Role Of Microparticles Research Articles

Combination of microparticles vaccine with MSI-1436 exerts a strong immune response for hepatocellular carcinoma.

Although tumor cell-derived microparticles (MPs) vaccines have reportedly induced antitumor immune reactions for various cancers, the mechanism by which MPs derived from Hepa1-6 cells are taken up by dendritic cells (DCs) and provide the MPs antigens message to CD8+ T cells to exert their anti-hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) effects remain unclear. Furthermore, the role of MPs in combination with the small-molecule drug MSI-1436, an inhibitor of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B), in HCC has not yet been reported. In this study, protein mass spectrometry combined with cytology revealed that MPs are mainly taken up by DCs via the clathrin-mediated endocytosis and phagocytosis pathway and localized mainly in lysosomes. High concentration of tumor necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ was detected in CD8+ T cells stimulated with MPs-loaded DCs. Moreover, MPs combined with MSI-1436 further suppressed the proliferation of HCC cells in C57BL/6 tumor-bearing mice, which was closely correlated with CD4+/CD8+ T cells counts in peripheral blood, spleen, and the tumor microenvironment. Mechanistically, the combination of MPs and MSI-1436 exerts a more powerful anti-HCC effect, which may be related to the further inhibition of the expression of PTP1B. Overall, MPs combined with MSI-1436 exerted stronger antitumor effects than MPs or MSI-1436 alone. Therefore, the combination of MPs and MSI-1436 may be a promising means of treating HCC.

Correlations between the Circulating Level of Cell-Derived Microparticles and Surgical Variables in Heart Valve Surgery with Cardiopulmonary Bypass.

Cell-derived microparticles (MPs) as membrane vesicles are procoagulant. They play a role in surgical hemostasis. In this study, the correlations between the circulating level of cell-derived MPs and surgical variables in heart valve surgery were investigated. The present prospective case-series study was conducted in Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center from January through March 2021. Forty patients undergoing heart valve surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) were enrolled. Before the induction of anesthesia and 30 minutes after the administration of protamine sulfate, venous blood samples were collected. After MP isolation, the concentration of MPs was determined via the Bradford method. Flow cytometry analysis was performed to determine the MP count and phenotype. Intraoperative variables and postoperative routine coagulation tests were defined as surgical variables. Postoperative coagulopathy was defined as an activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) ≥48 seconds or an international normalized ratio (INR) >1.5. The total concentration of MPs and the MP count increased significantly after surgery compared with before surgery. The postoperative concentration of MPs was positively correlated with the CPB time (P=0.030, ρ=0.40). The preoperative concentration of MPs was significantly lower in patients with higher postoperative aPTT and INR (P=0.003, P= -0.50 and P=0.020, P= -0.40, respectively). In multivariate logistic regression analysis, the preoperative MP concentration (OR, 1.00; 95% CI, 1.00 to 1.01; P=0.017) was considered a risk factor for postoperative coagulopathy. The levels of MPs, especially platelet-derived MPs, rose after surgery, in correlation with the CPB time. Given the role of MPs in the induction of coagulation and inflammation, they can be considered therapeutic goals for preventing postoperative complications. In addition, the preoperative levels of MPs are a risk factor for predicting the occurrence of postoperative coagulopathy in heart valve surgery.

Circulating Microparticles Are Differentially Increased in Lowlanders and Highlanders with High Altitude Induced Pulmonary Hypertension during the Cold Season.

The role of microparticles (MPs) and cold in high altitude pulmonary hypertension (HAPH) remains unexplored. We investigated the impact of long-term cold exposure on the pulmonary circulation in lowlanders and high-altitude natives and the role of MPs. Pulmonary hemodynamics were evaluated using Doppler echocardiography at the end of the colder and warmer seasons. We further examined the miRNA content of MPs isolated from the study participants and studied their effects on human pulmonary artery smooth muscle (hPASMCs) and endothelial cells (hPAECs). Long-term exposure to cold environment was associated with an enhanced pulmonary artery pressure in highlanders. Plasma levels of CD62E-positive and CD68-positive MPs increased in response to cold in lowlanders and HAPH highlanders. The miRNA-210 expression contained in MPs differentially changed in response to cold in lowlanders and highlanders. MPs isolated from lowlanders and highlanders increased proliferation and reduced apoptosis of hPASMCs. Further, MPs isolated from warm-exposed HAPH highlanders and cold-exposed highlanders exerted the most pronounced effects on VEGF expression in hPAECs. We demonstrated that prolonged exposure to cold is associated with elevated pulmonary artery pressures, which are most pronounced in high-altitude residents. Further, the numbers of circulating MPs are differentially increased in lowlanders and HAPH highlanders during the colder season.

