Role Of International Cooperation Research Articles

Analyzing defense strategies against cyber risks in the energy sector: Enhancing the security of renewable energy sources

This study investigates the cybersecurity challenges and strategies within the renewable energy sector, emphasizing the need for robust defense mechanisms against escalating cyber risks. Employing a systematic literature review and content analysis, the research scrutinizes peer-reviewed articles, industry reports, and international standards documents published between 2014 and 2024. The methodology focuses on identifying effective cybersecurity measures, innovative approaches, and the role of international cooperation in enhancing the security of renewable energy sources. Key findings reveal that the integration of renewable energy into the power grid introduces unique cybersecurity vulnerabilities, necessitating tailored defense strategies. Technological solutions, particularly artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML), emerge as promising tools for bridging existing security gaps. Moreover, international cooperation and adherence to global standards are identified as pivotal in bolstering cybersecurity resilience across the sector. The study proposes strategic recommendations for industry stakeholders, including the prioritization of comprehensive cybersecurity strategies, investment in advanced technologies, and fostering a culture of cybersecurity awareness. It also highlights the importance of developing robust cybersecurity frameworks through policy interventions and public-private partnerships. Finally, enhancing the cybersecurity of renewable energy sources requires a multifaceted approach that integrates innovative technologies, human factors, policy interventions, and international cooperation. Future research should explore the potential of emerging technologies and investigate the human and policy dimensions influencing cybersecurity in the renewable energy sector.

The Role of International Cooperation and Policy Implementation through Political Commitment: An Analysis of COP26 Glasgow Summit in Addressing Climate Change

The interminable international politics of climate change is putting the planet in danger. This article tries to explore the challenges intertwined in the success of climate change. The international politics of climate change seems to have found to be putting the planet in danger and in the risky zone to the life of all. This seems to have found to have tried to explore the challenges intertwined in the success of climate change. The article is derived from the secondary sources of data and it has been found that the de-limit carbon emission directly hampers emerging world in which developing world are reluctant. Secondly, the green economy is found to be infancy. This seems to have found to be unable to meet the needs of the developing world. Western World is seeming to have been found to be blamed for the massive destruction of planet for their mammoth economic growth. The survival of planet or economic growth is found to be the prime question of our time. The poor countries have been found to be in the need of creating jobs, employments and having the boom of the economy as the Western nations have done. So, the poor nations have to be encouraged to create the employments and economic growth not by destroying the ecology and environment but by conserving the climate and ecological condition sound simultaneously. The Western advanced nations have to become more responsible to support the poor countries to have their sustainable development and saving the planet, Earth side by side. The politics in climate change must be avoided since it is concerned to the life of all who are dwelling on the earth.

Legal Strategies and Transnational Cooperation in Countering Terrorism:A Case Study of Uganda's Framework

Terrorism remains a global threat, with terrorists operating across borders and targeting innocent civilians. While criminal law traditionally operates within national boundaries, the challenge of terrorism necessitates a reevaluation of legal frameworks to effectively combat this phenomenon. This article explores the legal framework for countering terrorism in Uganda, emphasizing the need for enhanced national and regional cooperation to strengthen criminal justice structures. It examines international and regional human rights instruments, victim rights, criminal justice responses to terrorism, and the role of international cooperation in combating this transnational threat. Additionally, it discusses the adoption of administrative measures within a rule of law framework to prevent individuals from engaging in terrorist activities. The study underscores the importance of addressing terrorism through both legal and operational means to ensure the safety and security of citizens. Keywords: Counterterrorism, Legal framework, Terrorism, Terrorist-attacks, Victims of terrorism.

