Role Of IL-17 Research Articles

Interleukin-23 is constitutively expressed in the human annulus in vivo and in vitro, and is up-regulated in vitro by TNF-α

ABSTRACTInterleukin-23 (IL-23, IL-23p19) is a proinflammatory cytokine in the IL-12-related family. Although inflammatory cells in herniated discs have been shown to contain IL-23, little is known about the presence and role of IL-23 in human disc cells. We analyzed disc specimens for IL-23 localization using immunohistochemistry in control, herniated and non-herniated discs from which annulus fibrosus (annulus) cells were isolated and cultured to identify IL-23 gene expression and production. Microarray analysis was used to assess the expression of IL-23 in disc tissue and in cells exposed to two proinflammatory cytokines, IL-1ß and TNF-α. IL-23 was present in annulus cells at the protein level and its expression was up-regulated significantly in herniated compared to control disc tissue. Direct measurement of medium components confirmed production of IL-23 and its receptor, IL-23R, by annulus cells in vitro. Annulus cells in three-dimensional culture exposed to TNF-α, but not IL-1ß, resulted in significant up-regulation of IL-23 expression compared to control cells. Our findings are evidence for the constitutive presence of IL-23 in the human disc and that its expression in vitro is modified by exposure to TNF-α.

IL-17 Inversely Correlated with IL-10 via the STAT3 Gene in Pneumocystis-Infected Mice.

Background Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) remains a common opportunistic infection in immunosuppressed individuals. Current studies showed that multiple immune cells and cytokines took part in the host defense against Pneumocystis (PC). However, the roles of IL-17 and IL-10 in the development of PCP have not been elucidated. Methods IL-10 and IL-17 levels in serum from PCP mice were detected via ELISA. The percentages of B10 cells, IL-10+ macrophages, and IL-10+ T cells in the lung from IL-17–/– PCP mice and Th17 cells and IL-17+γδT cells in IL-10–/– PCP mice were examined via flow cytometry. Also, antibody neutralization examination was also performed to elucidate the relationship of IL-17 and IL-10 in the PCP model. Results We noted the increase of IL-17 and IL-10 levels in serum from mice infected with Pneumocystis. Furthermore, deficiency of IL-17 or IL-10 could lead to the delayed clearance of Pneumocystis and more severed lung damage. Our data also demonstrated that IL-17 deficiency enhanced the serum IL-10 level and the percentages of B10 cells, IL-10+ macrophages, and IL-10+ T cells in the lung from PCP mice. Interestingly, we also noted an increase of the IL-17 level in serum and Th17 cell and IL-17+γδT cell percentages in the lung from IL-10–/– PCP mice. Using antibody neutralization experiments, we found that the STAT3 gene might play a critical role in the interplay of IL-17 and IL-10 in PCP. Conclusion Taken together, our results demonstrated that IL-17 and IL-10 could play the protective roles in the progression of PCP and the inverse correlation of them might be mediated by STAT3.

Transgenic mice expressing human IL-32 develop adipokine profiles resembling those of obesity-induced metabolic changes

Low-grade inflammation is associated with the development of insulin resistance in obese individuals. The present study aims to provide additional evidence strengthening the role of interleukin (IL)-32 in this key process. Using an IL-32 transgenic (IL-32tg) mouse model, we observed that IL-32tg fed a normal diet had greater body weight, due to greater accumulation of white adipose tissue (WAT) along with larger sized adipocytes. This led to metabolic consequences, with significant higher leptin levels and a trend towards hyperinsulinemia, indicating a phenotype resembling the metabolic syndrome. Adipocytes of IL-32tg mice were more prone to induce a pro-inflammatory response locally, which would be expected when predisposed to insulin resistance and type2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). In conclusion, our study provides novel evidence of a direct contribution of IL-32 to pathophysiological perturbations within the adipose tissue, possibly contributing to the metabolic syndrome that precedes frank insulin resistance and T2D. Future research should focus on the role of IL-32 in the obesity epidemic.

