Role Of International Institutions Research Articles

Globalization: Embracing global citizenship and the right to migrate.

This comprehensive commentary explores various facets of globalization, including the right to migrate, cultural dimensions, power dynamics in shaping global narratives, the impact of globalization on health, and the roles of international institutions and multinational corporations. It delves into the socioeconomic implications of migration, emphasizing the ethical considerations surrounding globalization and the responsibilities of affluent nations. Examples such as the Fair Trade movement, global collaboration in health care during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, and the influence of power dynamics on cultural narratives provide a nuanced understanding. The commentary underscores the need for international collaboration, ethical business practices, and responsible investment to address global challenges. By examining these dimensions, the analysis contributes to a holistic understanding of the complexities associated with globalization, emphasizing the importance of balanced and inclusive approaches. This commentary is in response to an editorial published in this journal titled "Globalization through global citizenship and right to migrate."

Role of International Institutions in Ethiopia’s Rural Land Policy

This Article explores whether and to what extent Ethiopia`s contemporary land policy is influenced by international institutions chiefly the World Bank and the USAID. To this end, the article has identified and examined two opposing views, the first of which contends government policies including land policies in Ethiopia are dictated by some influential international institutions as the regime in Ethiopia is dependent on aid funds in implementing its social policies, which include land policy. According to this first perspective, such policies are not the result of organized collective action by the insecure land holders. The second view is that such policies are internally driven because international institutions have been unable to push through policy agenda their way meaningfully. Having considered such views, the article finds it is not persuasive to put the extent of influence of international institutions in Ethiopia`s land policy in black and white; yet, it seems unreasonable to argue that such institutions which contribute significantly to Ethiopia`s annual budget have no influence over land policy at all even if determination of the extent of their roles is complex and vague. For instance, some tenets of Ethiopia`s current land policy as a tool to poverty reduction and smallholder commercial agriculture are strikingly similar to the tenets of the WB`s 2003 Land Policy which include legalizing land rentals, land use collateralization for agricultural investors and establishment of customary dispute resolution methods, regularization of informal landholdings, and landholding registration programs without however conceding the fundamental aspect of land law. The USAID`s involvement in drafting Ethiopian current Federal and regional rural land laws has led to the inclusion of some of these elements. External pressures may not nevertheless have a decisive role as domestic political and bureaucratic interests in land policy at implementation phase may lessen their magnitude.

Legal Development and Human Rights: A Study of Legal Reform in Various Countries

This article investigates the development of law and human rights (HAM) through a study of legal reform in various countries. The main focus of the research is to analyze the impact of legal changes on strengthening and protecting human rights amidst the dynamics of legal developments at the national and international levels.
 This study covers a wide range of legal contexts, including changes in laws, legal policies, and law enforcement mechanisms implemented by various countries. This cross-country analysis provides an in-depth understanding of how legal developments in various jurisdictions contribute to the promotion and protection of human rights.
 The research findings highlight the variations in legal approaches and challenges faced by countries in achieving higher human rights standards. Several factors influencing legal change are identified, including civil society pressure, political change, and the role of international institutions.
 Apart from that, this article also discusses the practical and theoretical implications of legal reform on the sustainability of human rights protection. It is hoped that the results of this research will provide a broad view of the importance of legal development in supporting and strengthening human rights at the global level.
 This article can provide guidance for policymakers, legal practitioners, and other stakeholders in understanding the challenges and opportunities involved in changing the law to improve human rights protection. In conclusion, this research stimulates further discussion and debate regarding the integral role of legal development in advancing human rights in various countries.

World Peace and How We Can Achieve It by Alex J. Bellamy

In "World Peace and How We Can Achieve It," Alex J. Bellamy navigates the enduring nature of mankind and its interlinkages with conflicts and peace. From the Stone Age's survival-driven struggles to contemporary global dynamics, Bellamy examines the interplay between our innate warmongering instincts and the promise of worldwide peace. Delving into the role of international institutions, he spotlights the transformative impact of International Law and the complexities of peacekeeping efforts amidst shifting intrastate challenges. Bellamy also exposes the economic underpinnings of war, unveiling how elite groups thrive on conflict. Moreover, he discussed the emergence of nation-states, which turned out as both creators and potential mediators of peace, anchoring his analysis in the intricate blend of power dynamics and human nature. Amidst these complexities, Bellamy's work champions collaborative global efforts and the pivotal roles of institutions and nation-states in shaping a more hopeful, stable future.