The Role of Microparticles in Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome. An Updated Review

The Role of Microparticles in Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome. An Updated Review

Role of microparticles in membrane fouling from acidogenesis to methanogenesis phases in an anaerobic baffled reactor

Microparticles (0.45–10 μm) have been recognized as key foulants in anaerobic membrane bioreactors (AnMBRs). However, their characteristics and fouling behaviors are often understood in single-stage and completely mixed reactors, failing to elucidate the occurrence of microparticles in the multi-stage anaerobic bioprocess. Here, a lab-scale anaerobic baffled reactor with four compartments (C1-C4) was employed to explore the composition and fouling potential of microparticles in different compartments. Photometric analysis showed that the microparticles had an increasing percentage in the total organics of the top supernatant but a decreasing concentration from C1 to C4. Long-term filtration and dead-end filtration tests revealed that the top supernatant in C1 had much higher fouling potential than those in C2-C4. The supernatant microparticles significantly accumulated in the cake layers for each compartment (68–95% of the total organics), particularly the fraction of 1–5 μm, and the fouling rate was positively correlated with the biomass accumulation rate. Based on reactor performance and 16S rRNA gene sequences, a significant bio-phase separation occurred between C1 (acidogenesis) and C2-C4 (methanogenesis). And hydrolytic and fermentative bacteria in the family Veillonellaceae, Streptococcaceae, and Enterobacteriaceae were dominant in the supernatant microparticles, particularly in C1, which had a positive correlation with the fouling rate and biomass accumulation rate. These above results all revealed that the microparticles in the acidogenesis phase had higher fouling potential. In summary, our results suggest that the tactic of pre-hydrolysis and acidification with feedstocks and constructing AnMBRs by coupling with multi-phase anaerobic bioprocesses and membrane units could be beneficial to fouling control.

Abstract P031: Endothelial Microparticles In Pediatric Obesity

Introduction: Endothelial activation represents one of the earliest signs of the atherosclerotic process. Microparticles (MPs) in plasma, particularly endothelial MPs (EMPs) are reproducible biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction with a simple blood draw. The goal of this study was to examine the association of obesity with MPs, EMPs (CD31+/CD41– and/or CD 144+/CD31–), and activated EMPs (CD106+). Hypothesis: We hypothesized that higher body mass index (BMI), body fat percent (BF%), and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) would be associated with higher levels of MPs, EMPs, and activated EMPs. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of 280 children and adolescents ages 8-18 years old. Whole venous blood was collected and processed for platelet free-plasma (PFP) collection less than 3 hours after being drawn. PFP samples were prepared using serial centrifugations and then frozen as 100 μl aliquots at -80 ° C. MPs were measured using flow cytometry with size ranging from 0.3 to 1.0 μm. EMPs were defined as MP with CD31+/CD41– and/or CD 144+/CD31–. Active EMP was identified as EMP with CD 106+. BF% and VAT were measured using dual X-ray absorptiometry. Linear (total MPs and EMPs) and logistic (activated EMPs) regression models were used to examine the associations with adiposity group, BF%, and VAT, adjusting for Tanner stage, sex, and race. Results: The mean age of the cohort was 12.7 years, consisting of 147 females and BMI distribution: 112 normal-weight, 77 overweight/obesity, 91 severe obesity. Youth with overweight/obesity and severe obesity had higher numbers of total MPs (28,690 per μL PFP/g [-2,315, 59,695], p=0.07 and 52,744 per μL PFP/g [22,163, 83,324], p<0.001, respectively) and total EMPs (350 per μL PFP/g [81, 618], p=0.011 and 278 per μL PFP/g [13, 543], p=0.040, respectively) compared to peers with normal weight. In the entire cohort, higher BF% was associated with higher MPs (1,646 per μL PFP per percent [509, 2,783], p=0.005) and EMPs (11 per μL PFP per percent [2, 21], p=0.023), and higher VAT was associated with higher MPs (34 per μL PFP/g [11, 57], p=0.004) but not EMPs. Logistic regression analysis showed higher odds of active EMPs (odds ratio, 1.72 [1.0, 2.97], p=0.0502) in those with a BMI >85 th percentile compared to youth with a BMI <85 th percentile. In the entire cohort, BF% (odds ratio, 1.02 [1.00, 1.04], p=0.108) and VAT (odds ratio, 1.00 [1.00, 1.00], p=0.472) were not significantly associated with active EMPs. Conclusions: Higher levels of endothelial cell damage and activation were associated with obesity and excess adiposity in youth. The potential role of MPs and EMPs as useful biomarkers of cardiovascular disease risk merits further study.