Study of association of the rs2275913 IL-17A single nucleotide polymorphism and susceptibility to cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania braziliensis

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) caused by Leishmania braziliensis is the most spread clinical form of leishmaniasis in Brazil. However, only a few part of the people infected develop clinically perceptive disease, suggesting the influence of human genetic components in the CL pathogeny. The rs2275913 SNP is the nucleotide variant of the IL17A gene. The A allele is associated with a vast number of infectious and non-infectious diseases. Here, we investigated the association of the rs2275913 SNP (G/A) from IL-17A and two forms of susceptibility to CL in Brazil by case-control study. Furthermore, we evaluated the functional relevance of this SNP during the immune response of the host and analyzed its impact in the parasite elimination. Weak associations of A allele with susceptibility to L. braziliensis infection or to symptomatic CL were observed, and a tendency of A allele carriers to be more susceptible to infection and cutaneous disease. Functional analysis of the Th17 cell phenotypes revealed lower frequencies of CD4+ IL-17+ cells in samples of infected people with AA/AG genotypes. Furthermore, people carrying the A allele maintain higher parasite loads, reinforcing the genetic susceptibility findings. This study adds knowledge about the influence of a significant genetic variation on IL-17 promoter on CL pathogenesis, and may contribute to enhance the knowledge about the role of IL-17 in the L. braziliensis infections.

IL-17 Production by γδ+ T Cells Is Critical for Inducing Th17 Responses in the Female Genital Tract and Regulated by Estradiol and Microbiota.

IL-17 can be produced by adaptive immune cells such as Th17 cells and by immune cells that produce IL-17 without prior priming. This latter category, which we will refer to as "innate," includes innate cells such as NK cells and innate lymphoid cells and innate-like T cell populations such as NKT cells and γδ+ T cells. Studies in mucosal tissues have shown that the induction of Th17 immunity is amplified by innate IL-17 produced within those tissues. However, the role of innate IL-17 and its effect on Th17 induction in the female genital tract (FGT) is largely unknown. In this study, we characterize the primary source of IL-17-secreting vaginal cells and show that innate IL-17 plays a critical role in priming adaptive Th17 responses in the FGT. Under homeostatic conditions, γδ+ T cells were the predominant source of innate IL-17 in the murine FGT, and this population was modulated by both the sex hormone estradiol and the presence of commensal microbiota. Compared with wild-type C57BL/6 mice, vaginal APCs isolated from IL-17A-deficient (IL-17A-/- ) mice were severely impaired at priming Th17 responses in APC-T cell cocultures. Furthermore, the defect in Th17 induction in the absence of innate IL-17 was associated with impairment of IL-1β production by vaginal CD11c+ dendritic cells. Overall, our study describes a novel role for IL-17 in the FGT and further demonstrates the importance of factors in the vaginal microenvironment that can influence adaptive immune responses.

Role of the Pruritic Cytokine IL-31 in Autoimmune Skin Diseases.

Many autoimmune skin diseases, such as bullous pemphigoid (BP), psoriasis and certain types of chronic urticaria, are associated with intensive pruritus. While histamine and neuropeptides have previously been ascribed to play a role in itch that accompanies these diseases, recent evidence suggests that the pruritogenic cytokine interleukin (IL)-31 is a major driver of pruritic responses. IL-31 was originally shown to be produced by activated helper T cells, particularly Th2 cells, mast cells, macrophages and dendritic cells. However, more recent evidence demonstrated that eosinophils are a major source of this cytokine too, particularly in bullous pemphigoid. Basophils have also been shown to express the cytokine which, through autocrine action, strongly supports the production of other Th2-type cytokines from these cells. These investigations suggest that the dynamic recruitment of eosinophils and basophils in some autoimmune skin diseases could play an important role in the severity of IL-31-mediated itch. Furthermore, these studies suggest that IL-31, in addition to its pruritic actions, also has potential immunomodulatory roles in terms of supporting Th2-type immunity, which often underpins IgE-associated autoimmune diseases (such as bullous pemphigoid and urticaria) as well as allergies. While the role of IL-31 in psoriasis remains to be clarified, current evidence shows that this cytokine plays a major role in BP, chronic spontaneous urticaria and dermatomyositis. This suggests potential use of IL-31 receptor-blocking therapeutic approaches (e.g., Nemolizumab) for the treatment of IL-31-associated disorders.

