In conclusion, oral administration of EPA-rich oil impairs the quality of wound healing without affecting the wound closure time likely due to an elevation of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10.

Omega-3 Supplementation in the Prevention of Contrast Induced Nephropathy in Patients Undergoing Elective Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial.

Purpose: Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) is the third cause of hospital-acquired renal failure and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Several studies have revealed the protective role of omega-3 in prevention and treatment of some kidney injuries. This study was conducted to examine the effect of omega-3 supplementation on the markers of renal function and to evaluate its potential in the prevention of CIN in patients undergoing elective percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Methods: In this double-blind, randomized clinical trial, 85 eligible patients scheduled for PCI was randomly divided into omega-3 (a single 3750 mg dose of omega-3 as well as routine hydration therapy within 12 hours before PCI) or control (placebo plus routine hydration therapy) groups. Serum creatinine (SCr) and cystatin C levels were measured at baseline and 24 hours after PCI. Results: Our results indicated that post- PCI cystatin C levels were significantly decreased in the omega-3 group compared to the control group (P < 0.001). Although less upward manner was seen in the level of 24-hour creatinine in the omega-3 group, it did not reach the significance level (P = 0.008). Conclusion: The positive effect of omega-3 on cystatin C levels showed that it may have a protective role in the prevention of CIN in post-PCI patients with normal kidney function. However, to better assess this effect, it is highly recommended to design future studies with higher doses and longer duration of therapy with omega-3 plus long-term follow up.

T121. Effects of Developmental Omega-3 Fatty Acid Deficiency on Dendritic Spine Density and Plasticity in the Adult Rat Medial Prefrontal Cortex

Mood disorders are associated with omega-3 fatty acid deficits and structural and functional connectivity abnormalities within prefrontal cortex (PFC) networks. Reciprocal connections between the medial PFC (mPFC) and amygdala undergo robust synaptic pruning during adolescence in rats. Prior evidence suggests that the omega-3 fatty acids promote synaptogenesis and synaptic pruning. However, the role of omega-3 fatty acids in mPFC structural maturation and plasticity is not known. This study investigated whether developmental deficits in brain DHA accrual alter basal and amphetamine (AMPH)-induced increases in dendritic spine density in the adult rat mPFC.

Role of Omega-3 in the improvement of productive and reproductive performance of New Zealand White female rabbits

ABSTRACT Thirty New Zealand White (NZW) female rabbits in first parity were used in the present study. The animals were divided into three equal groups with 10 replicates in each group. In the first group, each animal treated orally with distal water in a mouse by stomach tube and served as control group. In two treated groups, each rabbit treated orally with 100 µl and 200 µl of omega-3 in a mouse by stomach tube in second and third groups, respectively. The treatment of female rabbits was carried out day after day during the experimental period. The experiment lasted 75 days, 15 days as the adjusted period before mating with ducks, followed by 30 days as pregnancy period, followed by 30 days as the suckling period. Omega-3 improved significantly weight of does during pregnancy and increased significantly milk yield of does, litter size and litter weight of does at birthing. Omega-3 increased significantly total protein, albumin, globulin, uric acid and creatinine concentrations as well as T3 and progesterone levels. Omega-3 decreased significantly total lipids, triglycerides and total cholesterol concentrations compared with their concentrations in control rabbits. Omega-3 increased alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity in does during pregnancy and suckling periods while omega-3 increased alkaline phosphatase activity only during the suckling period.

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Editorial introductions

Effect of Fish Oil on the Level of Interferon Gamma on the Breast Milk of Atopic Mothers: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Background: The prevalence of allergic diseases is increasing worldwide. The effective role of omega-3 fatty acids in the maturation of immune system and protection against atopic diseases has been well discussed. However, previous studies revealed conflicting results. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of fish oil consumption by nursing atopic mothers on the level of interferon gamma (IFN-γ) in their breast milk and incidence of allergic disease in their infants. Methods: This randomized clinical trial was conducted on 94 atopic mothers, who were assigned to two equal groups receiving either 1000 mg fish oil capsules or placebo for 60 days after delivery. The breast milk was collected 120 days after delivery, and IFN-γ level was measured. The history of the symptoms of atopic disease in infants was collected from their mothers through ISAAC questionnaire; in addition, the infantsג�� growth was evaluated. Results: Sixty mother-infant pairs completed the trial. The mean values of IFN-γ in breast milk was higher in the fish oil group (1.11±1.15 Pg/ml) than in the placebo group (0.81±0.86 Pg/ml), but the difference was not significant (P=0.288). In addition, the incidence of allergic symptoms of infants was not significantly different between the two groups (P=0.84). Conclusion: In this trial, the consumption of fish oil by lactating mothers did not have a significant effect on IFN-γ level in their breast milk and the incidence of allergic symptoms in their infants. Future studies with longer follow-ups are necessary in this regard.