Double Standards in International Legal Politics in the Settlement of Violations of Human Rights to the Rohingya Ethnic

This article aims to identify the resolution of gross human rights violations against the Rohingya ethnic group who have been discriminated of the Myanmar Military Junta Government. The international community and political response are giving pressure and criticism about upheaval against the settlement of violations against the Rohingya. The Myanmar government rejection of accusations of gross human rights violations can be seen from the international double standards towards the settlement of the Rohingya case. This article uses the library research method, and critical analysis to understand the settlement of human rights violations against the Rohingya. The conclusion is Discrimination against this ethnic can be considered by international human rights law as a gross violation of human rights, even though Myanmar has legal arrangements for protecting human rights in force in its country. International human rights law as a political instrument has powerful in efforts to create quality international policy products including guaranteeing the implementation of respect for human rights in the world through the role of international institutions as guardians in the process of enforcing human rights violations committed by a country through various strategic steps both repressive, preventive and curative. Discrimination against the Rohingya can be seen in the application of double standards by several countries such as the Western block countries, where they seem to keep quiet about these human rights violations.

VIII International American Studies Congress “200th Anniversary of Latin America - Globalization, Political and Social Processes during the Pandemic”

From August 22 to 26, 2022, the VIII International Congress of American Studies was held in Rio de Janeiro. This congress focused on the most pressing issues in the contemporary Latin American agenda - globalization and regionalization, economic development, impact of the covid-19 pandemic on social, political, economic, and demographic processes. As a part of the congress, the round table “Migration, Migrants, Migration Policy in the Era of the covid-19: Trends, Consequences, Conclusions” was held. Not only Latin-American researchers, but also scientists from the leading Russian, European, Asian universities and research institutes participated in the round table. They discussed transformations of the international migration and migration policy under the pandemic, ways to ensure the rights of migrants and refugees, state policy measures aimed at restoring internal and international mobility, interstate cooperation and the role of international institutions in ensuring safe, ordered and legal migration.

Greening International Trade: Unilateral Tendencies and the Role of International Institutions

International climate and trade regimes are becoming increasingly interchangeably linked to each other. Over the last months’ discussions about greening the international trade have rapidly increased, aiming to take concrete steps towards climate mitigation. Some countries such as the EU have come up with courageous unilateral measures such as the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM), and Germany forwarded by introducing to the G7 the idea of a Climate Club. Bypassing international institutions might be flexible to move forward, but at the same time may create fragmentation of the international regimes. This policy brief maps the new unilateral tendencies towards climate-related measures on trade policy and also examines the internal dynamic within the international organization. Firstly, it starts by analyzing how the regime complexity of climate change has left space for non-multilateral tendencies to emerge. Second, it maps the new tendencies and then explores how we got there. And lastly, it draws some insights into the potential risk of a more fragmented international climate regime may pose for international cooperation.

Negotiated Securitization? Examining Ethiopia’s Post-2016 Refugee Policy Shift

The year 2016 is remembered globally for the adoption of the New York Declaration and its Comprehensive Refugee Response Framework (CRRF) as the new global refugee response model. In this regard, Ethiopia has been one of those African countries that have adopted the Declaration, made specific CRRF pledges and has become a CRRF pilot country. Such national policy move heralded the shift of refugee policy in Ethiopia in the post-2016 era. Nonetheless, compared to the focus accorded to refugees and the role of international institutions and donors, the role of African hosting states in the governance of refugees and how they navigate internal and external demands and adopt policies have been paid little scholarly attention. This study, therefore, aims to fill in this scholarly gap and contribute to the existing debate in the academic and policy circle on state response to refugees in the era of CRRF from the Global South perspective by providing an empirical insight into the nature, dynamics and shift of refugee policies in Ethiopia and the factors that contributed to this effect.

Can the Rational Design of International Institutions Solve Cooperation Problems? Insights from a Systematic Literature Review

Global governance challenges highlight the role of international institutions as problem-solving structures. Institutional design is, more than ever, relevant in this context. The academic literature on this issue is characterized by the existence of consolidated debates such as that of rationalism vs. constructivism, with a focus on making specific contributions to the rational design of international institutions. Koremenos, Lipson, and Snidal (2001) elaborated upon a series of cause-effect conjectures linking cooperation problems, considered independent variables, with institutional design features, considered dependent variables. This research aims to highlight the empirical evidence of the existing debate on this work by conducting a systematic review. Twenty-one quantitative research studies were collected through a screening and selection procedure and were subject to systematization. The findings showed asymmetric approaches to the rational design project, and agreements were the type of international institution that received the most attention from academia. Rationalism was supported by most of the body of literature. However, a broad subgroup of articles complemented this rational approach with other variables or schools of thought, such as those of constructivism and historical institutionalism. The results have relevance for the international institution design literature, as future avenues of potential research are underlined.

