Role Of Immigration Research Articles

Emotional and Behavioral Problems Among Adolescent Students: The Role of Immigrant, Racial/Ethnic Congruence and Belongingness in Schools

As levels of immigration and ethnic diversity continue to rise in most Western societies, the social demography of schools is changing rapidly. Although schools represent a prominent developmental context, relatively little is known about the extent to which the racial/ethnic composition of schools influences mental health outcomes in students. The objective of the present study is to examine the association between immigrant and racial/ethnic congruence in school-the numerical representation of a student's immigrant generational status and race/ethnicity in the student body-and levels of emotional and behavioral problems. This study also examines the extent to which the association between congruence and emotional-behavioral problems differs across racial/ethnic immigrant sub-groups and is accounted for by individual perceptions of school belonging. Data come from the in-school survey of the Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) conducted in the United States. The sample is nationally representative, and includes 128 schools and 77,150 adolescents in grades 7-12 (50 % female, M age = 14.9 years, SD = 1.78). After controlling for school and family socio-demographic characteristics, immigrant and racial/ethnic congruence in school exhibited a negative association with emotional and behavioral problems for most sub-groups examined. School belonging was associated negatively with emotional and behavioral problems, and partially accounted for the effects linked to congruence in schools. The immigrant and racial/ethnic composition of schools and perceptions of belonging have strong links with emotional and behavioral problems and may represent important targets for intervention.

Ethical Advocacy for Immigrant Survivors of Family Crisis

The involvement of family courts in the lives of youth and families creates significant opportunities for advocates to assist their clients with immigration‐related issues. Informed and effective advocacy on these issues in family court can make life‐changing, and even life‐saving, differences for immigrants. More specifically, immigration issues are germane to family court because certain vital avenues of immigration relief available to survivors of abuse, neglect, abandonment, and other forms of family crisis explicitly depend on findings, orders, and certifications that are issued in the context of family court proceedings. After describing these forms of relief, and the family court's role in immigrants’ access to them, this essay analyzes how ethical mandates related to client counseling, representational goals, and competence affirmatively require family court practitioners to provide advice and advocacy related to these collateral benefits to family court proceedings. Key Points for Family Court Community: The involvement of family courts in the lives of youth and families creates significant opportunities for advocates to assist their clients with immigration‐related issues Certain vital avenues of immigration relief available to survivors of abuse, neglect, abandonment, and other forms of family crisis explicitly depend on findings, orders, and certifications that are issued in the context of family court proceedings The substance of immigration‐related findings in family court, and their ultimate affect on family stability, are consistent with the core family court goal of supporting safety, well‐being, and permanency for children and families Ethical mandates related to client counseling, representational goals, and competence affirmatively require family court practitioners to provide advice and advocacy related to these collateral benefits to family court proceedings

The Role of Immigration as a Social Network on Shaping Entrepreneurship Tendency: A Research on Balkan Immigrant Entrepreneurs in Turkey

The main purpose of the current study is to explain immigration concept and the effects of social networks occurring in the grounds of immigration on the entrepreneurship tendencies of immigrant entrepreneurs especially for the sampling of Balkan immigrant entrepreneurs. Keeping this main purpose in mind, interviews were made with 17 Balkan immigrant entrepreneurs. First of all, the data obtained from this research show that social networks occurring in the grounds of immigration are used by immigrant entrepreneurs in a specific way for forming work conception, providing necessary information and support to set up business, supplying with required finance and choosing the staff. Besides, the results of this research display that Balkan immigrant entrepreneurs living in Turkey would rather make use of group dynamics and sources on the basis of individual pragmatism than keep and protect them as a closed social network. Key words: I m m i g r a n t s ; I m m i g r a t i o n entrepreneurship; Social networks; Balkan immigrants

Descrizione e critica del mondo sociale: due compiti della Documentalità

The paper examines the constitutive rule of the Documentality (object = written act), its explanatory power, and the role that writing and relations play in it. The social object is explained as a hybrid object, of higher order, consisting of heterogeneous parts; its identity is determined, amongst other things, by the relations it entertains with other entities. In the second part, after criticizing Searle’s notion of collective intentionality, which fails to explain conflict situations, the article focuses on some political implications of social ontology, examining the role of immigrants sans papiers.