The role of omega-3 in the prevention and treatment of sarcopenia

Sarcopenia is a geriatric syndrome with increasing importance due to the aging of the population. It is known to impose a major burden in terms of morbidity, mortality and socio-economic costs. Therefore, adequate preventive and treatment strategies are required. Progressive resistance training and protein supplementation are currently recommended for the prevention and treatment of sarcopenia. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) might be an alternative therapeutic agent for sarcopenia due to their anti-inflammatory properties, which target the ‘inflammaging’, the age-related chronic low-grade inflammation which is assumed to contribute to the development of sarcopenia. In addition, omega-3 PUFAs may also have an anabolic effect on muscle through activation of the mTOR signaling and reduction of insulin resistance. This narrative review provides an overview of the current knowledge about omega-3 PUFAs and their role in the prevention and treatment of sarcopenia. We conclude that there is growing evidence for a beneficial effect of omega-3 PUFAs supplementation in sarcopenic older persons, which may add to the effect of exercise and/or protein supplementation. However, the exact dosage, frequency and use (alone or combined) in the treatment and prevention of sarcopenia still need further exploration.

Abstract # 2076 The acute and long-term impact of prenatal dietary supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids on the behavioral phenotype of the Fmr1 knockout mouse

Previous work has supported the role of omega-3 fatty acids in the attenuation of the behavioral phenotype of the male Fmr1 knockout mouse model. Given the association of earlier interventions with better prognoses in children with neurodevelopmental disorders, this study aims to expand upon the current knowledge through the inclusion of a prenatal treatment of omega-3 fatty acids. In the present study, male FVB/129 Fmr1 wildtype and female Fmr1 heterozygous breeding pairs were assigned to one of three diet conditions one week prior to pairing: standard lab chow, EPA/DHA enriched chow, and a diet controlling for the fat increase. On postnatal day (PD) 9, isolation-induced ultrasonic vocalizations were recorded from pups. Upon reaching PD60, the same subjects were tested in several behavioral assays, including open field, elevated plus maze, social partition, nose poke assay, delay fear conditioning, and pre-pulse inhibition. Preliminary analyses of the results indicate that prenatal dietary treatment with omega-3 fatty acids reduces hyperactivity, normalizes anxiety levels and enhances fear learning in the delay fear conditioning task in adulthood. To date, clinical trials for children with neurodevelopmental disorders have been largely ineffective, and studies suggest most parents of these children will try at least one alternative therapy during their child’s lifetime. As such, studies like these are important for assessing the impact of such an intervention on the development of autistic behaviors.

The emerging role of omega-3 fatty acids as a therapeutic option in neuropsychiatric disorders.

The prevalence of neurologic and psychiatric diseases has been increasing for decades and, given the moderate therapeutic efficacy and safety profile of existing pharmacological treatments, there is an urgent need for new therapeutic approaches. Nutrition has recently been recognized as an important factor for the prevention and treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders. The omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) play critical roles in neuronal cell function and neurotransmission as well as inflammatory and immune reactions that are involved in neuropsychiatric disease states. A large number of experimental and epidemiological studies provide a strong basis for interventional clinical trials that assessed the clinical efficacy of n-3 PUFAs in various neurological and psychiatric disorders. Most of these trials found beneficial effects of dietary supplementation with EPA and DHA, and no serious safety concerns have emerged. This review gives an introduction to recent findings on the clinical efficacy of n-3 PUFAs in various neuropsychiatric disorders and the underlying biochemical mechanisms. In addition, the reader will be enabled to identify common methodological weaknesses of clinical studies on n-3 PUFAs, and suggestions for the design of future studies are given.

