Role Of International Agencies Research Articles

Legal Protection of Refugee Rights: Challenges and Solutions

This paper focuses on the legal protection of refugee rights in a global context marked by forced migration and armed conflicts. Starting with an analysis of the evolution of the refugee concept and the development of relevant international regulations, the paper explores the legal status of refugees and the fundamental rights they possess under international law. The main rights examined include the right to asylum and non-refoulement, as well as the rights to life, liberty, and security, social and economic rights, rights of refugee children, and rights of refugee women. Additionally, the role of international agencies and non-governmental organizations in ensuring the legal protection of refugees is analyzed, along with the challenges and obstacles they face in practice. Finally, it proposes reforms and recommendations to enhance the legal protection of refugee rights with the aim of strengthening the effective application of international norms in this crucial area. This paper contributes to a comprehensive understanding of the legal protection of refugee rights and offers perspectives for a more efficient approach to this pivotal issue in the international community.

International organizations and human rights education curriculum reform

The United Nations (UN) and Council of Europe (CoE) have engaged in the development of a human rights education (HRE) curriculum in Turkey. The study programme for an elective high school course, Democracy and Human Rights, was first developed as part of the UN Decade for HRE initiative in 1999. The programme was later renewed as part of CoE’s Education for Democratic Citizenship and HRE initiative in 2013. This study scrutinises the course’s two programmes with a view to providing insights into the role of international agencies in HRE curriculum reforms. The introduction and development of the course—which is possibly the world’s longest-lived example of HRE taught as a school subject—was a product of the efforts of the international organisations. After discussing the political-ideological influences of the factions that held power when both programmes were developed, the paper ends with suggestions to improve the effectiveness of international organisations in HRE curriculum reform.

Globalisation, Health Care System & Services, and Health Tourism: A Systematic Review

This paper explores healthcare globalisation’s repercussions on the healthcare system and services through exploring the existing literature. Globalisation has been providing opportunities to people in every area, including health, but it also has harmful effects on people, health systems, and health services. The researcher conducted a systematic literature review to gain insights into the link between globalisation and health. The keywords used for the searches are “Globalisation and Health System”, “Globalisation and Health Services, “Globalisation and Health Tourism”, and “Globalisation and Medical Tourism”. A total of 47 articles were identified as pertinent for inclusion. The study pointed out that the focus of the literature is shifting toward the role of international agencies in healthcare, international relations’ role, global governance in healthcare, more complex nature of social determinants of health (SDHs), etc. The findings of this study will assist health tourism marketers in identifying their target segment of health tourists.

Novel treatment strategies and involvement of international agencies for the control of asthma

Background: Asthma is a chronic airway inflammatory disease, in which the excessive mucus adheres to the airway tube and causes narrowing of the respiration tube which is responsible for the difficulty in breathing. Around 235 million persons are affected with severe asthma worldwide. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate and review the mechanisms of treatment strategies for asthma and the benefits or complications of nutrition supplements used in asthma, and the role of international agencies which stands for the treatment and management of asthma. Method: We search the randomized clinical trial, case reports, clinical studies, and preclinical studies with the use of search keys like asthma exacerbation, treatment strategies involve in asthma, Preclinical studies of asthma, supplement support or management of asthma, etc. we search the total 311 studies and based upon the inclusion criteria total 123 studies are included. Conclusion: According to the findings corticosteroids and Leukotrienes are mainly used for the treatment of early stages of asthma, for severe inflammation, the add-on therapy for corticosteroids with SABA and LABA may effective. Some biological compounds like Omalizumab, Reslizumab, and Benralizumab are used to treat asthma.

Privatisation as a Worldwide Tool of Economic Reform: A Literature Review

This paper aims to present a general overview of the literature relating to privatisation as a worldwide economic phenomenon. It starts by describing the origins, definitions and the rationale for privatisation. The spread of the privatisation phenomenon throughout the world is also discussed. The study then provides justification for privatisation in less developed countries (LDCs). It also summarises privatisation objectives, the sequencing and pace of privatisation, factors influencing privatisation and the agent principal theory. The study then outlines the different privatisation methods and briefly refers to efficiency and effectiveness in the context of privatisation, privatisation and changes in corporate governance as well as arguments on privatisation. A discussion into the role of international agencies in the privatisation process is also provided and summarises the main lessons drawn from privatisation. Previous research including empirical studies comparing the performance of government owned companies, empirical studies in developed countries (non-transition economies), and in developing countries (transition economies) as well as empirical studies comparing pre and post privatisation performance changes are comprehensively discussed.

