Role Of Metadata Research Articles

The Role of Metadata in the Presentation of Türbe in Digital Environment

Modern technologies enable the presentation of diverse movable and immovable cultural heritage objects in a digital environment in new and creative ways, which at the international level has resulted in the development of numerous and diverse digital collections created by information and other institutions. Since the visibility of such collections in the virtual environment depends on the wealth of metadata assigned to the sources in the collections, as expected, these initiatives were accompanied by development in the metadata domain. In this regard, and considering that the role of metadata in the presentation of turbe as very specific objects of the immovable cultural heritage of Bosnia and Herzegovina in the online environment has not been examined so far, the goal of this research is to identify which metadata standards or their combinations can be used for the description of turbe in Omeka Classic environment, and consequently to create a collection of the selected corpus of turbe, available in open access, whereby the corpus of research refers to turbe (türbe/tomb) that are named as national monuments in Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The results of the research indicate that within the workspace of the Omeka Classic web publishing platform by using the predefined Dublin Core and VRA Core metadata fields in combination, the basic needs of corpus description can be met in a clear, uniform, and informative way, but in this regard, indications of the future development of the collection in the context of its semantic enrichment are also provided.

Integration of Heterogeneous Sensor Systems for Disaster Responses in Smart Cities: Flooding as an Example

Smart cities represent a new perspective on modern urban development. They involve an information infrastructure environment with application intelligence to improve operational efficiency and welfare effectively. However, understanding how to overcome the barriers of data fragmentation and heterogeneity to exploit the strengths of existing resources and create integration effects remains a key challenge in smart city development. This research focuses on the effective management of heterogeneous sensor systems across different domains to improve quick disaster responses. Metadata serve as the core of this proposed framework, which is designed to not only describe the common and unique characteristics of various IoT-based devices and services, but also to provide necessary information to support the searching, requesting, and updating of required sensors and observation, as well as responding to the upcoming disaster. A workflow consisting of four list types was proposed and used to guide the response procedure. This research specifically aims to enable heterogeneous sensor systems available to all public or private stakeholders to be integrated in a collaborative fashion. While a flooding response was chosen for demonstration in this research, the proposed standard-based framework can be further promoted for other types of smart city applications, not limited to disaster response. The study’s results and implications underscore the importance of effective management of heterogeneous sensor systems and the role of metadata in enabling disaster responses in smart cities.

The Role of Metadata and Vocabulary Standards in Enabling Scientific Data Interoperability: A Study of Earth System Science Data Facilities

Objective: Journal publishers within many sciences are increasingly expecting data to be deposited into repositories that support the FAIR principles. Data repositories are thus needing to determine what implications the FAIR principles have on their existing services and systems. Metadata standards and controlled vocabularies are specifically called out as core components of the FAIR principles related to interoperability.Methods: This paper looks specifically at the ways that metadata standards and controlled vocabularies are used by Earth system science data repositories. Data sets from 55 data facilities were examined to determine which metadata standards and controlled subject / keyword vocabularies were used. Results: The findings indicate that only the ISO 19115:2003 and DataCite metadata standards are used by more than 40% of the data facilities, and the NASA Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) keywords are the only keyword vocabulary of broad use within this community. Conclusions: These findings raise questions about the extent to which metadata standards and keyword vocabularies can facilitate interoperability beyond narrow sub-sections of the data facility communities. This study also points to systematic challenges related to migration to new standards.