Interplay between thyroid cancer cells and macrophages: effects on IL-32 mediated cell death and thyroid cancer cell migration

PurposeInterleukin 32 (IL-32) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine of which different isoforms have been identified. Recently, IL-32 has been shown to act as a potent inducer of cell migration in several types of cancer. Although previous research showed that IL-32 is expressed in differentiated thyroid cancer (TC) cells, the role of IL-32 in TC cell migration has not been investigated. Furthermore, tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) may play a facilitating role in cancer cell migration. The aim of this study was to explore whether the interaction between TC cells and TAMs results in increased expression of IL-32 in TC cells and to investigate whether this affects TC cell migration.MethodsTPC-1 cells were co-culture with TC-induced or naive macrophages. Next, transcriptome analysis on TPC-1 cells was performed and supernatants were used for stimulation of TPC-1 cells. IL-32β and IL-32γ were exogenously overexpressed in TPC-1 cells using transient transfection, after which an in vitro gap closure assay was performed to assess cell migration, and the expression of migratory factors was assessed using RT-qPCR.ResultsWe found that TC-induced macrophages induced IL-32 expression in TC cells and that TAM-derived TNFα was the main inducer of IL-32β expression in TC cells. Overexpression of IL-32β and IL-32γ did not affect TC cell migration, but increased cell death. Finally, we found that IL-32β overexpression led to increased mRNA expression of the pro-survival cytokine IL-8, while the expression of other migratory factors was not affected.ConclusionsFrom our data, we conclude that TAM-derived TNFα induces IL-32β in TC cells. Although IL-32β does not affect TC cell migration, alternative splicing of IL-32 towards the IL-32β isoform may be beneficial for TC cell survival through induction of the pro-survival cytokine IL-8.

Diagnostic and prognostic value of serum IL-23 in colorectal cancer

Background and study aimsCytokines play a pivotal role in the induction of host immune responses against tumour growth and are involved in the development and progression of colorectal cancer in humans. The role of IL-23 in colorectal cancer is still unclear. Thus, we aimed to determine IL-23 levels in the development and progression of colorectal (CRC) cancer. Patients and methodsThirty two patients with colorectal cancer aged 60.4 ± 3.5 years. and 20 age, sex and BMI ‑matched healthy control subjects were included in the study. Serum IL-23 levels were determined using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were determined using a turbidimetric immunoassay. Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and carbohydrate antigen (CA 19-9) were measured by radioimmunoassay. ResultsIL-23 levels were found significantly higher in patients relative to the control subjects (p < 0.001) and were gradually increased with TNM tumour stage progression. The mean CRP, CEA and CA-19-9 levels also were significantly higher in patients (p < 0.001). There was a significant correlation between the serum levels of IL-23 and the other measured parameters in CRC patients. The area under receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) for serum IL-23 was 0.955 at cut off value ≥57.15 with sensitivity 96% and specificity 100%. ConclusionThe observed results suggest that IL-23 may have a potential role in the pathogenesis and progression of colorectal malignancy and may be a good marker of colorectal cancer and stage progression.

Interleukin-32\u03b8 inhibits tumor-promoting effects of macrophage-secreted CCL18 in breast cancer

BackgroundTumor-associated macrophages can promote breast cancer metastasis by secreting cytokines and growth factors. Interleukin (IL)-32θ, a newly identified IL-32 isoform, was previously shown to down-regulate various proinflammatory factors of macrophages. Here, we report the presence of IL-32θ in breast cancer tissues and evaluate its effects on macrophage-regulated breast cancer metastasis.MethodsRT-qPCR was used to analyze the mRNA expression of IL-32θ, Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 18 (CCL18) in breast cancer tissues. In vitro cell-based experiments using IL-32θ-expressing MDA-MB-231 cells were conducted to examine the effects of IL-32θ on metastasis and its molecular signaling. In vivo xenograft, immunohistochemistry, and optical imaging models were generated to support in vitro and clinical findings.ResultsThe clinical data displayed opposite expression patterns of CCL18 and IL-32θ mRNA in macrophage-infiltrated breast tumor tissues compared with those in the other tissues tested. In MDA-MB-231 cells, IL-32θ overexpression attenuated migration, invasion, tumor-promoting factors, and increased epithelial markers levels upon treatment with conditioned media from THP-1-derived macrophages. Additionally, IL-32θ expression in a xenograft model led to a remarkable decrease in tumor size and macrophage-stimulated tumor promotion. This inhibition was mediated through a direct interaction with protein kinase C-δ (PKCδ), subsequently eliminating the downstream factors STAT3 and NF-κB. Blocking CCL18 during co-culture of macrophages and breast cancer cells reduced the levels of breast cancer progression-related factors and PKCδ downstream signaling suggesting CCL18 as the main macrophage-secreted factors triggering the signaling pathway inhibited by IL-32θ.ConclusionsOur findings demonstrate a novel role of IL-32θ as an intracellular modulator to suppress macrophage-promoted breast cancer progression by targeting CCL18-dependent signaling.