Global initiatives on implementation of zero hunger policy

Purpose. The study aims to analyze critically the system and functions of specialized agencies, programs and United Nations (UN) funds that ensure the implementation of the second goal of sustainable development (GSD2), to identify the components of global initiatives for the successful implementation of the Zero Hunger Policy.
 Methodology / approach. The methodological approach of the study are theoretical provisions and practical recommendations for the formation of the food supply system, economic theory, which determines the patterns of food distribution, scientific works of domestic and foreign scientists on sustainable development of the agricultural sector to achieve Zero Hunger. The following methods were used in the research process: statistical (regression analysis of the assessment of factor’s impact on the level of daily energy value of food consumed in households in Ukraine), monographic (mechanism of GSD2 implementation in the global dimension), historical method (the UN’s composition and function in guaranteeing GSD2 implementation), systematic analysis (composition and roles of international institutions within the United Nations in guaranteeing GSD2 implementation), direct analysis and synthesis (areas of FAO’s activities in ensuring the implementation of GSD2 at the national level) etc.
 Results. The study found that global initiatives for successful implementation of the Zero Hunger Policy are based on three components: regulatory support, the activities of international organizations coordinated by the UN, and the implementation of the GSD2 framework and programs at the national level, which support most countries across the globe interaction with the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).
 Originality / scientific novelty. Theoretical provisions regarding global initiatives for the implementation of Zero Hunger Policy have further developed: the main functions of specialized agencies, programs and UN funds that ensure the implementation of GSD2 were systematized, the degree of their spread and influence was determined; it was proved that FAO had a significant potential comparative advantage in assisting countries to meet new challenges in GSD2 monitoring; it was found that the activities of FAO together with partners to ensure global processes for the implementation of GSD2 include different areas.
 Practical value / implications. The obtained results are important for building a network of institutional and international cooperation for the successful implementation of Zero Hunger government policies.

Global initiatives on implementation of zero hunger policy

Purpose. The study aims to analyze critically the system and functions of specialized agencies, programs and United Nations (UN) funds that ensure the implementation of the second goal of sustainable development (GSD2), to identify the components of global initiatives for the successful implementation of the Zero Hunger Policy.
 Methodology / approach. The methodological approach of the study are theoretical provisions and practical recommendations for the formation of the food supply system, economic theory, which determines the patterns of food distribution, scientific works of domestic and foreign scientists on sustainable development of the agricultural sector to achieve Zero Hunger. The following methods were used in the research process: statistical (regression analysis of the assessment of factor’s impact on the level of daily energy value of food consumed in households in Ukraine), monographic (mechanism of GSD2 implementation in the global dimension), historical method (the UN’s composition and function in guaranteeing GSD2 implementation), systematic analysis (composition and roles of international institutions within the United Nations in guaranteeing GSD2 implementation), direct analysis and synthesis (areas of FAO’s activities in ensuring the implementation of GSD2 at the national level) etc.
 Results. The study found that global initiatives for successful implementation of the Zero Hunger Policy are based on three components: regulatory support, the activities of international organizations coordinated by the UN, and the implementation of the GSD2 framework and programs at the national level, which support most countries across the globe interaction with the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).
 Originality / scientific novelty. Theoretical provisions regarding global initiatives for the implementation of Zero Hunger Policy have further developed: the main functions of specialized agencies, programs and UN funds that ensure the implementation of GSD2 were systematized, the degree of their spread and influence was determined; it was proved that FAO had a significant potential comparative advantage in assisting countries to meet new challenges in GSD2 monitoring; it was found that the activities of FAO together with partners to ensure global processes for the implementation of GSD2 include different areas.
 Practical value / implications. The obtained results are important for building a network of institutional and international cooperation for the successful implementation of Zero Hunger government policies.

The role of international institutions in transitional justice processes

The article analyses the place and role of international institutions in the process of transitional justice. It is determined that the concept of transitional justice is a system of mechanisms and tools implemented in a country that is in a state of transition from armed conflict to post-conflict period or from totalitarian to democratic regime.