Role of Omega-3 fatty acids in meibomian gland dysfunction

Objective: To evaluate the role of omega-3 fatty acids in meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD). Design: This was a prospective randomized control study that included patients with MGD attending outpatient Department of Ophthalmology, Subharti Medical College, Meerut. Subjects: 40 patients of both sex above 40 years of age with MGD were included in the study. Methods: Age matched randomization of patients was done in two groups of 20 each. Patients in group A were given 2 capsules of 300mg omega-3 fatty acids for 12 weeks while patients in group B were given a placebo oral supplement. Patients were examined at one-month interval for 3 months after the initial visit. At each visit Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI), Schirmer test, Tear film break up time (TBUT), Fluroscein staining and meibum quality score was evaluated. Results: After 3 months we found statistically significant improvement in subjective as well as objective parameters of group A patients (p value < .05) as compared to group B patients. Conclusion: Thus, dietary supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids is an effective treatment modality in meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD).

The Role of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in the Setting of Coronary Artery Disease and COPD: A Review.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a growing healthcare concern and will represent the third leading cause of death worldwide within the next decade. COPD is the result of a complex interaction between environmental factors, especially cigarette smoking, air pollution, and genetic preconditions, which result in persistent inflammation of the airways. There is growing evidence that the chronic inflammatory state, measurable by increased levels of circulating cytokines, chemokines, and acute phase proteins, may not be confined to the lungs. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and especially coronary artery disease (CAD) are common comorbidities of COPD, and low-grade systemic inflammation plays a decisive role in its pathogenesis. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) exert multiple functions in humans and are crucially involved in limiting and resolving inflammatory processes. n-3 PUFAs have been intensively studied for their ability to improve morbidity and mortality in patients with CVD and CAD. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge on the effects of n-3 PUFA on inflammation and its impact on CAD in COPD from a clinical perspective.

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids reduce preterm labor by inhibiting trophoblast cathepsin S and inflammasome activation

Preterm labor is associated with inflammation and infection. The mechanisms underlying the role of omega-3 fatty acid in inflammasome activation and prevention of preterm labor remain unknown. We hypothesized that omega-3 fatty acid can reduce the rate of preterm birth induced by infection and trophoblast inflammation. In the present study, we found that inflammasome-related molecules and IL-1β in trophoblasts were activated by TNF-α derived from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated THP-1 cell-conditioned medium (CM) and recombinant TNF-α protein. The results demonstrated that stimulation with TNF-α caused lysosomal rupture in trophoblasts, which accelerated cathepsin S (CTSS) diffusion from lysosomes to the cytosol and activated NLRP1 (nacht domain-leucine-rich repeat, and pyd-containing protein 1) and absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) inflammasomes, thereby increasing IL-1β secretion. Moreover, in response to LPS challenge, TNF-α increased trophoblast cell death and decreased cell viability through inflammasome and CTSS activation. Stearidonic acid (SDA; 18:4n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3) inhibited inflammasome-related molecule synthesis and CTSS and caspase-1 activation, which further reduced the preterm delivery rate of pregnant mice induced by LPS (92.9 compared with 69.7% (DHA); 92.9 compared with 53.5% (SDA)). Higher expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, prostaglandin E2, and CTSS, but lower resolvin D1 expression, was observed in preterm pregnant mice than in controls. Similarly, resolvin D1 was highly expressed in women with term delivery compared with women with preterm delivery. Thus, SDA and DHA may attenuate macrophage-derived TNF-α inducing CTSS and inflammasome activation, IL-1β secretion, and placental trophoblast cell death. These functions are implicated in the preventive effects of SDA and DHA on preterm labor.