Nectar yeasts of two southern Spanish plants: the roles of immigration and physiological traits in community assembly

Recent studies have shown that dense yeast populations often occurring in floral nectar are numerically dominated by a few species from the flower-insect interface specialized genus Metschnikowia, while generalist yeast species commonly occurring on leaf surfaces, soil, freshwater, and air were rarely isolated from nectar samples. This study was designed to understand the main factors responsible for the assembly of nectar yeast communities, by combining field experiments with laboratory tests characterizing the physiological abilities of all yeast species forming the pool of potential colonizers for two Spanish flowering plants (Digitalis obscura and Atropa baetica). Yeast frequency and species richness were assessed in external sources (bee glossae, air, plant phylloplane) as well as in pollinator rewards (pollen, nectar). Yeasts were most frequent in external sources (air, flower-visiting insects), less so in the proximate floral environment (phylloplane), and least in pollen and nectar. Nectar communities appeared to be considerably impoverished versions of those in insect glossae and phylloplane. Nectar, pollen, and insect yeast assemblages differed in physiological characteristics from those in other substrates. Nectarivorous Metschnikowia were not more resistant than other yeast species to plant secondary compounds and high sugar concentrations typical of nectar, but their higher growth rates may be decisive for their dominance in ephemeral nectar communities.

The Role of Immigration in the Designing of the American Nation

In this comprehensive history of US immigration policy, Aristide Zolberg demonstrates how American political leaders have long devised immigration laws for the purpose of nation-building. Conceiving of inmigration as a social process by which they could fashion the future composition of the populace, policy elites battled over competing notions of what kind of immigration was desirable for economic growth and the attainment of political goals. In Zolberg’s account, political economic interests and identity politics shaped the policy stances of these actors, but the weight of national traditions and the conservative bias of political institutions continually constrained the forces pressing for policy change. Zolberg sets out to disentangle these many and varied factors affecting policy decisions and effects, with the aim of constructing a coherent account of how immigration policy and nation-building were intertwined.

Should We Retire Earlier in Order to Look after Our Parents? The Role of Immigrants

This paper aims to detect whether or not people could work for more years in the presence of a more flourishing and cheaper formal care market, which, in turn, would provide support for people who are still at work and who have to cope with the care of their elderly parents and relatives. We focus on the flow of immigrants as a key variable in order to detect whether or not this channel is at work. We disentangle retirement decisions, first by modelling retirement choice using a simple life-cycle framework in which caring for parents is introduced into the choice set. We then correlate retirement choice with the gap between the foregone salary if early retirement is chosen and the price of formal care. The findings show that immigrants contribute to the postponement of retirement for women only.According to our estimates, we predict that the increase in immigration rate (equal to 4 percentage points) which occurred over the period 2000-2008 raised the retirement age for Italian women (with parents who are still alive) by almost one year, while the impact on men was non-existent.

The role of immigration and in‐situ radiation in explaining blood parasite assemblages in an island bird clade

Parasite communities on islands are assembled through multiple immigrations and/or in-situ diversification. In this study, we used a phylogenetic approach to investigate the role of such processes in shaping current patterns of diversity in Leucocytozoon, a group of haemosporidian blood parasites infecting whites eyes (Zosterops) endemic to the Mascarene archipelago (south-western Indian Ocean). We found that this parasite community arose through a combination of multiple immigrations and in-situ diversification, highlighting the importance of both processes in explaining island diversity. Specifically, two highly diverse parasite clades appear to have been present in the Mascarenes for most of their evolutionary history and have diversified within the archipelago, while another lineage apparently immigrated more recently, probably with human-introduced birds. Interestingly, the evolutionary histories of one clade of parasites and Indian Ocean Zosterops seem tightly associated with a significant signal for phylogenetic congruence, suggesting that host-parasite co-divergence may have occurred in this system.

Exploring the Links between Immigration, Ageing and Domestic Water Consumption: The Case of the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona

