Role Of International Standards Research Articles

Advancing sustainability in construction and environmental management about innovative materials, technologies, and policy frameworks

This comprehensive study explores the integration of advanced materials, innovative technologies, and policy frameworks to enhance sustainability in construction and environmental management. Through an in-depth analysis of self-healing concrete, energy-efficient insulation materials, recycled composites, membrane filtration advancements, photocatalytic water purification, bioremediation techniques, corrosion-resistant alloys, smart sensing technologies, earthquake-resistant designs, and green infrastructure, we demonstrate significant potential to reduce environmental impact, improve infrastructure durability, and promote water conservation. Additionally, the role of international standards, regulations, and incentives in fostering sustainable development practices is critically examined. Quantitative analyses and mathematical models provide a foundation for assessing the effectiveness and economic viability of these innovations, offering valuable insights for stakeholders across the construction and environmental sectors

CYBERSECURITY RISKS MANAGEMENT OF INDUSTRIAL CONTROL SYSTEMS: A REVIEW

Industrial control systems (ICS) form the basis of critical infrastructures, managing complex processes in various sectors of industry, energy, etc. With the increasing frequency and complexity of cyber threats, effective management of ICS cybersecurity risks is critical. This paper is devoted to the analysis of approaches used in the field of cybersecurity risk management of automated process control systems. The study examines the cybersecurity risks of ICS and the role of international standards in managing cybersecurity risks. The results of the analysis carried out in this paper can serve as information for the development of new reliable cybersecurity risk management systems for ICS.

The role of international standards in improving labour law of the Republic of Kazakhstan to ensure the well-being of society

The striving of the Republic of Kazakhstan for international integration and entry into influential international structures is impossible without the introduction of advanced experience in the field of labour law. Therewith, the labour law of each country is a unique and very broad branch of law; therefore, for the purposes of this study, such parameters as wages, provisions on weekends and holidays, as well as the issue of concluding and terminating an employment contract as the most fundamental labour law issues. To achieve the objectives of the study, the comparative method is used as the main one, both in horizontal and vertical as-pects. At the same time, the classical inductive method is used to formulate many provisions as an addition. For comparison, the authors of the study take the expe-rience of the United States, Russia, and China as the main trading partners of Ka-zakhstan, relations with which are of decisive importance for the country. From the stated provisions, it was concluded that the labour law of the Republic of Ka-zakhstan is quite progressive, although they need to be adjusted. Among the ana-lysed provisions, first of all, it is necessary to correct the size of the minimum wage, as the most important economic and legal indicator, and also to consider the pos-sibility of extending the minimum paid leave from 24 to 28 days. Therewith, the provisions on a written employment contract and the protection of employees from unjustified dismissal are quite progressive.

The Role of International Standards in Improving the Quality of Enterprises

One of the main problems facing organizations that exist today is adapting to the conditions of market economy and to protect the position it has reached in the market. Recently, as the main result of the rapid development of science and technology the world economy put the high quality of produced products and offered services to enterprises as the main requirement. Therefore, entrepreneurs prefer the use of International Standards that have been tested successfully by many enterprises in many developed countries around the world. Compliance with these requirements will give the company the advantages of increasing image, profits, reducing production costs and losses, as well as access to the international market. High quality of the product, its competitiveness and very easy access to foreign markets are achieved by implementing the requirements of International standards such as ISO 9001, GOST P ISO 9001, EQS, GMP, HACCP, QS 9000, OHSAS 18001 etc.

An Analysis of the Effects of Test Bench Architecture on Solid Oxide Fuel Cell and Electrolysis Characterization and the Role of International Standards

Reversible solid oxide cell (Re-SOC) technology has attracted great interest in recent years and is considered to be one of the most promising energy conversion and storage systems. The same Re-SOC cell, can work as a power generator (SOFC) and as an electrolyser (SOEC) by simply reversing the sense of the electric current. The possibility to work in both ways guarantees multiple benefits: fuel flexibility, insignificant emissions, silent operation and affordability. These characteristics are the pillars on which this technology sustains for overriding the current power and substance generation systems in terms of flexibility, environmental sustainability and efficiency. This paper focuses on the effects of test bench system architecture characterization for Re-SOC devices. Preliminary results underline good performance and repeatability of the tested stacks, strong dependence on gas (H2 and air) inlet temperature, strong instability effects in SOEC modes due to high steam contents and imperfect steam supply. The test results will lead to generate a set of harmonized, rigorous and user-friendly procedures for the International Electrochemical Commission (IEC).