Samples of a Place: Urban Field Recordings as a Sensitive Resource of Urban Cultural Heritage

The paper focuses on various kinds of urban field recordings produced during research and artistic practices which apply auditory immersion in the qualitative analysis of places. Showing why and how urban field recordings might be used in locally guided placemaking practices, I propose to consider them as a sensitive resource of urban cultural heritage. A reflection on the sensitive quality of urban field recordings — a quality which stems from their susceptibility to the workings of time and their capability to transfer local affects — is realized in four parts. Part one posits the question of the relationship between urban sound and place, showing perspectives which arise from an application of listening in the qualitative analysis of places. Part two studies aspects of using, archiving, and sharing of field recordings produced within research, artistic and museum projects, accentuating the need to connect institutionally based practices with the promotion of audible culture in the pro-cess of establishing the notion of field recordings as a medium of urban heritage transmission. Part three proposes a shift from an interpretive to a performative approach in grasping the ontological status of urban field recordings, discussing them as samples of a place which are capable of transmitting local affects. Finally, part four recalls the idea of acousmatics to reflect upon the role of metadata in the reception of urban field recordings, which safeguards them from losing their cultural legibility. I argue that the lack of accompanying commentaries, which blurs the relation of recording with the place of sound sampling, does not erase the affective influence of the sound source transmitted by the sound sample. Such an observation leads to the conclusion that urban field recordings elude their framing in a single definition of heritage.

Shari’a Barbie’s Afterlives

AbstractThis article investigates a sprawling archive of memes (about “Shakira law,” “shari’a Barbie,” and the “jihad squad,”) and incorporates analysis of the original Serial podcast (about the case of Adnan Syed) to look at the role of metadata and dataveillance in criminalizing and apprehending Muslims. Given technological innovations, like autocorrect functions that “correct” conversations about the “racialization” of Muslims to the “radicalization” of Muslims (to give one example), algorithmic manipulations of data depend on sexualizing and racializing assemblages that tell a familiar story about the way Muslim lives are shaped by the discourses and representations through which they are figured and apprehended. The author explores the way that this archive of memes figures Muslims as a “measurable type”—whereby they are profiled into highly fraught categories, like “terrorist,” through algorithmic interpretations of their online activity—therefore enabling what John Cheney-Lippold calls “soft biopolitics.” Given the ability of this sort of data to materially shape a person’s life, the author looks at the roles of metadata and big data in apprehending Muslims, Arabs, and SWANA-identified people through a biopolitical framing of population, where apprehend is understood in both senses of the word—in terms of understanding Muslims as well as criminalizing them.

Minor Politics, Major Consequences

Abstract Metadata is part of our knowledge systems and, so, represents and perpetuates political hierarchies and perceptions of relevance. While some of these have come up for scrutiny in the discourses on digitization, some ‘minor’ issues have gone unnoticed and a few new mechanisms of imbalance have escaped attention as well. Yet, all of these, too, influence the usability of digital image collections. This paper traces three fields of ‘minor politics’ and their epistemic consequences, both in general and in particular, with respect to the study of architecture and its visual representation: first, the intrinsic logic of the original collections and their digital representation; second, the role of support staff in the course of digitization and data transfer; and, third, keywording as a matter of disciplinary habitus. It underlines the ‘political’ role of metadata within the context of knowledge production, even on the local level of a single database, and connects to the implementation of contemporary technologies like computer vision and artificial intelligence for image content classification and the creation of metadata. Given the abundance of digitally available (historical) images, image content recognition and the creation of metadata by artificial intelligence are sheer necessities in order to make millions of hitherto unexplored images available for research. At the same time, the challenge to overcome existing colonial and other biases in the training of AI remains. Hence, we are once again tasked to reflect on the delicate criterion of objectivity. The second part of this paper focuses on research done in the ArchiMediaL project (archimedial.eu); it demonstrates both the potentials and the risks of applying artificial intelligence for metadata creation by addressing the three fields mentioned above through the magnifying glass of programming.

The Role of Metadata in American Studies

This article argues that metadata can animate rather than stall American Studies inquiry. Data about data can enable and expand the kinds of context, evidence, and interdisciplinary methodological approaches that American Studies can engage with while taking back data from the very power structures that the field aims to reveal, critique, and abolish. As a result, metadata can be a site where the field realizes its intellectual and political commitments. The article draws on a range of digital humanities projects, with a focus on projects created by the authors, that demonstrate the possibilities (and challenges) of metadata for American Studies.