March H., Perarnau J. and Saurí D. Exploring the links between immigration, ageing and domestic water consumption: the case of the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona, Regional Studies. Mediterranean urban environments are increasingly undergoing structural or temporary episodes of water stress, which may lead to decreases in the use of water. Taking the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona (MAB) as a case study, this paper argues that socio-demographic factors may also contribute to explain decreases in per-capita urban consumption values. Using a generalized linear mixed model with panel data information for the period 2003–2007 for twenty-three municipalities of the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona, including the ten districts of Barcelona, an attempt is made to examine the role of immigration and ageing in explaining these reduced average consumptions per capita. March H., Perarnau J. et Saurí D. Examiner les liens entre l'immigration, le vieillissement et la consommation ménagère de l'eau: étude de cas de la zone métropolitaine de Barcelone, Regional Studies. Dans les milieux urbains méditerranéens, l'eau est soumise de plus en plus à des efforts pour des raisons structurelles ou à des périodes passagères, ce qui peut amener à une baisse de la consommation de l'eau. Se servant de la zone métropolitaine de Barcelone comme étude de cas, cet article affirme que des facteurs socio-démographiques pourraient aussi expliquer les baisses de la consommation urbaine par tête. A partir d'un modèle mixte linéaire généralisé employant des données provenant d'une enquête à échantillon permanent pour la période allant de 2003 à 2007 sur vingt-trois municipalités de la zone métropolitaine de Barcelone, y compris les dix districts de Barcelone, on cherche à examiner le rôle de l'immigration et du vieillissement afin d'expliquer les baisses de la consommation moyenne par tête. Consomamtion ménagère de l'eau Immigration Vieillissement de la population Zone métropolitaine de Barcelone Modèles mixtes linéaires généralisés March H., Perarnau J. und Saurí D. Untersuchung der Zusammenhänge zwischen Immigration, Alterung und privatem Wasserverbrauch: eine Fallstudie des Großraums Barcelona, Regional Studies. Die Stadtgebiete des Mittelmeerraums leiden immer häufiger unter strukturellen oder temporären Episoden von Wassermangel, die zu einem verringerten Wasserverbrauch führen können. Anhand einer Fallstudie des Großraums Barcelona wird in diesem Beitrag argumentiert, dass soziodemografische Faktoren ebenfalls zu einer Erklärung des Rückgangs des Pro-Kopf-Verbrauchs in der Stadt beitragen könnten. Mit Hilfe eines generalisierten linearen Mischmodells mit Paneldaten für die 23 Gemeinden des Großraums Barcelona (einschließlich der zehn Distrikte von Barcelona) aus dem Zeitraum von 2003 bis 2007 wird versucht, die Rolle der Immigration und Alterung bei der Erklärung des gesunkenen durchschnittlichen Wasserverbrauchs pro Einwohner zu untersuchen. Privater Wasserverbrauch Immigration Altern der Bevölkerung Großraum Barcelona Generalisierte lineare Mischmodelle March H., Perarnau J. y Saurí D. Explorando las conexiones entre inmigración, envejecimiento, y consumo doméstico de agua: el caso del Área Metropolitana de Barcelona, Regional Studies. Los ambientes urbanos mediterráneos están sufriendo periodos más recurrentes de estrés hídrico que pueden llevar a disminuciones en el uso de agua. Seleccionando el Área Metropolitana de Barcelona (AMB) como caso de estudio, el artículo argumenta que algunos factores socio-demográficos pueden explicar también la disminución en el consumo doméstico de agua por capita. En este sentido, mediante el uso de Modelos Lineales Generalizados Mixtos y datos de 23 municipios para el periodo 2003–2007, el artículo examina el rol que la inmigración y el envejecimiento pueden tener en estas reducciones de consumo. Consumo doméstico de agua Inmigración Envejecimiento de la población Área Metropolitana de Barcelona (AMB) Modelos lineales generalizados mixtos

City-ports in the Eastern and Central Mediterranean from the mid-sixteenth to the nineteenth century: urban and social aspects

Beginning with the examples of the city-ports of Trieste, Thessaloniki and Smyrna, all of them belonging – in the time-span examined – to multinational empires, the author sets out to find their shared urban and social features in the geopolitical, economic and demographic framework. She then suggests a typology of the main city-ports in the Central and Eastern Mediterranean on the basis of their urban and social aspects. Some of the main factors under research are their geopolitical position and the role of immigration resulting from their economic development.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis Transmission in a Country with Low Tuberculosis Incidence: Role of Immigration and HIV Infection

Immigrants from high-burden countries and HIV-coinfected individuals are risk groups for tuberculosis (TB) in countries with low TB incidence. Therefore, we studied their role in transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Switzerland. We included all TB patients from the Swiss HIV Cohort and a sample of patients from the national TB registry. We identified molecular clusters by spoligotyping and mycobacterial interspersed repetitive-unit-variable-number tandem-repeat (MIRU-VNTR) analysis and used weighted logistic regression adjusted for age and sex to identify risk factors for clustering, taking sampling proportions into account. In total, we analyzed 520 TB cases diagnosed between 2000 and 2008; 401 were foreign born, and 113 were HIV coinfected. The Euro-American M. tuberculosis lineage dominated throughout the study period (378 strains; 72.7%), with no evidence for another lineage, such as the Beijing genotype, emerging. We identified 35 molecular clusters with 90 patients, indicating recent transmission; 31 clusters involved foreign-born patients, and 15 involved HIV-infected patients. Birth origin was not associated with clustering (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.58; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.73 to 3.43; P = 0.25, comparing Swiss-born with foreign-born patients), but clustering was reduced in HIV-infected patients (aOR, 0.49; 95% CI, 0.26 to 0.93; P = 0.030). Cavitary disease, male sex, and younger age were all associated with molecular clustering. In conclusion, most TB patients in Switzerland were foreign born, but transmission of M. tuberculosis was not more common among immigrants and was reduced in HIV-infected patients followed up in the national HIV cohort study. Continued access to health services and clinical follow-up will be essential to control TB in this population.