Significance and Role of International Standards in Development of Croatian Nautical Tourism

The authors of this paper have systematically studied the trends of increasing demand in nautical tourism. The increasing demand is followed by a significant increase of threats to the environment, but also to boaters and their vessels participating in nautical activities. The authors emphasise the obligation to observe safety requirements through defined and controlled procedures in marinas and at sea and implementation of international standards during the stages of organisation of nautical economy, i. e. nautical tourism with complementary activities. The authors explicate the implementation of international standards for selecting locations for marinas, construction and equipment of marinas and vessels, training of boaters – skippers, business operations of subjects and objects of nautical tourism and promotion of their services. Special attention is given to safety standards and procedures during emergencies at sea and in the ports. Each vessel is expected to have a GPS (Global Positioning System) device and a box similar to a black box in aeroplanes which could be used for reconstructing accidents. Radar systems, AIS system (Automatic Identification System) and alarm systems will minimise the time for interventions. The intervention procedures at sea are currently being determined aimed at minimising the time, but improvements are still needed. Special attention is also given to activities related to resolving crises, analysis of the existing and the potential causes and to defining of preventive actions. KEY WORDS: nautical tourism, international standards, crises

A Model for Characterizing the Salient Directions of Evolution in the Engineering of Web Applications

The development and sustenance of Web Applications is viewed from an engineering perspective. The evolution of the developmental environment of Web Applications has been multi-directional. This paper provides a conceptual characterization of these directions, relationships between these directions, and their implications towards academia and industry. The consequences of a commitment to these directions, along with the role of international standards, are considered. The challenges faced by Semantic Web Applications and Social Web Applications are briefly outlined.

Accountability and Legitimacy in Global Health and Safety Governance: The World Trade Organization, the SPS Committee, and International Standard-Setting Organizations

Following the creation of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the application of the WTO’s Sanitary and Phytosanitary Agreement (hereinafter ‘SPS Agreement), concerns over health and safety have become increasingly predominant in the international trade regime. While rulings under the WTO dispute settlement procedure, as in the case of European Communities – Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products (Hormones) (hereinafter ‘EC-Hormones’) and European Communities – Measures Affecting the Approval and Marketing of Biotech Products (hereinafter ‘EC-Biotech(GMOs)’), have received most of the attention, these rulings based upon the SPS Agreement are not the only governance arrangements available in the WTO. The SPS Agreement also provides a forum – the SPS Committee – for debate over the health and safety concerns among Member States. This article reviews how the work of the SPS Committee fits into the recent WTO accountability debate. It examines how the SPS Committee provides for an accountability mechanism between Member States, thereby facilitating participation and promoting transparency. Furthermore, it focuses on the role of international standards, established by international standard-setting organizations, and addresses debates over the legitimacy of international standard-setting processes. This article also examines how ‘international regime complexity’ (or ‘regime interactions’) between the WTO and international standard-setting organizations relates to the questions of legitimacy and accountability. Finally, it concludes with a look at the question of the accountability of the SPS Committee itself.

Globalization, food safety issues & role of international standards

Introduction The concept of food safety is influenced by many factors, scientific and non-scientific. Results Globalization plays an important role, including issues raised by the lengthening of the food supply chain. Various aspects of the impacts of globalization on food are explored. Increasing numbers of chemical and microbial contaminants contributing to food safety issues require analytical methodologies for rapid detection, identification, and quantification. Conclusion International standards and their harmonization are needed for these to be effective globally. Current legislation (regulation) and related activities aim at bringing a high degree of food safety at reasonable cost. Objective The value being added by the MoniQA NoE to efforts of standardization and harmonization are a focus of this paper.

PROBLEMS OF AUDITING USING QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ORGANIZATIONS / KOKYBĖS VADYBOS SISTEMŲ AUDITO PROBLEMOS SIEKIANT DARNAUS ORGANIZACIJŲ VYSTYMOSI