The Rise and Fall of Citizenship and Human Rights Education in Turkey.

Purpose: This article shows the effects of competing political forces on citizenship education in Turkey during the period of commitment to European Union (EU) accession (1999-2005). Methodology: It draws on textbooks, archival documents and interviews. Whilst Turkey had a history of civic education to promote a secular national ethos and identity, the post-Cold War democratisation movement encouraged the Turkish government in 1995 to attempt to internationalise civics by adding human rights themes. Findings: This effort occurred at a time when the hegemony of the secular nationalist establishment was challenged by the electoral rise of an Islamist party. Although Citizenship and Human Rights course suited the purposes of the secular nationalist establishment, after the EU recognised Turkey as a candidate in 1999, a new political Islamist government, elected in 2002, chose first to align the course with its ideology and later decided to repeal it. By exploring the evolution of the curriculum in a crucial period in which political power was switching from the ideology of secular nationalism to that of religious (Islamist) nationalism, the present study illustrates ways in which external and internal influences may affect citizenship education. In particular, it contributes to debates over the role of international agencies in curriculum change in citizenship education.

E-Governance in Nepal: Progress, Challenges and Possibilities

Almost two decades after the first initiative towards e-Governance through the IT policy of 2000, Nepal has so far struggled with implementation of e-Governance due to political instability and the digital divide caused by socio-economic issues such as lack of infrastructure, low-income level and low-literacy rate among others. However, this case study showed that with trend towards foreign labour, Nepal has seen a huge demand for communication resulting in improvement in the communication infrastructure. With access to mobile technology, possibility of citizen reach and interaction through the means of mobile communication has become realisable. The case study shows that Nepal is mGov-ready but is still missing out on making a larger developmental impact through mGov due to issue within the leadership and the role of international agencies not complementing the process in the larger picture. It is necessary for the government of Nepal to take advantage of witnessed mGov-readiness by developing policy towards focusing on mobile-oriented citizen reach and interaction processes for e-Governance.

Decentralization and Reform in Latin America: Improving Intergovernmental Relations, edited by Giorgio Brosio and Juan Pablo Jiménez

Giorgio Brosio and Juan Pablo Jiménez’s new edited volume, Decentralization and Reform in Latin America: Improving Intergovernmental Relations, offers a comparative assessment of the workings of decentralization across various structures and institutions in the Latin American region, and suggest corrections and reforms where they are not working as expected. This 454-page volume comprises thirteen essays by twenty-one expert contributors specializing in decentralization, subnational governments, public economics, and intergovernmental relations. The contributors offer a comprehensive analysis of the fiscal decentralization process that has taken place in the region over the past three decades, emphasizing its constitutional roots and its implications for social cohesion, macro-fiscal sustainability, and the provision of infrastructure and social services. In addition, the volume explores the sources of subnational government financing, local capabilities for revenue collection through taxation, the structure of intergovernmental transfers, the sharing of revenue from natural resources, the fiscal rules binding subnational governments, and the role of international agencies in reforming subnational revenue and spending. Besides describing the working of decentralization, the contributors also suggest potential tools and reforms to improve efficiency, equity, responsiveness, and accountability—the virtues advocated by the normative theory of fiscal decentralization (Musgrave 1959; Olson 1969). This volume is a must-read piece for scholars and practitioners working in the field of decentralization, intergovernmental relations, governance, and governmental performance. The thirteen essays follow a coherent, chronological, and logical sequence and employ a strong variety of evidence: descriptive, comparative, theoretical, and empirical, making this book an invaluable addition to the decentralization literature.

Building Collaborative Emergency Management Systems in Northeast Asia: A Comparative Analysis of the Roles of International Agencies

Without systems for collaboration, response systems in disaster operations are easily fragmented and often compound loss of life and property for the affected citizens. Due to historical conflicts and rivalries, building collaborative systems for disaster management in Northeast Asia has posed challenges to Korea, Japan, and China. This study uses a brokerage role framework to analyze the network of response organizations that emerged following the 2011 Japan disasters and explores whether agencies used structural embeddedness to enhance collaboration in the response system. Findings show that brokers facilitating international collaboration were rare, indicating the importance of social capital and organizational capacities to function as brokers in international emergency management systems.