Role of Microparticles in Cardiovascular Disease: Implications for Endothelial Dysfunction, Thrombosis, and Inflammation.

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Терапевтические мишени при коагулопатии COVID-19

В обзоре представлены сведения о некоторых биохимических и клеточных механизмах патогенеза потенциально смертельного вирусного заболевания, получившего название COVID-19, провоцируемого вирусами из семейства коронавирусов SARS-CoV-2. Наибольшую опасность для жизни и здоровья пациентов представляет коагулопатия, обусловленная ответной реакцией на инфекцию — чрезмерной генерацией клетками пациента внеклеточных мембранных нановезикул (ВМН), которые могут спровоцировать активизацию гемостаза, приводящую к разрушительной полиорганной недостаточности. Вирусы также способны генерировать внеклеточные везикулы, называемые виросомами. Встраивая вирусные компоненты в свои виросомы, вирусы повышают персистентность за счет маскировки своих геномов, умножая вирусную инфекцию. В статье охарактеризованы свойства нейтрофильных гранулоцитов, активирующихся при инфицировании, и представлены сведения о молекулярных механизмах действия их компонентов при попадании во внеклеточное пространство. ВМН уже имеют практическое применение в качестве вакцинных носителей для иммунизации человека и животных против многих инфекционных заболеваний. В настоящее время актуальнейшей темой, обуславливающей большой практический интерес, стала роль ВМН в индуцировании иммунитета против коронавирусной инфекции. Охарактеризованы другие возможные терапевтические мишени. Virus-induced coagulopathy is a typical example of the tight connection between inflammation and thrombosis. These two reactions are linked by pro-inflammatory agents, generated by activated neutrophils and their neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Extracellular membrane nanobubbles (EMNs), formed by a wide variety of cell types, have recently been identified as new entrants that play a key role in coagulopathy. EMNs directly and indirectly activate coagulation systems that lead to the further upregulation of inflammation and life-threatening organ dysfunction and thrombosis. EMNs are known to be responsible for the secretion, exchange, and transmission of important active biomolecules in COVID-19. Indeed, EMNs represent an essential mechanism in intercellular communication, and the roles of EMNs in infection and thrombosis have been increasingly recognized. The extracellular microvesicles of viruses, virosomes, represent a new type of infectious agents, which determines new therapeutic goals in solving the problems of controlling viral infections. Understanding the biological nature of all these microvesicles when studying them in vivo is of paramount importance for the development of diagnostic and therapeutic methods.

Plasmatic and cell-based enhancement by microparticles originated from platelets and endothelial cells under simulated in vitro conditions of a dilutional coagulopathy