How do job vacancy rates predict firm performance? A web crawling massive data perspective

Traditionally, the relationship between a firm's performance and its business strategy is studied using structured data taken from proxy statements and financial reports. However, there have been increasing efforts to explore the linkages between corporate outcomes and unstructured information, such as text or image/audio/video files. Until recently, semi-structured data had been largely overlooked. Given that a substantial amount of such data can be extracted using web crawler techniques and then processed using big data solutions, the current study employed this procedure to investigate whether dynamic job vacancy postings by Taiwanese publicly listed companies are associated with subsequent stock returns and operating ratios. We report that new job openings foreshadow a firm's operating performance, both indirectly, by boosting stock prices, and directly, by signaling positive developments. This finding remains robust to tests addressing endogeneity concerns and the adoption of alternative specifications. We thus shed light on the role of metadata in financial analysis.

Lost or Found? Discovering Data Needed for Research

Finding data is a necessary precursor to being able to reuse data, although relatively little large-scale empirical evidence exists about how researchers discover, make sense of and (re)use data for research. This study presents evidence from the largest known survey investigating how researchers discover and use data that they do not create themselves. We examine the data needs and discovery strategies of respondents, propose a typology for data reuse and probe the role of social interactions and literature search in data discovery. We consider how data communities can be conceptualized according to data uses and propose practical applications of our findings for designers of data discovery systems and repositories. Specifically, we consider how to design for a diversity of practices, how communities of use can serve as an entry point for design and the role of metadata in supporting both sensemaking and social interactions.

Роль метаданных в процессах идентификации электронных образовательных ресурсов

Роль метаданных в процессах идентификации электронных образовательных ресурсов

How Do Job Vacancy Rates Predict Firm Performance? A Web Crawling Massive Data Perspective

Traditionally, the relationship between a firm’s performance and its business strategy is studied using structured data taken from proxy statements and financial reports. However, there have been increasing efforts to explore the linkages between corporate outcomes and unstructured information, such as text or image/audio/video files. Until recently, semi-structured data had been largely overlooked. Given that a substantial amount of such data can be extracted using web crawler techniques and then processed using big data solutions, the current study employed this procedure to investigate whether dynamic job vacancy postings by Taiwanese publicly listed companies are associated with subsequent stock returns and operating ratios. We report that new job openings foreshadow a firm’s operating performance, both indirectly, by boosting stock prices, and directly, by signaling positive developments. This finding remains robust to tests addressing endogeneity concerns and the adoption of alternative specifications. We thus shed light on the role of metadata in financial analysis.

Data quality monitoring in clinical and observational epidemiologic studies: the role of metadata and process information

Data quality monitoring in clinical and observational epidemiologic studies: the role of metadata and process information

Cultural Heritage Information: Access and Management ed. by Ian Ruthven, G. G. Chowdhury