Deniability in the Nuclear Nonproliferation Regime: The Upside of the Dual-Use Dilemma

Abstract Nuclear technology is often “dual-use,” having both peaceful and military applications. This is widely regarded as a lamentable fact, as states can pursue nuclear weapons under the guise of peaceful intentions. However, this article proposes an upside to the nuclear dual-use dilemma: the deniable nature of dual-use technology makes it more amenable to coercive counterproliferation. Caught proliferators are more likely to come into compliance if they can elude audience costs by denying that they were ever out of compliance. Thus, the dual-use dilemma is both the bane of the nonproliferation regime and a boon to its coercive enforcement. Poor knowledge of past nuclear programs can hamper future verification. Counterintuitively, however, the effectiveness of nonproliferation regime institutions created to promote transparency—the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)—may be enhanced by not directly challenging the denial of past nuclear activities. This research uses interviews and archival evidence from the IAEA, US government, and South African apartheid government. At a time when ongoing nuclear disputes revolve around questions of transparency and admissions of guilt, this article contributes to scholarly and policy debates about secrecy, face-saving, counterproliferation strategy, and the role of international institutions in coercive bargaining.

Role of International Institutions in Combatting Environmental Degradation

Ever since the advent of industrial revolution back in the 1700s, a new plague took birth in the form of environmental degradation which was a byproduct of the industrial revolution. Over the last few centuries environmental degradation has multiplied at an alarming rate and humans are almost at the point of no return. Humanity is at a pivotal point as the issue of environmental degradation affects every living being on this planet equally. There are four primary impact points when it comes to industrialisation — air, water, soil and habitat. Human activity is the root cause of environmental degradation. Every country is working towards achieving a solution which would facilitate environment protection. Sustainable development is said to be the guiding principle of countries to prevent further environmental degradation. The subject of environmental degradation is at the forefront of global debate. Various institutions across the globe have either been tasked or taken it upon themselves to tackle this ever-growing complication. With the advancement in modern technology and understanding of the environment, efforts in various spheres are being made globally to curb this vital issue. It has been noticeable in the past few decades, governments across the globe are placing more significance on uncompromising environmental laws and its stringent enforcement to ensure preservation of the environment and its sustainable development. This research paper aimed to apply Doctrinal legal research method and focus of this research paper is to delve into such measures and laws primarily dealing with environmental degradation- I.e., environmental laws across the globe and to determine whether the existing environmental laws are adequate to combat environmental degradation; and if not, what can be done to further strengthen such laws.

International Organizations, Institutions and the Indigenous people

The paper explains the role of international institutions and international organizations which usually have been working for the rights, freedom, survival, livelihood and financial assistances of the indigenous people since the inception of peoples’ democracy in India and abroad. The possible policies that can be helpful for indigenous people in the present world have been also discussed here. How do international financial institutions assist the indigenous people to maintain their social livelihood through their projects, how UNFCCC, IIPFCC, GFC, IAITPTF, IWGIA, IPLP have been working with tribal people in climate change, forest policies and assisting laws and other social and economic activities have been discussed in this paper. Generally, UNFCCC recommended policies on the victimized tribes due to climate change calamities. Since 2019, GFC with their 99 indigenous and non-indigenous member groups from 65 countries have been supporting the struggles of indigenous people by bringing their views, positions and proposals to the forefront of local, national, and global forest-related decision-making processes. IAITPTF has been protecting the tribal people of tropical forest areas in Africa and Latin America. IWGIA in collaboration with ECOSOC have been working for indigenous people in Amazon Basin, Asia, Africa, Latin America and Russia enacting of REDD+ and rights in forests in context of climate change. Since 1999, IPCB protects tribal genetic resources, knowledge, culture, human right and negative effects of biotechnology. The IITC has been organizing tribes to participate in local, regional, national and international events on their survival through human rights agendas. IPACC which consists of 135 tribal organisations in 20 African countries, has been fighting for human rights, legal rights and social inclusion of tribes. The World Bank and African Development Bank took various policies and projects for financing tribal development such as OD4.20. UNDP, ILO and IITC nourish the human rights in the process of development in education and health of tribal people.

Governing the Bioeconomy: What Role for International Institutions?

With increasing globalisation of bioresource use, expanding trade in bio-based products, and transboundary environmental impacts, distinct international dimensions arise in the governance of the bioeconomy. These international dimensions suggest that—despite bioeconomy strategies being largely national endeavours thus far—increased international cooperation and collaboration on the emerging bioeconomy is warranted. This paper looks at the global environmental governance landscape and investigates which fora, institutions, and processes might support and strengthen the international governance of bioeconomy pathways. The paper focuses on institutions that work in a cross-sectoral manner and is, to our knowledge, a first attempt at this exploration in the bioeconomy literature. Thus, the paper aims at increasing our understanding of how global bioeconomy pathways are governed and which venues of cooperation could play a more important role in the future. Based on a focused literature review, stakeholder engagement and semi-structured interviews with bioeconomy experts, we observe that, while there are many institutions playing a role in global bioeconomy governance, several barriers remain. We propose that regional cooperation might be a promising way forward to address common challenges and opportunities.