BackgroundAggressive fluid management and other external factors may lead to hypothermia, acidosis and hemodilution (defined as Lethal Triad, LT) contributing to a trauma-induced coagulopathy (TIC) that worsens patients’ outcomes. Procoagulant microparticles (MP) are crucial players at the interface of cellular and plasmatic coagulation. However, their functions remain largely unexplored. This study aimed to characterize effects of MP subtypes and concentrations on functional coagulation under in vitro simulated conditions.MethodsBlood from eleven volunteers were collected to simulate in vitro conditions of hemodilution (HD) and LT, respectively. HD was induced by replacing a blood volume of 33% by crystalloids and for LT, samples were further processed by reducing the temperature to 32 °C and lowering the pH to 6.8. MP were obtained either from platelet concentrates (platelet-derived MP, PDMP) or from cell culture (ECV304 cells for endothelial-derived MP, EDMP) by targeted stimulation. After introducing MP to in vitro conditions, we measured their concentration-dependent effects (1.000, 10.000 and 15.000 MP/μl blood) on coagulation compared to whole blood (WB). For each condition, coagulation was characterized by flow cytometric platelet activation and by quantification of fibrin clot propagation using Thrombodynamics® technology.ResultsMP originated from platelets and endothelial cells affected blood coagulation in a concentration-dependent manner. Particularly, high PDMP quantities (10.000 and 15.000 PDMP/μl blood) significantly induced platelet activation and fibrin clot growth and size in HD conditions. In LT conditions as well, only high PDMP concentration induced platelet activation, clot growth and size. In contrast, EDMP did not induce platelet activation, but resulted in enhanced formation of spontaneous clots, irrespective of simulated condition. With increasing EDMP concentration, the time until the onset of spontaneous clotting decreased in both HD and LT conditions.DiscussionThe study demonstrates an essential role of MP within the coagulation process under simulated coagulopathic conditions. PDMP affected platelets promoting clot formation likely by providing a surface enlargement. EDMP presumably affected clotting factors of the plasmatic coagulation resulting in an increased formation of spontaneous clots.ConclusionUnder simulated conditions of a dilutional coagulopathy, MP from different cellular origin indicate a divergent but both procoagulant mechanism within the coagulation process.

The Clinical Significance of Circulating Microparticles Concerning Thrombosis in BCR/ABL1-negative Myeloproliferative Neoplasms.

This work aimed to prospectively evaluate the clinical significance of circulating microparticles (MPs) in relation to thrombotic risk factors and thrombotic complications in patients with BCR/ABL1-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN). In a cohort of 206 patients with MPN, MPs' procoagulant activity was measured by the Zymuphen functional assay in 429 samples, while platelet- and erythrocyte-MPs were enumerated by flow cytometry in 558 samples. MPN patients had higher MP levels than the control group. The levels of MPs were higher in male patients, smokers, and those who were older than 60 years, and in the presence of JAK2V617F mutation, history of thrombosis, platelets >400×109/l, hematocrit >45%, or leukocytes >10×109/l. Cytoreductive treatment reduced MP levels, with anagrelide being associated with lower MP levels than hydroxyurea. The relationship with thrombotic risk factors indicates a possible role of MPs in the complex thrombotic mechanism, though cytoreductive treatment seems to affect this role through reducing MP levels.

Behaviour and distribution of heavy metals at the boundary of “water-bottom sediments” in mouth zones of rivers

The aquatic elementary landscapes of the Don and Northern Dvina Rivers mouth zones as arenas of mass transfer of heavy metals (HM) are studied. The results of long-term comprehensive studies of the authors, which included sampling of water and the upper layer of bottom sediments in order to determine the content of mercury, copper, methane, hydrogen sulfide, as well as pH and Eh values, are presented. According to the type of prevailing geochemical conditions and the level of anthropogenic impact, natural, man-made and natural-anthropogenic aquatic elementary landscapes are distinguished. The bottom water layers in both rivers were characterized by positive Eh values, but it should be noted that they were generally relatively low for surface watercourses. According to the values of the redox potential and the hydrogen index, the methane content and the total hydrogen sulfide, the presence of the following conditions is proved – oxygen, gley, hydrogen sulfide, oxygen-gley and gley-hydrogen sulfide. At the water - sediment interface, in most cases, there was a decrease in pH values by the first tenths of the values, while Eh usually decreased quite sharply, often to negative values. In terms of methane content, the bottom sediments of the aquatic elementary landscapes of the Don and Northern Dvina rivers were similar, while the concentration of total hydrogen sulfide was higher in the Don. It is shown that in the mouth zone of the Don and Northern Dvina rivers, in areas subject to constant organic pollution and eutrophication, there is an increase in the total content of mercury and copper in the bottom sediments. Higher concentrations of gross mercury will generally be found in natural and anthropogenic landscapes dominated by hydrogen sulfide and gley-hydrogen sulfide environments. The important role of microparticles of the polydisperse medium of bottom sediments in the deposition of copper and mercury is revealed.