The Role of Human Capital in Networks Effects: Evidence from US Exports

Previous literature suggested that immigrants have a positive impact on international transactions such as exports. However, even though previous studies emphasize the role of individual and families in enhancing networks effects, none of these studies, surprisingly, have considered the heterogeneity of immigrants. Since each individual has different social and educational backgrounds, the impact of immigrants on exports may differ among individuals depending on their personal attributes. The main contribution of this paper is to go one step further in discussing the role of immigrants in enhancing host country exports. This research attempts to answer the question of whether all immigrants encourage host country exports or not. Using US state-level data, we find that the human capital level of immigrants plays an important role in enhancing US exports. Furthermore, using the data-sorting method developed by Hansen, we find that immigrants from countries with a high level of human capital increase US exports while immigrants from countries with a low level of human capital do not.

THREE INTELLIGENCE METHODOLOGIES FOR BORDER DEFENCE AND BORDER SECURITY

The main security problem that any state faces today is protecting itscitizens in countering organised crime and terrorism. Wars between states are lessfrequent than in previous eras. Border defence and border security are distinctmissions requiring different forces with different training and different equipment.Border defence is predominately against the armed forces of other states requiringtanks, aircraft and ships. Traditionally, border security includes the mission roles ofimmigration, crime, agriculture, finance, disease control and terrorism. Intelligencegathering and analysis using three methodologies - trends and patterns, frequency,and probability – provides a solution to the large and expensive armed forces forterritorial border defence and defines the ability to succeed in border security.

Expatriates and Trade

Using unique cross-sectional data on international bilateral migration stocks, I evaluate the contribution to bilateral trade of expatriates from the OECD countries living in less developed economies, and of immigrants from less developed economies located within the OECD. The expatriates' role in trade differs both quantitatively and qualitatively from the role of immigrants. A 10% increase in the size of expatriate community leads to a 0.6% average increase in its OECD country-of-origin imports, as compared to a notably stronger 2.5% impact of immigrants into the OECD countries. Furthermore, unlike in the case of immigrants located within the OECD, the estimates on expatriates' role in exports are not statistically different from zero. The imports-facilitating role of expatriates' networks is centered in host countries with low institutional quality. In economies lying within the lowest third of the institutional quality distribution, a 10% increase in expatriate stock would lead to a 1.7% increase in imports into their country of origin. The study further addresses the hypothesis that bilateral immigrant-driven trade gains might be offset by lower trade volumes with other trade partners. The estimates suggest that despite the consistency with offsetting immigrant-driven shifts in trade flows, the overall net effect of immigrant networks on aggregate trade is still non-negative.

Playing at Border Crossing in a Mexican Indigenous Community…Seriously

Deep within Mexico, an indigenous community offers tourists the chance to take on the roles of immigrants in a simulated border crossing experience, opening itself to charges that it is a “training camp” for illegal immigration to the United States. On the contrary, it functions as a highly politicized community performance aimed at cultural preservation and assertion, which are both threatened and enabled by the scenario of migration.

‘Integration’: Migrants and Refugees between Scandinavian Welfare Societies and Family Relations

After a long history dominated by out-migration, Denmark, Norway and Sweden have, in the past 50 years, become immigration societies. This article compares how these Scandinavian welfare societies have sought to incorporate immigrants and refugees into their national communities. It suggests that, while the countries have adopted disparate policies and ideologies, differences in the actual treatment of and attitudes towards immigrants and refugees in everyday life are less clear, due to parallel integration programmes based on strong similarities in the welfare systems and in cultural notions of equality in the three societies. Finally, it shows that family relations play a central role in immigrants' and refugees' establishment of a new life in the receiving societies, even though the welfare society takes on many of the social and economic functions of the family.