Resisting neoliberal common sense in higher education: experiences from Latin America

To illustrate the way in which neoliberalism and the creation of a common sense are associated, we present in this study a number of institutional and social experiences that have occurred in Latin America during the last 30 years. First, we explore the situation in Argentina, where the relationship between the university and society is being redefined. A new form of knowledge transfer to society, focused especially on social movements, is currently being carried out by different programmes at public universities. Second, the Brazilian experience is characterised by the creation of a number of new universities that are attempting to transform the social role of the traditional model of extension programmes to serve local, regional and international development. We contend that as the traditional university approaches to its 1000th anniversary, it urgently requires a radical transformation. The origins and expansion of neoliberal policies of higher education in Mexico constitute the third case in point, in which we argue that the role of international agencies is a key element in the creation and consolidation of the common sense associated with neoliberalism in higher education policies. The experiences and processes discussed in this article constitute important aspects that show the way in which universities and various actors within them can take part in the struggle to resist the consolidation of neoliberal policies in Latin American higher education.

State Sovereignty as a Major Hurdle to Human Rights

According to the Social Contract Theory propounded by Rousseau, man surrendered his natural rights to the 'general will' in order to find security and order. Locke felt that Parliament could best protect individual rights by limiting the monarch. Rousseau concluded that “men are born free yet everywhere they are in chains.” Rousseau also argued that a citizens’ sovereignty comes through his search for freedom, not as a gift from the ruler. Both Locke and Rousseau justified revolution if the contract was broken. Hence, it follows that the people surrendered their rights to the sovereign. Since Aristotle, the term 'sovereignty' has had a long and varied history during which it has been given different meanings, hues and tones, depending on the context and the objectives of those using the word. We have come far from the totalitarian definition of 'sovereign' as given by Austin. However, the reality is stark and different from these theoretical discourses. When one looks at the many violations of Human Rights taking place throughout the world, one need not look further than one’s own country. The State is the biggest perpetrator of Human Rights violation. Sovereignty and Human Rights are seen by many as being fundamentally opposed: the rights of states pitted against the rights of individuals. The paper will deal with questions such as whether the sovereign has an unlimited power to do all that is not expressly forbidden by international law, when does the world have the right to tell a government how to treat its people and what is the role of international agencies like UN, etc to intervene when Human Rights are violated by the State.

The role of international expert

This article reviews Sally Lubeck's international contributions. It describes her role as rapporteur for the OECD review of early education and care services in the UK, one of 20 such reviews commissioned by the OECD. It discusses the continued relevance of her observations and comments on provision in the UK. The article goes on to comment briefly on her insights into the role of international agencies more generally, and the difficulties of knowledge transfer not only between the rich countries of the OECD but between rich and poor countries across the world.

An Exploration of Learning Disabilities in Four Countries: Implications for Test Development and Use in Developing Countries

Tests often are used to assist in assessing common childhood disabilities and disorders (e.g., mental retardation). Learning disabilities and difficulties (LD) constitute the plurality, even the majority, of school-related disorders in many countries. However, tests and other assessment methods to assess LD are not available universally and, among those countries that have such methods, their use differs considerably. Issues associated with the assessment of LDs are examined. Six international authoritative sources that offer diagnostic criteria are identified. Case studies of LD in four countries (i.e., Australia, Belgium, the United States, and Zimbabwe) examine similarities and differences in how LD is conceptualized, labeled, defined, and assessed. The role of international agencies, including the International Test Commission, to promote test development and uses that address the needs of students with LD in developing countries is discussed.

What is the Role of International Agencies in the Micronutrient Sector?

What is the Role of International Agencies in the Micronutrient Sector?

An Exploration of Learning Disabilities in Four Countries: Implications for Test Development and Use in Developing Countries

Abstract Tests often are used to assist in assessing common childhood disabilities and disorders (e.g., mental retardation). Learning disabilities and difficulties (LD) constitute the plurality, even the majority, of school-related disorders in many countries. However, tests and other assessment methods to assess LD are not available universally and, among those countries that have such methods, their use differs considerably. Issues associated with the assessment of LDs are examined. Six international authoritative sources that offer diagnostic criteria are identified. Case studies of LD in four countries (i.e., Australia, Belgium, the United States, and Zimbabwe) examine similarities and differences in how LD is conceptualized, labeled, defined, and assessed. The role of international agencies, including the International Test Commission, to promote test development and uses that address the needs of students with LD in developing countries is discussed.

Health and Economic Development

Tracing the relationship between economic development and health had all along been an area of inquisitiveness. The present review tries to focus on that objective through a historical transcendence of economic development to bring forth the intimate relationship of health in it. Also discussed is the role of international agencies that strived hard to better the health parameters in line with the economic progress. In this connection, the role played by anthropologist in framing appropriate strategies, that fits the local population is examined. Finally, the state of urban health with increased incidence of urbanization is also evaluated.