Inclusive education in Japan and its role in international cooperation: analysis of a project for children with disabilities in Mongolia

This study explores the influence of educational ideologies and practices of donor countries on the educational systems in recipient countries in the context of international cooperation. Previous research on international education cooperation has focused on international cooperation policies, ignoring the educational systems of both donor and recipient countries. This study seeks to fill this gap by examining how Japan’s dualistic model of inclusive education is reflected in the Strengthening Teachers’ Ability and Reasonable Treatments for Children with Disabilities (START) project in Mongolia. This study reviews the literature on inclusive education in Japan and Mongolia, and analyzes documents produced through the project. It finds that despite some instances of inclusive practices in Japanese schools, special needs education in Japan is still predicated on individualized and medicalized approaches to disabilities. Conversely, Mongolia has struggled to provide children with disabilities with accessible and quality schooling since its transition from a socialist to a capitalist regime in the early 1990s. The START project aims to identify children’s disabilities as early as possible, provide individualized support and guidance, and develop educational settings that allow the inclusion of children with disabilities in their peer groups. In implementing the project, Japanese-style inclusive education is negotiated between Mongolian teachers and officials rather than imposed by Japanese experts. By embracing the dualistic nature of Japanese inclusive education, Mongolia can better promote the ideal of inclusion for all children.

KAZAKHSTAN IN EURASIAN REGIONALISM: PROBLEM STATEMENT

This article raises an important issue of Kazakhstan’s potential to transcend the traditional understanding of Eurasian regionalism, which is mainly associated with the post-Soviet space, including the Eurasian Economic Union. The authors question the broadening of the definition of “Eurasian regionalism” and assess new opportunities for Kazakhstan’s participation in the Eurasian regional process within a broader continental context. Approaching Eurasian regionalism from a new perspective allows us to consider Kazakhstan not only as a participant in the post-Soviet space, but also as a key player at the continental level. The article raises the question of Kazakhstan’s capabilities in the context of Eurasian regionalism, given its geopolitical location and economic potential; the limitations of Kazakhstan’s participation in regional initiatives such as the EAEU and SCO compared to global trends and roles in the region. The article examines the new challenge for Kazakhstan and other Central Asian countries as maintaining independence in the face of changes in the geopolitical environment; the role of international cooperation and integration for Kazakhstan as a strategic element in its foreign policy and economic development. The necessity of diversity of external relations and strategic partnership for Kazakhstan in the conditions of multi-vector approach is emphasized. The article also points out the importance of Kazakhstan’s active participation in international integration processes and its role in global production chains and infrastructure projects to strengthen the economy and increase the country’s status in the global community.

Taxation and the Realisation of Socioeconomic Rights in Africa: What Is the Role of International Cooperation?

Taxation and the Realisation of Socioeconomic Rights in Africa: What Is the Role of International Cooperation?

International standards and regulatory aspects of the right to education

It is indicated that the right to education is a fundamental natural right of a "second generation” person, a significant sphere of life of people, states and the entire world community, the implementation of which contributes to socio­economic development and even comprehensive development of the individual. The importance of ensuring the right to education is due to the fact that this right is considered in two aspects: as the right to education itself; as a means to realize other human rights in relation to the goals of sustainable development. Despite the special significance of the realization of the right to education, at today's stage, the problem of ensuring access to education for all remains acute and relevant for many states. In addition, the lack of a universal model of education at the international level causes a significant disparity in ensuring access to education in different states, which necessitates international legal cooperation.
 The article is devoted to the study of the value characteristics of education in the international aspect. Based on the analysis of international and regional acts, education is presented by the author as a value of international law, which contributes to the reflection of actual issues of the implementation of the constitutional right to education. The author comes to the conclusion that the role of international cooperation in the field of education is growing, affecting the broadest strata of the population of the entire globe. Special attention is paid to understanding the principle of equality of the right to education. An analysis of international acts in the field of equal right to education is carried out. The development of the right to education in modern conditions of the development of statehood is indicated. The main directions of international legal cooperation in the field of ensuring the right to affordable and quality education for all are considered. The problems of ensuring the right to education at the universal level are highlighted, including those related to changes in the education system caused by the Covid-19 pandemic. The purpose of the work is to identify the features of the international legal mechanisms for ensuring the right to education, which was achieved with the help of general scientific (dialectical method, methods of analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction) and private scientific methods (legal analysis, comparative legal method) which used in the work. The formulated conclusions show the need for further improvement of international cooperation of states in the field of providing affordable and high-quality education for all, taking into account the conditions of modern society. The obtained results of the study confirm the importance of the right to education as international and national law, and even the influence of international standards of education on domestic mechanisms of its implementation.