الصراع والتعاون في العلاقات الدولية: الإسهامات النظرية للنقاش بين الواقعية الجديدة وبين الليبرالية الجديدة

يتناول هذا البحث النقاش[1] بين الواقعية الجديدة وبين الليبرالية الجديدة في إطار حقل العلاقات الدولية ويسلط الضوء على أهم طروحات النظريتين، وخاصة فيما يتعلق بوجهات نظرهما حول هيكل العلاقات الدولية وهل يحكمه الفوضى والصراع أم التعاون. كانت، ولا زالت، دراسة الصراع والتعاون في العلاقات الدولية من المهام الرئيسية للبحث والتحليل بالنسبة لمنظري وباحثي العلاقات الدولية، وأصبح هذا الترابط بين الصراع والتعاون القضية الرئيسية في النقاش بين النظريتين السائدتين في العلاقات الدولية. تعتبر تظريتي الواقعية الجديدة والليبرالية الجديدة من أكثر النظريات تأثيرا على العلاقات الدولية، ويعتبر النقاش بين النظريتين من أكبر واهم النقاشات في حقل العلاقات الدولية. يسعى هذا البحث إلى بيان وشرح الاسهامات النظرية لكل من النظريتين فيما يتعلق بالصراع والتعاون في العلاقات الدولية، ومدى مساهمة طروحات الليبرالية الجديدة، خاصة فيما يتعلق بدور المؤسسات الدولية في زيادة التعاون الدولي، وفي التقليل من هيمنة الرؤية الواقعية في العلاقات الدولية وخاصة فيما يتعلق بسيادة الفوضى والصراع من أجل القوة. تناقش هذه الدراسة أن النقاش بين الواقعية الجديدة وبين الليبرالية الجديدة لم يساهم بشكل كبير في تطوير نظرية العلاقات الدولية، حيث لم يساهم هذا النقاش بشكل كبير في التقليل من هيمنة سياسات القوة في العلاقات الدولية وحل المشاكل الدولية الناتجة عنها.
 [1] المقصود ب (النقاش) هنا هو النقاش النظري بين الواقعية الجديدة وبين الليبرالية الجديدة. وهو أحد (النقاشات الكبرى) أو (الحوارات العظمى)، حسب استخدام الباحثين، في العلاقات الدولية والمؤخوذة من الاصل الانكليزي (Great debates)، والتي تركز على النقاشات النظرية في تطور حقل العلاقات الدولية منذ بداية القرن العشرين. وهي تشمل، في الغالب، ثلاثة نقاشات كبرى: النقاش بين الواقعية وبين المثالية-الليبرالية، والنقاش بين الواقعية وبين السلوكية، والنقاش بين الواقعية الجديدة وبين الليبرالية الجديدة. وهناك من يضيف نقاشا رابعا مهما وهو النقاش بين الوضعية وما بعد الوضعية (انظر مثلا، تيم دان وآخرون، ترجمة ديما الخضرا، 2016؛Lake, 2013; Lapid, 1989 ).

The world after Covid-19

ABSTRACT As countries are firefighting the Covid-19 pandemic, one thing is becoming clear, the post-coronavirus world will be different in many ways economically, socially and health wise. No one will come out of this crisis without losing something. Previous threats to individual and social freedoms could not change our way of life but now this important asset of our civilisation is seriously threat-ened. In a post-Covid-19 world, a new international order will be redrawn by the powerful countries taking into account the lessons learnt in dealing with the current pandemic. The role of international institutions will also be critically reviewed. Developing countries with low GDP growth, high debt and dependence on oil and essential technologies will find it hard to maintain independent foreign policies. IT will play a major role in all aspects of life in education, e-governance, commerce, health and artificial intelligence. Use of tracking devices to monitor citizens would conflict with human rights concerns in favour of security and safety. Tourism will continue but visa regimes will be tightened. The lesson from Covid-19 is poignant. In the march of civilisation, survival of the fittest will not work. We need to take our weak and vulnerable along, even if we have to carry them on our shoulders.

GENDER INEQUALITIES ACROSS THE REGIONS

This article will analyse the evolution of gender inequalities in different regions, highlighting the main aspects of gender inequality, the role of international institutions in addressing gender inequalities. A special attention will be paid to the anal

Регулирование социально-трудовых отношений: роль международных институтов

Регулирование социально-трудовых отношений: роль международных институтов