The IL-12 Cytokine and Receptor Family in Graft-vs.-Host Disease.

Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) is performed with curative intent for high- risk blood cancers and bone marrow failure syndromes; yet the development of acute and chronic graft-vs.-host disease (GVHD) remain preeminent causes of death and morbidity. The IL-12 family of cytokines is comprised of IL-12, IL-23, IL-27, IL-35, and IL-39. This family of cytokines is biologically distinct in that they are composed of functional heterodimers, which bind to cognate heterodimeric receptor chains expressed on T cells. Of these, IL-12 and IL-23 share a common β cytokine subunit, p40, as well as a receptor chain: IL-12Rβ1. IL-12 and IL-23 have been documented as proinflammatory mediators of GVHD, responsible for T helper 1 (Th1) differentiation and T helper 17 (Th17) stabilization, respectively. The role of IL-27 is less defined, seemingly immune suppressive via IL-10 secretion by Type 1 regulatory (Tr1) cells yet promoting inflammation through impairing CD4+ T regulatory (Treg) development and/or enhancing Th1 differentiation. More recently, IL-35 was described as a potent anti-inflammatory agent produced by regulatory B and T cells. The role of the newest member, IL-39, has been implicated in proinflammatory B cell responses but has not been explored in the context of allo-HCT. This review is directed at discussing the current literature relevant to each IL-12-family cytokine and cognate receptor engagement, as well as the consequential downstream signaling implications, during GVHD pathogenesis. Additionally, we will provide an overview of translational strategies targeting the IL-12 family cytokines, their receptors, and subsequent signal transduction to control GVHD.

The immune suppressive role of DC-derived IL-27 in hepatocellular carcinoma via the modulation of gut microbiota

Abstract IL-27 can drive the expression of co-inhibitory receptors on T cells, such as PD-1, TIM-3 and podoplanin, which may inhibit T cell functions during chronic inflammation and tumor development. However, the role of IL-27 in regulating anti-tumor immunity is still controversial. Here, we identified a tumor-promoting role of DC-derived IL-27 in murine hepatocellular carcinoma models. IL-27-p28 conditional knockout (KO) in DCs had significantly reduced tumor growth compared with the wild type (WT) controls. The numbers of T cells and NK cells were increased in the tumor microenvironment and the productions of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha in T cells and NK cells were also enhanced in IL-27 KO mice compared with the WT mice. Moreover, deficiency of IL-27 in DCs did not affect the expression of co-inhibitory receptors on T cells from naïve mice, but reduced the expression level of PD-1 on tumor infiltrating T cells. Interestingly, when WT mice received fecal microbiota transplant from IL-27 KO mice, the tumor growth was significantly reduced. Therefore, DC-derived IL-27 may regulate anti-tumor immune response through the modulation of gut microbiota. Furthermore, we discovered that the commensal bacteria, bifidobacterium and akkermansia, were increased in IL-27 deficient tumor-bearing mice compared with the WT controls. These two strains were found to be increased during anti-PD-L1 or anti-PD-1 antibody therapy and may promote anti-tumor immunity. Thus, our results demonstrated that DC-derived IL-27 could promote tumor growth by suppressing anti-tumor immune responses possibly through the modulation of gut microbiota.