Histological and Physiological Study of the Effect of Silver Nanoparticles and Omega-3 on Asthma of Male Mice Induced by Ovalbumin

In the current study ninety one of male mice weighting (25-30 g) aged (15-17) weeks at the animal house faculty of science / university of Kufa during the period from January 2017 to September 2017. This study included some physiological and histological criteria to evaluate the protective role of omega-3(2 and 3 mg/kg) and silver nanoparticles (5 and 10 mg/kg) against asthma that induced by ovalbumin. The animals experimental are divided into 16 groups (n= 6 mice per each group) for duration of one and two months. The results showed significant increase (p less than 0.05) in the leukocyte count (eosinophil, neutrophil, lymphocyte, monocyte) in asthma group as compared with control group .Also ,the results showed significant decrease (p less than 0.05) in the leukocyte count in the treated group of omega-3 and silver nanoparticles for both concentration as compared with asthma group .The result sowed significant increase(p less than 0.05) in the serum level of periostin and Galectin -3 and Interleukin -33 in asthma group as compared with control group. The histological study of lung tissue revealed that induced the tissue with ovalbumin caused necrosis, degeneration and increase of mucous in bronchiole as well as acute inflammation around bronchioles while the effect of ovalbumin in trachea tissue were sluphing, necrosis and degeneration around the epithelium of bronchioles.

Low Plasma Omega-3 Fatty Acid Levels May Predict Inferior Prognosis in Untreated Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma: A New Modifiable Dietary Biomarker?

Dietary factors that may reduce the risk of relapse or prolong remission are an area of interest for patients with cancer. There is little data on the role of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 FA) in patients diagnosed with lymphoma. This pilot biomarker study evaluated the prognostic significance of n-3 FA levels in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). In this analysis, low n-3 FA may be associated with inferior event free survival at 24 months in this disease. Larger studies are needed to confirm this association and could provide the basis for prospective investigation of whether modifying n-3 levels with diet may improve outcome in lymphoma.

The role of omega-3 on modulation of cognitive deficiency induced by REM sleep deprivation in rats

Prolonged sleep deprivation causes cognitive deficits. In rats, for instance, sleep deprivation weakens spatial learning and long-term potentiation (LTP). We examined the effects of omega-3 on cognitive deficiency induced by REM sleep deprivation (RSD). For this purpose, we used a fear conditioning paradigm, forced swim test (FST) apparatus, and hot plate test. Intravenously omega-3 injection was performed during 3 consecutive days. Rats trained in the fear conditioning apparatus after 24 h. During conditioning, animals were received foot shocks, either alone or paired with a sound. Sleep deprivation paradigm was carried out in which REM sleep was completely prevented and non-REM sleep was intensely declined for 24 h. Then, context-dependent retention, anxiety behaviors, and hot plate tests were done. Auditory-dependent retention, anxiety behaviors, and FST were carried out 24 h later. 24 h of RSD impaired cognitive function, however intravenously administration of omega-3 improved (0.25, 0.5 and 1 mg/kg) context- or auditory-dependent memory, induced anxiolytic (1 mg/kg), antidepressant (1.25 mg/kg), and anti-nociceptive (0.25 mg/kg) effects. The results revealed that RSD interferes with the neural systems underlying cognitive functions and supports the involvement of omega-3 in the modulation of cognitive functions.

Evaluation of Omega-3 fatty acids in management of trigeminal neuralgia

Background: Trigeminal neuralgic (TN) pain has been known as the world's worst pain. Omega-3 fatty acids have been recently studied extensively in neuralgic pain. Carbamazepine has been known to be the first drug of choice in treating TN pain. In the present study, the potential benefits of omega-3 fatty acids in addition to the carbamazepine were assessed. Objective: The objective of the study was to evaluate the role of omega-3 fatty acids in the neuralgic pain along with carbamazepine in treating neuralgic pain. Materials and Methods: The present study was undertaken on 114 patients with TN pain. The patients were divided in two groups. The group I consisted of patients who were on carbamazepine only, and group II comprised patients who were on carbamazepine and omega-3 fatty acids. The pain was assessed using Brief Pain Inventory questionnaire, which is the most widely used questionnaire for chronic pain. The patients were evaluated on the day of reporting and on subsequent follow-up at 2 weeks, 6 weeks, and 15 weeks interval. The data obtained was subjected to statistical analysis to assess the additional benefits of omega-3 fatty acids in TN pain. Results: The results obtained showed that the intensity of pain reduction and life quality was better in patients receiving carbamazepine and omega-3 fatty acids by the end of the 15th week compared to the patients receiving carbamazepine alone. Conclusion: The present study demonstrates the reduction in neuropathic pain on long-term usage of omega-3 fatty acids, signifying that omega-3 fatty acids may offer better relief in neuralgic pain.