The role of international cooperation in the development of vocational education in Ukraine

AbstractSince gaining independence, Ukraine has recognised the need to reform its vocational education and training (VET) system to better align with new economic realities. This necessity was largely driven by the country's increasing openness to the world and its desire to integrate with the European Union, which became especially pronounced after the Euromaidan protests in 2014. As a result, the government has pursued policies that are more closely aligned with the European Union. This led to greater international cooperation in the sphere of VET in Ukraine. The study on which this article reports analyses the impact of international organisations and cooperation programmes, as well as actions, initiatives and projects, on the changes and reforms in the Ukrainian VET system from 2013 to 2022 on normative and institutional levels. We adopt a theoretical framework that explains the areas and instruments of influence on policymaking in education used by international organisations. The method applied in the study is interviews with experts from international projects and initiatives currently active in Ukraine. Our findings indicate that international cooperation programmes have had a significant impact on the development of vocational education in Ukraine, particularly in areas such as the governance of the VET system, public‐private partnerships, quality assurance, qualifications frameworks, and digitalisation.

Climate Justice in Indonesian Environmental Protection: Past, Present and Future Challenges

Climate justice is an increasingly relevant topic in today’s world, as climate change and its impacts continue to affect vulnerable communities disproportionately. This research aims to examine the concept of climate justice, its various dimensions, and the challenges and opportunities associated with achieving it. The paper begins by defining climate justice, which is based on the principle that those who are least responsible for climate change are the ones who are most affected by it. It argues that climate justice should be viewed not only as a moral issue but also as a legal and political one. The paper explores the different dimensions of climate justice, including distributive, procedural, and transformative justice. Distributive justice refers to the fair distribution of the benefits and burdens of climate change mitigation and adaptation efforts. Procedural justice concerns the fair and inclusive decision-making processes that involve affected communities in climate action. Transformative justice involves the fundamental changes needed in society to address the root causes of climate change and promote a more sustainable and just future. The paper also examines the challenges and opportunities associated with achieving climate justice, including the need for political will, the role of international cooperation, and the importance of grassroots activism. It concludes by highlighting the urgency of addressing climate change and the need for a holistic approach that prioritizes the well-being of all communities, especially those most vulnerable to its impacts.

Review of Land Use/Cover Change Research in China— Visual Analysis based on Bibliometrics

Since the mid-20th century, the global population has increased dramatically, and human activities have encroached on a large number of natural spaces, resulting in drastic land use/cover changes. A series of ecological security problems took place as a result, such as climate change, environmental pollution, and resource shortage, posing severe challenges to global sustainable development. As the largest and the most populous developing country in the world, China’s land use/cover change is more prominent compared to that of other countries. Therefore, the comprehensive analysis of land use/cover change in China is of great significance in dealing with global change, repairing ecological damage, and alleviating the contradiction between man and land. Based on the literature of land use/cover change in China from 2012 to 2022 in the Web of Science database, this paper analyzes the research status, characteristics, regional differences, and evolution law of land use/cover change in China by using Bibliometrix and Biblioshiny software packages. The results show that: (1) The annual number of papers published in the field of land use/cover change in China is steadily increasing. However, the average annual citation amount fluctuates but shows a general downward trend; (2) From 2012 to 2022, a total of 73, 157 authors published articles in the field of land use/cover change in China, among whom Zhang Yili, Liu Yansui, and Li Xiubin ranked the top three; (3) 153 countries or regions in the world have literature output in the field of land use/cover change in China, and the top three output countries are China, the United States and Germany. Among research, papers from China and the United States has played an important role in international cooperation in the field of land use/cover change in China; (4) The key words of land use/cover change research in China can be divided into three categories: the first category focuses on the research of driving factors/factors of land use/ cover change in China; The second category focuses on the models and technical methods of land use/cover change research in China; The third category emphasizes the role of policies and government management; (5) During the ten years from 2012 to 2022, the theme of land use/cover change in China changed little, mainly focusing on climate change and management.