IL-17A control CNS inflammatory disease by regulating Treg cells through modulation of gut microbiota in HLA class-II transgenic mice model of multiple sclerosis (MS)

Abstract Despite extensive studies on IL-17A in MS and its animal model EAE, the role of IL-17 in disease development and maintenance is unclear. We have previously established proteolipid protein-(PLP)91–110 induce EAE model in HLA-DR3 transgenic mice. In the present study, we investigated the role of IL-17A in disease development and severity utilizing HLA-DR3 transgenic mice lacking IL-17A (IL-17A−/−). We observed that HLA-DR3.IL17A−/− mice develop milder EAE than HLA-DR3 mice suggesting that IL17 is redundant for the development of EAE but might be required for the disease severity. Milder disease in HLA-DR3.IL17A−/− mice were due to an increase in CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ Treg frequency and suppressive function of Treg cells. Depletion of Tregs using anti-CD25 neutralizing antibody abrogated milder disease phenotype in HLA-DR3.IL17A−/− mice. As gut microbiota play an important role in the generation of Treg cells, we asked whether an absence of IL17A altered gut microbiota towards Treg promoting bacteria. Our 16s rRNA analysis of gut microbiota confirmed that IL-17 deficient mice had distinct gut microbiota than IL-17 sufficient mice with an increased abundance of Treg promoting bacteria such as Lactobacillus and Clostridia. Fecal transplantation studies are underway to confirm the role of Treg promoting gut bacteria. We next investigated whether IL-17F and GM-CSF can compensate for the absence of IL-17A. Interestingly blockage of both IL-17F and GM-CSF led to increased disease severity suggesting a protective role for IL-17F and GM-CSF. Thus our study suggests that there is a bidirectional link between the gut microbiota and IL-17A and the inverse relationship between IL-17A and Tregs might determine the susceptibility vs protection from EAE.

Anti-CTLA-4 synergizes with dendritic cell-targeted vaccine to promote IL-3-dependent CD4+ effector T cell infiltration into murine pancreatic tumors.

One successful class of cancer immunotherapies, immune checkpoint inhibitory antibodies, disrupts key pathways that regulate immune checkpoints, such as cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4). These agents unleash the potency of antigen-experienced T cells that have already been induced as a consequence of the existing tumor. But only 20% of cancers naturally induce T cells. For most cancers, vaccines are require to induce and mobilize T effector cells (Teffs ) to traffick into tumors. We evaluated the effects of anti-CTLA-4 given in combination with an antigen-specific dendritic cell vaccine on intratumoral Teffs in a murine pancreatic cancer model. The dendritic cell-targeted tumor antigen plus anti-CTLA-4 significantly increased the number of vaccine-induced CD4+ Teffs within the tumor. This increase was accompanied by a reduction in the size of the peripheral CD4+ Teff pool. We also found that IL-3 production by activated CD4+ T cells was significantly increased with this combination. Importantly, the CD4+ Teff response was attenuated in Il3-/- mice, suggesting mediation of the effect by IL-3. Finally, the induced T cell infiltration was associated with activation of the tumor endothelium by T cell-derived IL-3. Our findings collectively provide a new insight into the mechanism driving Teff infiltration and vascular activation in a murine pancreatic cancer model, specifically identifying a new role for IL-3 in the anticancer immune response.

Interleukin-27 promotes CD8+ T cell reconstitution following antibody-mediated lymphoablation.

Antibody-mediated lymphoablation is used in solid organ and stem cell transplantation and autoimmunity. Using murine anti-thymocyte globulin (mATG) in a mouse model of heart transplantation, we previously reported that the homeostatic recovery of CD8+ T cells requires help from depletion-resistant memory CD4+ T cells delivered through CD40-expressing B cells. This study investigated the mechanisms by which B cells mediate CD8+ T cell proliferation in lymphopenic hosts. While CD8+ T cell recovery required MHC class I expression in the host, the reconstitution occurred independently of MHC class I, MHC class II, or CD80/CD86 expression on B cells. mATG lymphoablation upregulated the B cell expression of several cytokine genes, including IL-15 and IL-27, in a CD4-dependent manner. Neither treatment with anti-CD122 mAb nor the use of IL-15Rα-/- recipients altered CD8+ T cell recovery after mATG treatment, indicating that IL-15 may be dispensable for T cell proliferation in our model. Instead, IL-27 neutralization or the use of IL-27Rα-/- CD8+ T cells inhibited CD8+ T cell proliferation and altered the phenotype and cytokine profile of reconstituted CD8+ T cells. Our findings uncover what we believe is a novel role of IL-27 in lymphopenia-induced CD8+ T cell proliferation and suggest that targeting B cell-derived cytokines may increase the efficacy of lymphoablation and improve transplant outcomes.