The role of microparticles on the shape and surface tension of static bubbles

HypothesisSurface tension is a critical parameter in bubbles and foams, yet it is difficult to assess when microparticles are attached at the interface. By considering the interaction force between an air–liquid interface and microparticles, modified equations for sessile bubble tensiometry can be derived to determine the surface tension and shape of static microparticle-laden bubbles. ExperimentsA modified sessile bubble method, in which the forces between microparticles and the air–liquid interface are considered, was developed and used to analyse the surface tension of bubbles fully coated by a monolayer of silica microparticles of different sizes. The results are compared to those obtained using classical sessile bubble tensiometry. The new method is also used to investigate the contours of particle-laden bubbles of varying particle radius and contact angle. FindingsWhile the classical sessile bubble method overestimates the surface tension, results obtained using the modified sessile bubble method show that the surface tension of static microparticle-laden bubbles remains the same as that of uncoated bubbles, with no dependency on the particle size. The discrepancy is due to the fact that microparticles attached to the air–liquid interface deform a bubble in a similar way that changes in surface tension do for uncoated bubbles.

Role of Microparticles in the Pathogenesis of Inflammatory Joint Diseases.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), ankylosing spondylitis (AS), and psoriatic arthritis (PsA) make up a group of chronic immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs). The course of these diseases involves chronic inflammation of joints and enthesopathies, which can result in joint damage and disability. Microparticles (MPs) are a group of small spherical membranous vesicles. The structure and cellular origin of MPs, mechanisms that stimulate their secretion and the place of their production, determine their biological properties, which could become manifest in the pathogenesis of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. Microparticles can stimulate synovitis with proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. MPs may also contribute to the pathogenesis of rheumatic diseases by the formation of immune complexes and complement activation, pro-coagulation activity, activation of vascular endothelium cells, and stimulation of metalloproteinase production. It seems that in the future, microparticles can become a modern marker of disease activity, a response to treatment, and, possibly, they can be used in the prognosis of the course of arthritis. The knowledge of the complexity of MPs biology remains incomplete and it requires further comprehensive studies to explain how they affect the development of rheumatic diseases. This review focuses on the immunopathogenic and therapeutic role of MPs in chronic immune-mediated inflammatory joint diseases.

Stem Cell-Derived Exosome in Cardiovascular Diseases: Macro Roles of Micro Particles.

The stem cell-based therapy has emerged as the promising therapeutic strategies for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Recently, increasing evidence suggest stem cell-derived active exosomes are important communicators among cells in the heart via delivering specific substances to the adjacent/distant target cells. These exosomes and their contents such as certain proteins, miRNAs and lncRNAs exhibit huge beneficial effects on preventing heart damage and promoting cardiac repair. More importantly, stem cell-derived exosomes are more effective and safer than stem cell transplantation. Therefore, administration of stem cell-derived exosomes will expectantly be an alternative stem cell-based therapy for the treatment of CVDs. Furthermore, modification of stem cell-derived exosomes or artificial synthesis of exosomes will be the new therapeutic tools for CVDs in the future. In addition, stem cell-derived exosomes also have been implicated in the diagnosis and prognosis of CVDs. In this review, we summarize the current advances of stem cell-derived exosome-based treatment and prognosis for CVDs, including their potential benefits, underlying mechanisms and limitations, which will provide novel insights of exosomes as a new tool in clinical therapeutic translation in the future.

Role of microparticles as microrna messengers in reestablishing of atherosclerosis-associated endothelial progenitor cell dysfunction

Role of microparticles as microrna messengers in reestablishing of atherosclerosis-associated endothelial progenitor cell dysfunction

Microparticles in Chronic Heart Failure.

Heart failure (HF) continues to have a sufficient impact on morbidity, mortality, and disability in developed countries. Growing evidence supports the hypothesis that microparticles (MPs) might contribute to the pathogenesis of the HF development playing a pivotal role in the regulation of the endogenous repair system, thrombosis, coagulation, inflammation, immunity, and metabolic memory phenomenon. Therefore, there is a large body of data clarifying the predictive value of MP numerous in circulation among subjects with HF. Although the determination of MP signature is better than measurement of single MP circulating level, there is not yet close confirmation that immune phenotype of cells produced MPs are important for HF prediction and development. The aim of the chapter is to summarize knowledge regarding the role of various MPs in diagnosis and prognosis of HF. The role of MPs as a delivery vehicle for drugs attenuated cardiac remodeling is considered.