The Role of International Cooperation on Sustainable Development in Mogadishu- Somalia

The Role of International Cooperation on Sustainable Development in Mogadishu- Somalia

Impact of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) on the practice of minimally invasive urological surgery and the role of international cooperation: the current situation in Africa, 2023

Survey data was employed to examine the impact of gross domestic product (GDP) on the practice of endourology and minimally invasive urological surgery, and the role of international cooperation in Africa. This is primarily a review of the data in the literature on the level of practice of minimally invasive urological surgery in Africa. Minimally invasive urological surgery is the set of procedures (endoscopic, laparoscopic, robotic, etc.) that allow minimal access with better safety and fewer complications. Compared to other regions of the world, this practice is low in Africa. This review comprises five main sections: (i) from global health to global surgery, (ii) public health spending and disparities in care in Africa,( iii) data and interpretation, iv) overview of global urology in Africa and elsewhere some: Literature-based overview, and (v) the challenges of minimally invasive surgery in Africa and the Role of International Cooperation. The third point is based on new data (from a survey). Others deal mainly with current challenges to the practice of minimally invasive urological surgery in Africa, and some perspectives. The overall economic level of a country (GDP) can affect training and equipment in the public health sector, hence the finding that the practice of minimally invasive urological surgery is still low in Africa. However, targeted and sustainable action can be taken to meet this challenge and have a positive impact. Among these actions, oriented cooperation can play a key role.

Unblurring the Fuzzy Line Between Specialty and Data Protection in EU Mutual Legal Assistance After the European Investigation Order

The purpose limitation principle takes a central place in data privacy law. The specialty principle plays a key role in international cooperation in criminal matters, including in the context of mutual legal assistance (MLA), which is aimed at the cross-border collection and use of information and evidence. Since the specialty principle also frames use limitations for information or evidence obtained through MLA and must therefore be considered a traditional MLA correlative of the purpose limitation principle in data privacy law, both concepts are clearly intertwined. However, since the entry into force of the European Investigation Order, and the EU Data Protection Directive 2016/680 for Police and Criminal Justice, it has become unclear how both principles interplay, and what that implies for the rights position of the data subject or person concerned. This paper unblurs the fuzzy line between specialty and data protection in the current EU MLA context. Based on historical and conceptual analysis, the paper unravels whether the new data protection provisions of the European Investigation Order and Directive 2,016,680 have speciality features and, if so, to which extent they effectively serve a specialty function. This paper does not only demonstrate that both principles do not fully equate with one another, but features an analysis of how they differ, both conceptually and functionally. It argues and concludes that only a fuller, generic specialty rule and data ownership principle have the potential to promote free movement of information and evidence, whilst equally enhancing the procedural rights position of persons concerned.

Research Progress in Land Consolidation and Rural Revitalization: Current Status, Characteristics, Regional Differences, and Evolution Laws

As an invaluable tool to manage land use, land consolidation has been widely used globally, promoting rural revitalization in the context of the current global rural decline. A comprehensive analysis of land consolidation and rural revitalization will help to promote rural development and poverty alleviation and achieve the goals of rural revitalization and regional sustainable development. Based on publications on land consolidation and rural revitalization from 1950 to 2021 in the Web of Science database, this study analyzes the research status, characteristics, regional divides, and evolution laws in land consolidation and rural revitalization using the Bibliometrix and Biblioshiny software packages. The results are as follows: (1) The number of publications per year on land consolidation and rural revitalization increased. According to the publication number, this period can be divided into three stages: the initial stage from 1950 to 2000, the growth stage from 2001 to 2012, and the high-production stage from 2013 to 2021. (2) From 1950 to 2021, 1715 authors published papers on land consolidation and rural revitalization. (3) Respective studies were published by authors in 89 countries or regions, mainly China, the United States, and Poland. Of these, China and the United States played an important role in international cooperation. (4) The keywords in land consolidation and rural revitalization were related to (i) technical efficiency and agricultural production, (ii) the impacts of policy management and systems, and land fragmentation; (iii) the impacts of land consolidation on land use transition against the background of urbanization; (iv) the evaluation of land consolidation. (5) Research on land consolidation has evolved from management over methods and models to land consolidation and regional consolidation.