The Effect of IL-26 on TNF-α-Induced CXCL8 Responses by Colonic Epithelial Cell Lines

ABSTRACTTh17 cells of the intestine and colon can produce several important cytokines during mucosal inflammation. However, few studies have focused on the role of IL-26 in intestinal inflammations. Colonic epithelial cells express receptors for IL-26, and this cytokine has been shown to induce the HT-29 colonic epithelial cell line to produce the chemokine CXCL8. However, epithelial cells would function in a cytokine network environment during mucosal inflammation and any effect of IL-26 on colonic epithelial cell chemokine responses could be affected by the presence of other potent pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α and IL-1. Therefore, we investigated the effect of IL-26 with TNF-α or IL-1 on colonic epithelial cell line secretion of CXCL8. IL-26 alone had no effect on HT-29 or DLD1 cell line CXCL8 secretion. Yet, IL-26 was found to significantly enhance TNF-α-induced, but not IL-1-induced, CXCL8 secretion, but only at high levels of TNF-α. Similar results were seen with DLD1 cells. IL-26 did not enhance TNF-α-induced CXCL8 mRNA levels and did not affect TNF-α-induced IκBα phosphorylation or degradation. However, signaling through ERK and p38 MAPK were determined to be involved in the enhancing effect of IL-26 on the TNF-α-induced CXCL8 secretion, perhaps through known post-translational effects. These results suggest that the role of IL-26 in intestinal inflammation may be limited to enhancing CXCL8 secretion in the presence high levels of TNF-α, such as may occur in inflammatory bowel disease.Abbreviations: DMEM, Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium; GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; IBD, inflammatory bowel disease; IL, interleukin; ITS, insulin, transferrin, selenium; TBS, Tris buffered saline; TNF, tumor necrosis factor.

Interleukin 17A promotes diabetic kidney injury

The role of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-17 in the pathogenesis of numerous inflammatory disorders is well-documented, but conflicting results are reported for its role in diabetic nephropathy. Here we examined the role of IL-17 signalling in a model of streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy through IL-17 knockout mice, administration of neutralising monoclonal anti-IL-17 antibody and in vitro examination of gene expression of renal tubular cells and podocytes under high glucose conditions with or without recombinant IL-17. IL-17 deficient mice were protected against progression of diabetic nephropathy, exhibiting reduced albuminuria, glomerular damage, macrophage accumulation and renal fibrosis at 12 weeks and 24 weeks. Administration of anti-IL-17 monoclonal antibody to diabetic wild-type mice was similarly protective. IL-17 deficiency also attenuated up-regulation of pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic genes including IL-6, TNF-α, CCL2, CXCL10 and TGF-β in diabetic kidneys. In vitro co-stimulation with recombinant IL-17 and high glucose were synergistic in increasing the expression of pro-inflammatory genes in both cultured renal tubular cells and podocytes. We conclude that absence of IL-17 signalling is protective against streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy, thus implying a pro-inflammatory role of IL-17 in its pathogenesis. Targeting the IL-17 axis may represent a novel therapeutic approach in the treatment of this disorder.

Potential pathological role of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-17) in xenotransplantation.