The role of international standards is analysed in accordance with the quality management of organisations by the requirements of sustainable development. Organisations and companies become increasingly dependent on each other and foreign partners in business, prosperity, socio‐economic change and environment responsibility. There is an essential necessity for using International Standards under these changing conditions. The management systems standards ISO 9001 (quality) and ISO 14001 (environment) have gained recognition in Lithuania. ISO 9001:2000 is approaching 750 and ISO 14001 is approaching 140 certifications across a diverse range of organisations in the manufacturing, service and government areas. The narrow view of quality management has now been swept aside by ISO 9000:2000 quality management principles that aim to help organisations achieve sustained success. But there are some difficulties in implementing these principles. Auditors are responsible for correct implementation of standards. For the auditors they represent a key for transforming the way quality system audits, as recognised by the International Accreditation Forum (IAF). Too many auditors lack real interpersonal skills or experience to engage effectively both main board directors and the shop floor workers. It is very important that auditors must have sufficient preparation, training and gravitas and will be reluctant to engage top management and have capability to interface at this level. The main topics of how to manage quality audit according to the requirements and new quality management principles of ISO 9000:2000 standards are presented in this article. It also provides recommendations on the management of audit programmes, the conduct of internal or external audits of quality management systems, as well as on the competence and evaluation of auditors. This article provides auditors with effective questioning techniques that will enable them to establish that an organisation is managing its processes effectively. Santrauka Straipsnyje analizuojamas tarptautinius standartus atitinkančių kokybės vadybos sistemų vaidmuo darniam organizacijų vystymui. Įmonės ir organizacijos vis daugiau tampa priklausomos viena nuo kitos ir užsienio partnerių verslo, socialinėse, ekonominėse bei aplinkosaugos srityse. Šiomis sąlygomis labai naudinga pasinaudoti tarptautiniais standartais, nes jie padeda vienodai suprasti ir suderinti daugelį kriterijų. Lietuvoje pastaraisiais metais didžiausio populiarumo sulaukė tarptautiniai standartai ISO 9000:2000 (kokybė) ir ISO 14000 (aplinkosauga). Lietuvos gamybiniame, paslaugų ir viešajame sektoriuose jau yra apie 750 organizacijų, įdiegusių kokybės vadybos sistemas pagal ISO 9001:2000 standartą, ir apie 140 organizacijų, įdiegusių aplinkos vadybos sistemas pagal ISO 14001 standartą. ISO 9000:2000 standartai reikalauja esminių organizacijos požiūrių į vadybą pokyčių. Vadybos sistemos turi padėti kurti pridedamąją organizacijos vertę. Standartuose išreikštas požiūris, kad organizacijos tikslai turi būti pasiekiami efektyviai ir rezultatyviai valdant procesus ir jų sąveiką, iš esmės keičia auditų atlikimo būdą, nes auditoriai yra atsakingi už teisingą standartų nuostatų traktavimą ir įgyvendinimą. Auditoriai turi išmokti naujos audito atlikimo technikos, kuri leistų auditoriams nustatyti, ar organizacija efektyviai valdo procesus ir pasiekia užsibrėžtų tikslų. Tai nėra lengvas uždavinys ir susiduriama su nemažais sunkumais. Straipsnyje nagrinėjamas šių sunkumų pobūdis ir pateikiami kai kurie jų įveikimo būdai, analizuojama audito metodologija, tinkamo klausimyno sudarymas bei audito atlikimo technika, kaip to reikalauja ISO 9000:2000 standartų kokybės vadybos principai.

United States: Roper v. Simmons

Roper v. Simmons and the execution of juveniles—Eighth Amendment challenges—Stanford v. Kentucky and Penry v. Lynaugh—the execution of the mentally retarded and Atkins v. Virginia—the gradual abolition of these practices—the role of the Court—the role of international standards—the eventual abolition of the death penalty

Hydrogen Storage: High-Pressure Gas Containment

AbstractThis review outlines the prospects for gaseous hydrogen, stored in high-pressure cylinders, as a fuel for automotive applications. Following an initial description of hydrogen embrittlement problems encountered in the past in steel cylinders, the article explores the use of other types of gas cylinders, including the recent examples of hoop-wound and fully wound composites. Central to the article is the concept of the volume of hydrogen transported for the minimum amount of container weight. Finally, the role of international standards in developing safe and efficient cylinders for this application is emphasized.

Managing a Better Environment: Opportunities and Obstacles for ISO 14001 in Public Policy and Commerce

Review: Managing a Better Environment: Opportunities and Obstacles for ISO 14001 in Public Policy and Commerce By J. Morrison, K. K. Cushing, Z. Day, and J. Speir Reviewed by Elery Hamilton-Smith Charles Sturt University, Australia J. Morrison, K. K. Cushing, Z. Day, & J. Speir. Managing a Better Environment: Opportunities and Obstacles for ISO 14001 in Public Policy and Commerce. Oakland, CA: The Pacific Institute for Studies in Development, Environment and Security, 2000. 133 pp. This book fails to meet any normal standards of good writing. Essentially, the authors appear to have set out to write a book with no clear concept of the intended readership. It commonly has sentences of between 40 and 50 words. It suffers from an epidemic of acronyms with no glossary to assist the reader in interpreting them. It assumes a considerable prior knowledge of International Standards on the part of the reader. At the same time it has a detail-packed account of the trivia that surrounds the genesis and development of ISO 14001 and other peripheral topics. This in turn detracts attention from the stated objectives of the volume as expressed in the title. The result is a great deal of obscurity. However, it deals with a topic of current importance to those responsible for environmental policy and practices. The shift from governmental control over public policy and commercial action to a hoped-for, but so far poorly enunciated, concept of self-regulation demands ongoing critical review and assessment. At present, the outlook is indeed uncertain. The authors on one hand extol the virtues of the ISO approach (but with little supporting evidence), yet admit that there are immense barriers that commonly make it unworkable. Lack of expertise and information, under-resourcing, lack of managerial and administrative infrastructure, cumbersome and often unaffordable procedures and the resulting lack of credibility combine to undermine its effectiveness. There seems to be a built-in conflict between two views of the role of international standards. One is that ISO compliance (and certification) will perhaps serve to enhance performance, but more particularly the image, of a company and so make it more competitive. Within this ethos, all too few seem even to consider the possibility of operational strategies based in co- operation and collaboration. The other view is that the standard can provide a potent set of guidelines for improving performance-a framework that can more readily escape the stainless steel cage of competition and may indeed prove more effective. But this inherent contradiction is described without