Reviewed by: Cultural Heritage Information: Access and Management ed. by Ian Ruthven, G. G. Chowdhury Matthew Ducmanas Cultural Heritage Information: Access and Management, ed. Ian Ruthven and G. G. Chowdhury. Chicago: ALA Neal-Schuman, 2015. 253pages. $110.00 (ISBN 978-0-8389-1347-5) Libraries, museums, and other cultural institutions have been rapidly digitizing their collections, significantly impacting the ways we preserve and access our cultural memory. Though facilitating access to cultural heritage materials through the creation of digital surrogates is not a new endeavor, the constant advances in information and communication technologies require continual reassessment of these efforts. Cultural Heritage Information: Access and Management effectively explores the multifaceted challenges institutions face in creating, maintaining, and providing access to our digital cultural heritage. Editors Ian Ruthven and Gobinda Chowdhury have made substantial contributions to this field. Their comprehensive grasp of the complexity of digital heritage collections is reflected in the careful selection of material for this volume, which contextualizes the creation of these resources while exploring current and future research trends. Comprised of 11 chapters by 18 authors, the collection benefits from a holistic approach to the topic by offering selections that extend beyond the technical aspects of the digitization process to include chapters on the organization, access, sustainability, and use of our digital cultural heritage. The range of topics includes digitization practices, use of the collections in the digital humanities, metadata standards and controlled vocabularies, information system architecture design, usability and user engagement, and the sustainability of these practices. Ruthven and Chowdhury’s collection provides a number of compelling case studies examining the range of theoretical issues under consideration and indicating the trajectory of contemporary research. For example, a chapter on the role of metadata in digital collections by Shigeo Sugimoto, Mitsuharu Nagamori, Tetsuya Mihara, and Tsunagu Honma argues for the importance of metadata interoperability to enable the wider accessibility and long-term sustainability of our digitized resources. The argument for interoperability, the ability of a system to work with other systems without special effort on the part of the user, is supported by a description of their research into exploiting existing metadata schemas to produce a schema hybrid for the description of Japanese manga. The case study provides [End Page 650] a framework and practical example of the potential of linked data within a cultural heritage context. Another strength of this collection is its focus on social and sustainability issues, which are less frequently examined within the literature on digital cultural heritage information. Gobinda Chowdhury’s chapter on the policies and procedures of digitization projects calls attention to a number of social aspects requiring consideration when choosing what to digitize and how to provide access to the collections. These include concerns regarding overly restrictive intellectual property rights, uneven access to digitized materials resulting from the digital divide and gaps in information literacy, and the complexities of dealing with indigenous peoples’ cultural heritage materials. Chowdhury’s final chapter examines the issue of economic, social, and environmental sustainability within this context. He presents a compelling argument that the long-term viability of these projects requires sustainable practices that ensure continued funding and an ongoing focus on user needs, as well as accounting for and reducing the environmental impact of digital collections. These issues also surface throughout several other chapters and are refreshing to see in a general introduction to the field. The theoretical context and practical grounding this volume provides are a valuable addition to the literature of the field and should benefit its intended audience of researchers, practitioners, and students. While not shying away from technical language, Cultural Heritage Information remains accessible to those without extensive background knowledge on the subject and manages to provide useful insights for those already working closely with digital collections. By thoughtfully juxtaposing issues often treated separately, Cultural Heritage Information successfully reveals crucial relationships between the content, organization, access, and sustainability of our digitized cultural heritage. Matthew Ducmanas Special Collections Cataloging Librarian Temple University Libraries, Philadelphia matthew.ducmanas@temple.edu Copyright © 2016 Johns Hopkins University Press

Norms of data sharing in biological sciences: The roles of metadata, data repository, and journal and funding requirements

Institutional environments, comprising regulative pressures by funding agencies and journal publishers, and institutional resources, including the availabilities of data repositories and standards for metadata, function as important determinants in scientists’ data-sharing norms, attitudes and behaviours. This research investigates how these functions influence biological scientists’ data-sharing norms and how the data-sharing norms influence their data-sharing behaviours mediated by attitudes towards data sharing. The research model was developed based on the integration of institutional theory and theory of planned behaviour. The proposed research model was validated based on a total of 608 responses from a national survey conducted in the USA. The Partial Least Squares (PLS) was employed to analyse the survey data. Results show how institutional pressures by funding agencies and journals and the availabilities of data repository and metadata standards all have significant influences on data-sharing norms, which have significant influences on data-sharing behaviours, as mediated by attitudes towards data sharing.

Multi-View Meets Average Linkage

Inspired by the success of a recently developed algorithm MVSC-IR, the authors embed the idea of Multi-Viewpoint Based Similarity Measure for clustering (MVSC) into a hierarchical clustering method, i.e., average linkage clustering, to overcome the problem of initiation with random seeds, resulting in a new algorithm, referred to as MVSC-HAC. The improved performance of this new algorithm encouraged us to further explore the impact of metadata in document clustering. In this paper, after reviewing two existing algorithms, the authors describe their new algorithm and present experimental results on various sizes of data sets at two different levels: the one using the entire context of documents and the one using existing meta tags of the documents. The result shows MVSC-HAC excels at both levels. The authors analyze the results, and provide a discussion based on other observation on the role of metadata in document clustering.