Microparticles and Fibrinolysis.

Microparticles (MPs) are submicronic vesicles which are formed by budding of the cellular membrane of virtually any cell type in response to cell activation or apoptosis. Both circulating MPs and MPs generated within tissues harbor molecules with a large repertoire of biological activities and transfer material to target cells. Depending on their cellular origin, the stimuli triggering their formation, or their localization, they may participate in the maintenance of organ or vascular homeostasis as well as inducing dysfunction. MPs have mostly been described as having procoagulant properties. However, the fact that some MP subsets are able to efficiently generate plasmin suggests that the role of MPs in hemostasis is more complex than initially thought. In this review, we summarize key findings showing that MPs provide a heterogeneous catalytic surface for plasmin generation, according to their cellular origin. We further address the specific features of the MP-dependent fibrinolytic system. Potential consequences of this MP-associated fibrinolytic activity in pathology are illustrated in cancer.

Microparticles from splenectomized β-thalassemia/HbE patients play roles on procoagulant activities with thrombotic potential.

Thromboembolic events including cerebral thrombosis, deep vein thrombosis, and pulmonary embolism are major complications in β-thalassemia. Damaged red blood cells and chronic platelet activation in splenectomized β-thalassemia/HbE patients were associated with increased microparticles (MPs) releases into blood circulation. MPs are small membrane vesicles, which play important roles on coagulation. However, the role of MP in thalassemia is poorly understood. In this study, the effects of splenectomized-MPs on platelet activation and aggregation were investigated. The results showed that isolated MPs from fresh platelet-free plasma of patients and normal subjects directly induce platelet activation, platelet aggregation, and platelet-neutrophil aggregation in a dose-dependent manner. Interestingly, MPs obtained from splenectomized patients are more efficient in induction of platelet activation (P-selectin+) when compared to MPs from normal subjects (P<0.05), tenfold lower than pathophysiological level, at 1:0.1 platelet MP ratio. Co-incubation of splenectomized-MPs with either normal-, non-splenectomized- or splenectomized-platelets at 1:10 platelet MP ratio increased platelet activation up to 5.1±2.2, 5.6±3.7, and 9.5±3.0%, respectively, when normalized with individual baseline. These findings suggest that splenectomized patients were proned to be activated by MPs, and splenectomized-MPs could play an important role on chronic platelet activation and aggregation, leading to thrombus formation in β-thalassemia/HbE patients.

Modulating thrombotic diathesis in hereditary thrombophilia and antiphospholipid antibody syndrome: a role for circulating microparticles?

Over the past decades, there have been great advances in the understanding of the pathogenesis of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in patients with inherited and acquired thrombophilia [mainly antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APS)]. However, a number of questions remain unanswered. Prognostic markers capable of estimating the individual VTE risk would be of great use. Microparticles (MPs) are sub-micron membrane vesicles constitutively released from the surface of cells after cellular activation and apoptosis. The effects of MPs on thrombogenesis include the exposure of phopshatidylserine and the expression of tissue factor and MPs have been described in clinical studies as possible diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for VTE. This review will provide a novel perspective on the current knowledge and research trends on the possible role of MPs in hereditary thrombophilia and APS. Basically, the published data show that circulating MPs may contribute to the development of VTE in thrombophilic carriers, both in mild and severe states. Moreover, the presence of endothelial-MPs and platelet-MPs has been described in antiphospholipid syndrome and seems to be directly linked to antiphospholipid antibodies and not to other underlying autoimmune disorders or the thrombotic event itself. In conclusion, circulating MPs may constitute an epiphenomenon of thrombophilia itself and could be up-regulated in acute particular conditions, promoting a global prothrombotic state up to the threshold of the clinical relevant thrombotic event.

Possible role of microparticles in neuroimmune signaling of microglial cells

Possible role of microparticles in neuroimmune signaling of microglial cells