The major limitation of organ transplantation is the shortage of available organs from deceased human donors which leads to the deaths of thousands of patients each year. Xenotransplantation is considered to be an effective way to resolve the problem. Immune rejection and coagulation dysfunction are two major hurdles for the successful survival of pig xenografts in primate recipients. Pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-17, play important roles in many diseases and in allotransplantation. However, the pathological roles of these pro-inflammatory cytokines in xenotransplantation remain unclear. Here, we briefly review the signaling transduction and expression regulation of IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-17 and evaluate their potential pathological roles in in vitro and in vivo models of xenotransplantation. We found that IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-17 were induced in most in vitro or in vivo xenotransplantation model. Blockade of these cytokines using gene modification, antibody, or inhibitor had different effects in xenotransplantation. Inhibition of IL-6 signaling with tocilizumab decreased CRP but did not increase xenograft survival. The one possible reason is that tocilizumab can not suppress IL-6 signaling in porcine cells or organs. Other drugs which inhibit IL-6 signaling need to be investigated in xenotransplantation model. Inhibition of TNF-α was beneficial for the survival of xenografts in pig-to-mouse, rat, or NHP models. Blockade of IL-17 using a neutralizing antibody also increased xenograft survival in several animal models. However, the role of IL-17 in the pig-to-NHP xenotransplantation model remains unclear and needs to be further investigated. Moreover, blockade of TNF-α and IL-6 together has got a better effect in pig-to-baboon kidney xenotransplantation. Blockade two or even more cytokines together might get better effect in suppressing xenograft rejection. Better understanding the role of these cytokines in xenotransplantation will be beneficial for choosing better immunosuppressive strategy or producing genetic modification pig.

Interleukin-17: The Role for Pathological Angiogenesis in Ocular Neovascular Diseases.

Ocular neovascular diseases are featured by abnormal angiogenesis in the eye, and they seriously threaten the human visual health. These diseases include proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), age-related macular degeneration (AMD), retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), and retinal vein occlusion (RVO). In fact, ocular neovascular diseases represent the leading causes of vision impairment and blindness worldwide. Ocular neovascularization, the process of pathological vessel formation in eye, underlies ocular neovascular diseases. Cytokines have important regulatory roles in neovascularization through immunological networks. Interleukin (IL)-17, the signature cytokine produced by T helper 17 (Th17) cells, has proven to be involved in ocular neovascularization. However, roles of IL-17 in ocular neovascular diseases still remain controversial. This review provides an overview of the functional roles of IL-17 in ocular neovascular diseases from basic research to clinical evidence by focusing on PDR, AMD, ROP, and RVO. The possible roles of IL-17 in neovascularization are achieved through a regulatory network of cytoskeleton remodeling, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), VEGF-related cytokines, and complement components. Current applications as well as potential therapies targeting IL-17 with genome editing systems are also outlined and discussed. Targeting IL-17 might be a promising therapeutic strategy against ocular neovascular diseases.

The role of IL-17 in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyp

The role of IL-17 in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyp

Serum concentrations of IL-17A, IL-17B, IL-17E and IL-17F in patients with systemic sclerosis.

IntroductionImmune system activation, microvascular abnormalities and extracellular matrix deposition in tissues play roles in systemic sclerosis (SSc). Th17 cells producing interleukin (IL)-17 are involved in the pathogenesis of many autoimmune-mediated inflammatory diseases; however, the role of IL-17 in SSc remains unclear.Material and methodsThe concentrations of IL-17A, IL-17B, IL-17E, and IL-17F in the serum of patients with SSc and in the healthy control group were assessed with regard to type of the disease – whether limited (lSSc) or diffuse (dSSc) – and symptoms.ResultsNo difference was found between patients with SSc and the control group as regards the serum concentration of IL-17A. However, IL-17B and IL-17E levels in patients with SSc, and its types diffuse and limited were higher (p < 0.001) compared to the control. The serum level of IL-17F was higher in SSc (p < 0.005) and lSSc (p < 0.05) compared to the control. Serum concentration of IL-17B was elevated in SSc patients with renal abnormalities (p < 0.05) compared to those without. Serum levels of IL-17B correlated with the levels of IL-17E in patients with SSc (r = 0.54, p < 0.05).ConclusionsIncreased synthesis of IL-17B, IL-17E and IL-17F appears to play a role in the pathogenesis of SSc, in contrast to IL-17A. Higher levels of IL-17B and IL-17E are associated with the development of both lSSc and dSSc, whereas IL-17F is associated with lSSc only. Further studies are needed to elucidate their role in the pathogenesis of the disease.