Combating Hidden Hunger: The Role of International Agencies

The importance of micronutrient deficiencies or "hidden hunger" was clearly emphasized by the inclusion of specific goals on iron, vitamin A, and iodine deficiency at the 1990 World Summit for Children and other major international nutrition conferences. Significant progress has since been made toward eliminating vitamin A and iodine deficiencies, with less progress made toward reducing the burden of iron-deficiency anemia. The role of international agencies, such as the World Health Organization, United Nations Children's Fund, Food and Agricultural Organization, and World Bank in assisting countries to make progress toward the World Summit for Children goals has been very important. International agencies have played a critical role in advocating for and raising awareness of these issues at the international, regional, and national levels among policymakers and the general population. Using a rights-based approach, UNICEF and other agencies have been instrumental in elevating to the highest political level the discussion of every child's right to adequate nutrition. International agencies have also been very supportive at the national level in providing technical guidance for programs, including monitoring and evaluation. These agencies have played a critical role in engaging the cooperation of other partners, including bilateral donors, non-governmental organizations, and the private sector for micronutrient programs. Furthermore, international agencies provide financial and material support for micronutrient programs. In the future, such agencies must continue to be heavily involved in programs to achieve the newly confirmed goals for 2010. The present paper focuses on the role of international agencies in combating micronutrient deficiencies, drawing on the lessons learned over the last decade. The first section of the paper summarizes the progress achieved since 1990, and the second section describes the specific role of international agencies in contributing to that progress.

Combating Hidden Hunger: The Role of International Agencies

The importance of micronutrient deficiencies or “hidden hunger” was clearly emphasized by the inclusion of specific goals on iron, vitamin A, and iodine deficiency at the 1990 World Summit for Children and other major international nutrition conferences. Significant progress has since been made toward eliminating vitamin A and iodine deficiencies, with less progress made toward reducing the burden of iron-deficiency anemia. The role of international agencies, such as the World Health Organization, United Nations Children's Fund, Food and Agricultural Organization, and World Bank in assisting countries to make progress toward the World Summit for Children goals has been very important. International agencies have played a critical role in advocating for and raising awareness of these issues at the international, regional, and national levels among policymakers and the general population. Using a rights-based approach, UNICEF and other agencies have been instrumental in elevating to the highest political level the discussion of every child's right to adequate nutrition. International agencies have also been very supportive at the national level in providing technical guidance for programs, including monitoring and evaluation. These agencies have played a critical role in engaging the cooperation of other partners, including bilateral donors, non-governmental organizations, and the private sector for micronutrient programs. Furthermore, international agencies provide financial and material support for micronutrient programs. In the future, such agencies must continue to be heavily involved in programs to achieve the newly confirmed goals for 2010. The present paper focuses on the role of international agencies in combating micronutrient deficiencies, drawing on the lessons learned over the last decade. The first section of the paper summarizes the progress achieved since 1990, and the second section describes the specific role of international agencies in contributing to that progress.

Prospects of international initiatives in agri‐food biotechnology

AbstractAlthough advances in ag‐biotech are primarily determined by commercial considerations, the role of government policies and financial institutions (eg venture capital institutions and other financial brokers) is significant in guiding the innovation through funding of research, regulation, technology transfer legislation and appropriate patenting policies. In the developing world, market failure coupled with the absence of risk capital and ineffective regulatory government policies (biosafety, intellectual property, etc) constitute significant impediments to private investment for innovation in ag‐biotech. The role of international agencies in overcoming some of the barriers for the transfer of ag‐biotech to the developing world cannot be overemphasised. Programmes of international agencies concentrate on actions that strengthen the capacity of national and international research systems and facilitate the introduction of policy and institutional reforms that are conducive to investment and technology transfer. The paper focuses on trends that are emerging from such programmes and draws conclusions on their effectiveness to meet manifest needs in developing countries.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry

Chechnya: In Search of Constructive Accommodation

The quest for a constructive solution to the situation in Chechnya is a challenge of the greatest importance. The prospects are examined against a review of the historical background of conflict and suffering. Solutions would have to be based on some form of autonomy within the Russian Federation, providing for extensive self-government in relation to education, culture, use of local languages, measures to protect the environment, local planning, economic development, local policing functions, and housing, health, and other social services. But there are other matters which must be shared with the central authorities. Optimal divisions of functions between autonomous Chechnya and the federal authorities will take time had has to proceed step by step. The role of international agencies in achieving and guaranteeing this result is examined.