The role of international cooperation in solving environmental problems in Ukraine as a result of the armed aggression of the Russia

The role of international cooperation in solving environmental problems in Ukraine as a result of the armed aggression of the Russia

Rethinking Australia’s role in international co-operation for the Sustainable Development Goals: Towards transformative horizontal partnerships through triangular co-operation

Despite progress in various areas of development, rates of food insecurity, malnutrition and poverty remain high. Additional environmental pressures such as climate change, loss of biodiversity and environmental degradation continue to disproportionately impact those who are most vulnerable. Inclusive models of co-operative action, as emphasised in the 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda, are valued for their potential to solve development challenges, promote sustainable development outcomes, and to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals. International co-operation policy plays a crucial role in shaping how these international partnerships play out in practice. Over the several decades, the international development co-operation landscape has been shifting with a push for more ‘horizontal’ partnerships. Triangular co-operation is a potential model of partnership that embraces inclusivity and horizontality and is seen as a means to achieve the sustainable development agenda. In Australia, the election of a new federal government in May 2022 brought with it a renewed commitment to official development assistance and development co-operation policy and partnerships. The aim of this commentary is to take stock, pause, and reflect on how Australia currently ‘does development partnerships’ as well as looking to the future and the opportunities for change.

Uncovering the information immunology journals transmitted for COVID-19: A bibliometric and visualization analysis

Since the global epidemic of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a large number of immunological studies related to COVID-19 have been published in various immunology journals. However, the results from these studies were discrete, and no study summarized the important immunological information about COVID-19 released by these immunology journals. This study aimed to comprehensively summarize the knowledge structure and research hotspots of COVID-19 published in major immunology journals through bibliometrics. Publications on COVID-19 in major immunology journals were obtained from the Web of Science Core Collection. CiteSpace, VOSviewer, and R-bibliometrix were comprehensively used for bibliometric and visual analysis. 1,331 and 5,000 publications of 10 journals with high impact factors and 10 journals with the most papers were included, respectively. The USA, China, England, and Italy made the most significant contributions to these papers. University College London, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Harvard Medical School, University California San Diego, and University of Pennsylvania played a central role in international cooperation in the immunology research field of COVID-19. Yuen Kwok Yung was the most important author in terms of the number of publications and citations, and the H-index. CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES and FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY were the most essential immunology journals. These immunology journals mostly focused on the following topics: "Delta/Omicron variants", "cytokine storm", "neutralization/neutralizing antibody", "T cell", "BNT162b2", "mRNA vaccine", "vaccine effectiveness/safety", and "long COVID". This study systematically uncovered a holistic picture of the current research on COVID-19 published in major immunology journals from the perspective of bibliometrics, which will provide a reference for future research in this field.