Qualitative-quantitative analysis of narrative structures: The narrative roles of immigrants in Spanish television series

This paper presents a qualitative-quantitative method of analysis for semiotic narrative, applied to a case study of the image projected by immigrants in Spanish television series. The results contain five narrative prototypes in which immigrant characters tend to appear in Spanish television series. We consider the possible effects of recurring narrative settings on the construction of a public image of immigration in Spain.

Immigration, Spatial Mismatch and Entrepreneurship in Empowerment Zones and Enterprise Communities

Did immigrants contribute to revitalization in the Department of Housing and Urban Development’s (HUD) Empowerment Zone/Enterprise Community (EZ/EC) programs? These programs combined strategic planning grants for capacity building and economic opportunity with tax incentives for businesses who do work in high-poverty census tracts. Theories of immigrant entrepreneurship would argue that immigrants start businesses when they are excluded from formal labor markets or because they have a concentration of coethnic resources as potential customers, investors and employees. This study estimates changes in immigrant population, the spatial mismatch index (aka jobs housing balance), and entrepreneurship. The population of immigrants increased in designated EZ/ECs from 1990 to 2000. Furthermore, for every one percent change in the percentage foreign born, there was a 20% increase in the rate of immigrant entrepreneurs as a proportion of the labor force, holding other variables constant. However, the rate of native-born entrepreneurs in EZ/ECs also increased at about the same rate, suggesting that nativity, in and of itself, did not influence returns to entrepreneurship. In regards to the impact of the EZ/EC on the jobs housing balance for immigrants, there was a 6 to 15% improvement for immigrants, holding other variables constant. Taking population and job trends together suggests that the EZ/EC program improved the job housing balance through entrepreneurship. Future urban policy needs to acknowledge the role of immigration in local economies through culturally competent workforce development, language training, and mentoring new entrepreneurs.

African immigrants in South Africa: Job takers or job creators?

During the last decade African immigrants have been met with and exposed to severe forms of hostility towards their presence in this country. A significant number of these migrants have successfully applied their entrepreneurial flair in establishing small enterprises and employing workers, often to the envy of their local counterparts. This paper presents the findings of an empirical study conducted in 2007 on job creation by African immigrant entrepreneurs for South Africans with face-to-face interviews with 120 African immigrant entrepreneurs. These findings were triangulated 7 non-governmental organisations that interact with immigrants in Cape Town. A review of the literature on migration, entrepreneurship and immigrant entrepreneurs formed the basis for the study The findings indicate that more than 80% of African immigrant entrepreneurs interviewed employ South Africans in their businesses. Despite a generally negative national perception towards immigrants, this study has also revealed that entrepreneurial skills are transferred from immigrant entrepreneurs to their South African employees. Whilst the study was only conducted in the suburban areas of Cape Town, the researcher believes that the results represent the general trend for South Africa. Furthermore, the study only involved those migrants who come from African continent. The overall result is the acknowledgement of the contribution that non-citizens are making to the country’s growth and development. The findings suggest recommendations geared towards policy changes regarding South African immigration law, an inclusive research about the role of immigrants on job creation in South Africa, as well as the consideration of immigrant entrepreneurs when allocating financial support.

Monitoring prevalence of varicella-zoster virus clades in Germany

The global surveillance of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) clades is an important tool for investigation into viral evolution, host-virus interactions, role of immigration and travel for importation of viral strains as well as possible recombination events between wild- and vaccine-type VZV strains. In this prospective study, comprehensive data on the current distribution of VZV clades in Germany were collected. VZV strains from 213 patients with varicella and 109 with zoster were genotyped using the scattered single-nucleotide polymorphism method on the basis of sequencing open reading frames 1, 21, 22, 37, 50, 54 and 60. In varicella, clade 3 was detected in 45.5%, clade 1 in 30.0%, clade 5 in 21.1% and clade 2 in 0.9% of the cases. The analysis of zoster strains revealed clade 3 in 50.5%, clade 1 in 46.8%, clade 2 and clade 4 in 0.9% of the cases each. Five strains from varicella and one strain from zoster could not be attributed to any of the major and provisional VZV clades. Statistical analysis verified significantly lower frequency of clade 1 and significantly higher frequency of clade 5 in patients with varicella compared to zoster. In addition, varicella patients with clade 5 strains were significantly younger than the patients with clade 3. In conclusion, almost one half of VZV infections in Germany were caused currently by VZV clade 3. In primary VZV infection, nearly 20% of clade 1 has been replaced by clade 5 that might spread more effectively in the population than the European VZV clades.