The Role of Metadata in the Infrastructure for Archival Interoperation

AbstractSociolinguists want to be able to share and compare datasets, and they want to do so now and far into the future. Achieving this dream will require that sociolinguistic corpora are archived in a sustainable way and that those corpora are encoded in such a way that interoperation among them is possible. This paper first sets the stage by describing broadly the requirements for sustainable archiving. It then focuses on the role of metadata in constructing an infrastructure that will support the kind of interoperation that is envisioned – both corpus‐level metadata for facilitating the discovery of relevant corpora and observation‐level metadata for facilitating the comparison of observations that are comparable.

Winning the Hearts and Minds of Business Intelligence Users: The Role of Metadata

Business Intelligence (BI) applications are strategic decision support systems that are significantly underutilized in many organizations. We propose that adoption and use can be improved by designing BI applications that provide users with high-quality metadata (i.e. information about the meaning, quality, location, and lineage of decision support data). Metadata’s value is that it positively influences user attitudes towards data as measured by cognition and affect.

ChemInform Abstract: Chemical Information Matters: An E‐Research Perspective on Information and Data Sharing in the Chemical Sciences

AbstractReview: 135 refs.

Chemical information matters: an e-Research perspective on information and data sharing in the chemical sciences

Recently, a number of organisations have called for open access to scientific information and especially to the data obtained from publicly funded research, among which the Royal Society report and the European Commission press release are particularly notable. It has long been accepted that building research on the foundations laid by other scientists is both effective and efficient. Regrettably, some disciplines, chemistry being one, have been slow to recognise the value of sharing and have thus been reluctant to curate their data and information in preparation for exchanging it. The very significant increases in both the volume and the complexity of the datasets produced has encouraged the expansion of e-Research, and stimulated the development of methodologies for managing, organising, and analysing "big data". We review the evolution of cheminformatics, the amalgam of chemistry, computer science, and information technology, and assess the wider e-Science and e-Research perspective. Chemical information does matter, as do matters of communicating data and collaborating with data. For chemistry, unique identifiers, structure representations, and property descriptors are essential to the activities of sharing and exchange. Open science entails the sharing of more than mere facts: for example, the publication of negative outcomes can facilitate better understanding of which synthetic routes to choose, an aspiration of the Dial-a-Molecule Grand Challenge. The protagonists of open notebook science go even further and exchange their thoughts and plans. We consider the concepts of preservation, curation, provenance, discovery, and access in the context of the research lifecycle, and then focus on the role of metadata, particularly the ontologies on which the emerging chemical Semantic Web will depend. Among our conclusions, we present our choice of the "grand challenges" for the preservation and sharing of chemical information.

The WISER metadatabase: the key to more than 100 ecological datasets from European rivers, lakes and coastal waters

In ecological sciences, the role of metadata (i.e. key information about a dataset) to make existing datasets visible and discoverable has become increasingly important. Within the EU-funded WISER project (Water bodies in Europe: Integrative Systems to assess Ecological status and Recovery), we designed a metadatabase to allow scientists to find the optimal data for their analyses. An online questionnaire helped to collect metadata from the data providers and an online query tool (http://www.wiser.eu/results/meta-database/) facilitated data evaluation. The WISER metadatabase currently holds information on 114 datasets (22 river, 71 lake, 1 general freshwater and 20 coastal/transitional datasets), which also can be accessed by external scientists. We evaluate if generally used metadata standards (e.g. Darwin Core, ISO 19115, CSDGM, EML) are suitable for such specific purposes as WISER and suggest at least the linkage with standard metadata fields. Furthermore, we discuss whether the simple metadata documentation is enough for others to reuse a dataset and why there is still reluctance to publish both metadata and primary research data (i.e. time and financial constraints, misuse of data, abandoning intellectual property rights). We emphasise that metadata publication has major advantages as it makes datasets detectable by other scientists and generally makes a scientist’s work more visible.