6.C. The revised EU health security framework

Abstract As a response to the pandemic, the Commission's communication of 11 November 2020 proposed building blocks for a European Health Union (EHU) and advocated the strengthening of existing structures and mechanisms for better EU level protection, prevention, preparedness and response against human health hazards. It recommended a reinforced framework for cross-border cooperation against all health threats to protect better human lives and the internal market as well as to maintain the highest standards in the protection of human rights and civil liberties, and a strengthened EU role in international cooperation to prevent and control cross-border health threats and improve global health security. By upgrading the EU health security framework for cross-border health threats, the building blocks of the European Health Union bring greater overall impact while fully respecting the Member States’ competence in the area of health. Concretely, before the end of 2022, two pieces of legislation will have been adopted: the upgrading of Decision 1082/2013/EU and the strengthened mandate of the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) and the European Medicines Agency (EMA) that go hand in hand. The new Regulation on serious cross-border threats to health, the overarching legislative piece of the EU Health Union Package, aims at a stronger and more comprehensive legal framework for the Union to better prepare and respond to serious cross-border threats to health and public health emergencies. It better governs actions at Member States and Union level on prevention, preparedness and response, surveillance, risk assessment, and early warning. Further, it ensures better arrangements for joint procurement at EU level. With its revised mandate, the ECDC will be able to issue recommendations to Member States regarding preparedness and response, host a new network of EU reference laboratories and establish an EU Health Task Force for crisis preparedness and rapid public health interventions in case of a major outbreak. The regulation reinforcing EMA's role in crisis preparedness and management of medicinal products and medical devices puts some of the structures and processes established during the COVID-19 pandemic on a permanent footing. EMA is now responsible for monitoring medicine shortages, as well as reporting shortages of critical medicines during a crisis. It will also coordinate responses of EU / EEA countries to shortages of critical medical devices and in-vitro diagnostics in crises. The EU Health Security Framework will link up to IHR (where EU is requesting to become a contracting party) and the pandemic treaty, and the parallel developments to improve pandemic preparedness and response in G7 and G20 framework (also new global health strategy). The revised legislation addresses the weaknesses evidenced by the COVID-19 pandemic and support actions that can be financed via the EU4Health programme and other EU funding instruments. DG SANTE and ECDC will present the new legislation; two Member States will share their views on the newly adopted legislation. HaDEA will present the funding opportunities through EU4Health to support the implementation of th e two new legislation. Speakers/Panellists Ingrid Keller European Commission, Luxembourg, Luxembourg Florina Telea European Commission, Brussels, Belgium

ХИМИЧЕСКОЕ ОРУЖИЕ В БАЛТИЙСКОМ МОРЕ: ПОТЕНЦИАЛЬНЫЕ УГРОЗЫ ДЛЯ ОКРУЖАЮЩЕЙ СРЕДЫ И ЗДОРОВЬЯ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ; ПРОЙДЕННЫЕ И ПРЕДСТОЯЩИЕ ЗАДАЧИ НА ПУТИ РЕШЕНИЯ ПРОБЛЕМЫ

A brief overview of potential threats from chemical weapons (CW) dumped in the Baltic Sea is presented. The most common, long-acting and dangerous chemical warfare agents (CWAs) are those that are persistent in the marine environment. The main mechanisms of the transfer of CWAs from dumpsites to other areas of the Baltic Sea are considered. It is noted that the risk of acute effects on biota and humans of CWAs migrating in the form of polluted particulate suspended matter and polluting the sea bottom at large distances from dumpsites is negligible, but with regard to the harmfulness of CWAs entering the food chain, additional studies of their mutagenic and carcinogenic effects are needed. A step-by-step path for the development of complex research on the problem, the tasks of the stages and the role of international cooperation in their solution are presented. The need to continue field studies is substantiated to complete the mapping of dumped CW and monitoring areas of secondary contamination of the seabed, while attention should be paid to the identification of potentially hazardous underwater objects based on a complete chemical analysis of samples taken near the discovered artefacts. If it is impossible to cooperate with Western partners, Russia must find its own forces and means to complete the research in full.

INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL COOPERATION IN THE REPUBLIC OF BELARUS: MAIN FEATURES

The decisive factor in the social and economic development of countries and the world was the contribution of science, innovation, and new technologies. With their help, the production volume of products, goods, and services and their diversity are constantly increasing. At the same time, the key to successful and stable development is not in the availability of the latest achievements but the possibilities for the country’s benefit. The more efficient the market mechanism for the transmission and attraction of the latest achievements, the more efficient the distribution of this factor of production in society and the greater the benefit to scientific organizations and the state will be. The role of international cooperation is to support and complement national efforts. Nowadays, an analysis of international trends shows that the effective development of science and the creation of competitive innovation products is impossible without the deep integration of national scientific and industrial spheres into global research and innovation networks. That is the only way to ensure the inflow of foreign investment, highly effective personnel, and new technologies.